Evidence-based mental health promotion resource - health.vic.gov.au

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Evidence-based mental health promotion resource67Population group/settingPrograms have been developed for specific populations in schools and communities,particularly young people and Indigenous people.Effectiveness• Pettigrew and Tropp (2000) conducted a meta-analysis of prejudice reductionprograms based on intergroup contact. The ‘contact hypothesis’ predicted reductionsin discrimination under the following conditions: equal status between the groupsin the situation; cooperative activity towards common goals; perception of commoninterests and common humanity; and support for the contact by authorities or localnorms (Rychetnik & Todd 2004). Findings revealed that of the 203 studies included,94 per cent identified an inverse relationship between contact and prejudice(Rychetnik & Todd 2004). Pettigrew and Tropp (2000) concluded that ‘optimalintergroup contact’ should be a critical component of interventions to reduce prejudice.• A review investigating school-based interventions suggested the implementationof five types of intervention: racially integrated schooling, bilingual education,multicultural and anti-racist education, training in social–cognitive skills, and roleplaying and empathy (Aboud & Levey 2000 cited in Rychetnik & Todd 2004).• The known effectiveness of interventions in reducing prejudice towards AboriginalAustralians is limited, given a lack of formal evaluation of such programs (Hill &Augoustinos 2001). Evaluation is thought to be particularly problematic as a resultof the multi-strategic nature of the programs. A project conducted with employees ofa large public health organisation in South Australia was found to be effective in theshort term, but outcomes were not sustained. This program used Indigenous peerleaders (who also worked in the health organisation) to educate other staff membersabout Aboriginal history and culture, with the aim of reducing prejudice. Otherprograms conducted internationally have identified similar effects with some lesssignificant results.• Often, only short term outcomes have been assessed (Rychetnik & Todd 2004).Implementation issuesThere is limited empirical support that interventions have reduced discrimination.CommentEvidence links racial or ethnic discrimination with poorer physical and mental health.Research to date, however, does not adequately examine this association, so doesnot describe how exposure to discrimination can lead to increased risk of poor mentalhealth. It is crucial that this link be more clearly established (Williams, Neighbors &Jackson 2003).
68 Evidence-based mental health promotion resourceUseful resources for the preventionof violence and discriminationBullyingVarious projects such as The FriendlySchools Project, MindMatters, Peer Supportand Program Achieve (United States) areavailable at www.bullyingnoway.com.au.Domestic violenceThe Australian Domestic andFamily Violence Clearinghouse(www.austdvclearinghouse.unsw.edu.au)has a wealth of information on domesticand family violence, including resourcesand publications, a library service, a goodpractice database, research, links and news.ReferencesHill, ME & Augoustinos, M 2001, ‘Stereotype change and prejudice reduction: short andlong term evaluation of a cross-cultural awareness programme’, Journal of Communityand Applied Social Psychology, vol. 11, pp. 243–62.Pettigrew, TF & Tropp, LR 2000, ‘Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recentmeta-analytical findings’, in Oskamp, S (ed), Reducing prejudice and discrimination,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahway, New Jersey.Rychetnik, L & Todd, A 2004, Literature review to follow on from VicHealth’s 1999–2002mental health promotion framework: final report, Sydney Health Projects Group, Schoolof Public Health, Sydney University, Sydney.Williams, DR, Neighbors, HW & Jackson, JS 2003, ‘Racial/ethnic discrimination andhealth: findings from community studies’, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 93,no. 2, pp. 200–208.Partnerships against Domestic Violenceis the face of Australia’s national actionprogram. Reports are available at www.padv.dpmc.gov.au/.Report from the Freedom from Fearcampaign against domestic violence areavailable at www.freedomfromfear.wa.gov.au/default.htm.General informationThe Australian Institute of Criminologywebsite (www.aic.gov.au/research/localgovt/cwlth.html#initiatives) outlines governmentresponses to violence and provides casestudies of violence prevention strategies.
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