Black fungal extremes - CBS

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available online at www.studiesinmycology.org St u d i es in My c o l o g y 61: 21–38. 2008.doi:10.3114/sim.2008.61.02Redefinition of Aureobasidium pullulans and its varietiesP. Zalar 1 *, C. Gostinčar 1 , G.S. de Hoog 2 , V. Uršič 1 , M. Sudhadham 2 and N. Gunde-Cimerman 11Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508AD Utrecht, The NetherlandsCorrespondence: Polona Zalar, polona.zalar@bf.uni-lj.sAbstract: Using media with low water activity, a large numbers of aureobasidium-like black yeasts were isolated from glacial and subglacial ice of three polythermal glaciersfrom the coastal Arctic environment of Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Spitsbergen), as well as from adjacent sea water, sea ice and glacial meltwaters. To characterise the geneticvariability of Aureobasidium pullulans strains originating from the Arctic and strains originating pan-globally, a multilocus molecular analysis was performed, through rDNA(internal transcribed spacers, partial 28 S rDNA), and partial introns and exons of genes encoding β-tubulin (TUB), translation elongation factor (EF1α) and elongase (ELO).Two globally ubiquitous varieties were distinguished: var. pullulans, occurring particularly in slightly osmotic substrates and in the phyllosphere; and var. melanogenum, mainlyisolated from watery habitats. Both varieties were commonly isolated from the sampled Arctic habitats. However, some aureobasidium-like strains from subglacial ice from threedifferent glaciers in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Spitsbergen), appeared to represent a new variety of A. pullulans. A strain from dolomitic marble in Namibia was found to belongto yet another variety. No molecular support has as yet been found for the previously described var. aubasidani. A partial elongase-encoding gene was successfully used as aphylogenetic marker at the (infra-)specific level.Key words: Arctic, Aureobasidium, black yeasts, elongase, glacier, ITS, LSU, phylogeny, polar environment, rDNA, sea ice, seawater, taxonomy, translation elongation factor,β-tubulin.Taxonomic novelties: Aureobasidium pullulans var. subglaciale Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman, var. nov.; Aureobasidium pullulans var. namibiae Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman, var. nov.INTRODUCTIONAureobasidum pullulans (De Bary) G. Arnaud is a black yeastlikespecies that is particularly known for its biotechnologicalsignificance as a producer of the biodegradable extracellularpolysaccharide (EPS) pullulan (poly-α-1,6-maltotriose). Thiscomponent is a promising biomaterial (Rekha & Sharma 2007), andis currently used among others for the packaging of food and drugs(Singh et al. 2008). Its biotechnological potential is also seen in theproduction of a variety of hydrolytic enzymes (Federici 1982, Chi etal. 2006, Wang et al. 2007, Li et al. 2007, Ma et al. 2007, Zhiqianget al. 2008).Aureobasidum pullulans was taxonomically characterisedby de Hoog & Yurlova (1994) on the basis of its morphology andnutritional physiology. These authors noted some differences ingrowth with galactitol, glucono-δ-lactone, creatine and creatinine,and in gelatin liquefaction. Since the species shows considerablevariability in its morphological and physiological properties, threevarieties have been described during the last decades, viz.Aureobasidium pullulans var. pullulans (Viala & Boyer 1891), A.pullulans var. melanogenum Hermanides-Nijhof (1977), and A.pullulans var. aubasidani Yurlova (Yurlova & de Hoog 1997). Thefirst two of these were distinguishable by culture discolouration,while the latter is unique in its production of aubasidan-like EPS(glucans with α-1,4-D-, ß-1,6-D- and ß-1,3-D-glycosidic bonds).Diagnostically, var. aubasidani is unique due to the absence ofassimilation of methyl-α-D-glucoside and lactose and by N-sourceassimilation for the production of EPS. In a further study using PCRribotyping (rDNA RFLP and UP-PCR/hybridisation), Yurlova et al.(1996) divided the Aureobasidium strains into four groups, which,however, do not correlate with morphological differences. Yurlovaet al. (1999) also revealed close relationships between Kabatiellalini (Laff.) Karak., the teleomorph species Discosphaerina(Columnosphaeria) fagi (H.J. Huds.) M.E. Barr and Aureobasidiumpullulans.Aureobasidum pullulans is a ubiquitous and widespreadoligotrophe that can be found in environments with fluctuatingwater activities, such as the phyllosphere (Andrews et al. 1994),bathrooms, food and feeds (Samson et al. 2004). It can alsobe found in osmotically very stressed environments, such ashypersaline waters in salterns (Gunde-Cimerman et al. 2000), androcks and monuments (Urzί et al. 1999). Due to the production oflarge quantities of yeast-like propagules, this fungus dispersesglobally, although thus far it has only rarely been reported incold environments. This may be because most investigationson the occurrence and diversity of fungi in the cold have beenlimited to frozen Antarctic soils and Siberian permafrost, wherebasidiomycetous yeasts prevail (Abyzov 1993, Babjeva &Reshetova 1998, Deegenaars & Watson 1998, Golubev 1998,Ma et al. 1999, 2000, 2005, Margesin et al. 2002, Onofri et al.2004, Price 2000, Vishniac 2006, Vishniac & Onofri 2003). Thusfar, no investigations of mycobiota in ice had been carried out. Werecently investigated ice originating from glacial and subglacialenvironments of three different polythermal Arctic glaciers inSvalbard (Spitsbergen, Norway) (Butinar et al. 2007, 2008, Sonjaket al. 2006). During these studies, aureobasidium-like fungi werefound among the dominant ascomycetous mycota. Given theknown adaptive ability of A. pullulans to low water activity (a w) andoligotrophic conditions, it appeared likely that ice from cryocarsticformations and subglacial ice in polythermal glaciers constitute aCopyright 2008 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:Attribution:You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes.No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you getpermission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.21
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Studies in Mycology (ISSN 0166-0616
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Satow MM, Attili-Angelis D, Hoog GS
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