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Afghanistan | 81The EUIn 2001, the European Union created the post of Special Representative (EUSR) for Afghanistan. The EUSR isbased in Kabul, with a broad focus on monitoring and reporting on human rights, political, constitutional and securitydevelopments. At first, coordination between the EUSR and the European Commission’s office in Kabul(responsible for aid) was very low, although it gradually increased over time. The EUSR in 2009 was a formerItalian Ambassador to Afghanistan, Ettore Francesco Sequi.Sequi was replaced in April 2010 by Vygaudas Ušackas of Lithuania, who is double-hatted, functioning as the headof the Delegation of the European Union and as well as EUSR. Given that the European Commission is one of thelargest donors providing official development and humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan, it is likely that the positionof EUSR will become considerably more influential in the future than it has been hitherto.In addition to its civilian presence, the EU also has a Police Mission in Afghanistan (EUPOL). Launched in 2007,the mission has suffered from poor staffing and has failed to play a serious role in the security sector reformprocess. The EUSR is only responsible for giving the mission political guidance, as it has its own reporting lineto Brussels.Meeting on 8 July 2010, the JCMB agreedto ambitious targets for expanding the size of theAfghan army by 30% and the police by 20% by theend of October 2011. It also touched on job creation,boosting government service delivery and regionaleconomic ties. On 20 July, the UN co-chaired aconference in Kabul addressed by Ban Ki-moon, USSecretary of State Hillary Clinton and other foreigndignitaries. The government laid out an economicplan that reflected the JCMB’s previous discussionsof development needs.ConclusionWhile UNAMA receives more public attention thanmost political missions, its performance has beenovershadowed by debates within NATO – and, toan even greater degree, in the US – about the futurestrategy for Afghanistan. At the time of writing, theUS “surge” in the country is ongoing – its implicationsfor UNAMA remain uncertain.External factors aside, recruitment andretention remain possibly the largest obstaclein terms of UNAMA’s ability to implement itsmandate. In July 2008, as part of a vision for anexpanded role of the mission and its broader fieldpresence, a near doubling of the mission’s budgetand staffing was approved. However, in light ofthe security environment, especially the targetingof the UN Guesthouse in Kabul and the killingof 5 employees, recruiting and retaining staff hasbeen a constant challenge and the mission has acurrent vacancy rate of 40%. Most dramatically, thestaffing difficulties were demonstrated by thevacated Deputy SRSG political affairs post thatwas only filled with a permanent candidate in midMarch 2010, leaving UNAMA’s political sectionwithout leadership for six months. Aside fromquantity, the availability of qualified staff is alsoan issue. Although UNAMA is mandated to leaddonor coordination efforts, t<strong>here</strong> is a lack of sufficientlyqualified staff. The mission also competesfor candidates with the UN Development Programme,which is sometimes perceived as a moreattractive option.The most important factor in decidingUNAMA’s future will, however, be whether theAfghan government, the US and other powersconcerned with Afghanistan settle on a durablepolitical strategy for stabilizing the country– something force cannot achieve alone – andwhether UNAMA is permitted to play a lead rolein implementing such a plan. Without such astrategy, a decade of support to Afghanistan willgo to waste.
82 | Mission Reviewsnotes1 UNAMA, “Annual Report on Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, 2009,” January 2010.2 UNAMA, “Afghan Civilian Casualties Rise 31 Per Cent in First 6 Months of 2010,” 10 August 2010, http://unama.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1741&ctl=Details&mid=1882&ItemID=9955.3 “Communiqué of ‘Afghanistan: The London Conference,’” 20 January 2010, http://www.isaf.nato.int/images/stories/File/factsheets/Documents_Communique%20of%20London%20Conference%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf.4 United Nations, “SRSG Staffan de Mistura Briefing to Security Council,” 30 June 2010, http://unama.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1747&ctl=Details&mid=1958&ItemID=9477.5 Security Council, “Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee Concludes Review of ItsConsolidated List, Pursuant to Resolution 1822 (2008),” 2 August 2010, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/sc9999.doc.htm.
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Review ofPolitical2010MissionsA Pro
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This volume is a product of the <st
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vi | Contents4 Mission Notes 1 1014
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ForewordAs the United Nations and i
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PrefaceThe Center
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Preface | xiiiwith information on i
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Mission AcronymsBINUBBINUCACNMCEUBA
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Strategic Summary 1Richard Gowan1
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STRATEGIC SUMMARY | 3involved in ef
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STRATEGIC SUMMARY | 5The fact that
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Thematic Essays 2All Peace Operatio
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All Peace Operations are Political
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12 | Thematic EssaysThe handicap of
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14 | Thematic EssaysCouncil, the Pe
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16 | Thematic EssaysMandatesScopeTh
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20 | Thematic EssaysEmerging Doctri
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22 | Thematic EssaysSource of Autho
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24 | Thematic Essaysin the mandate:
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26 | Thematic Essays19 In the case
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28 | Thematic EssaysThe utility of
Page 49 and 50: 30 | Thematic Essaysa political act
Page 51 and 52: 32 | Thematic Essayssupporting medi
Page 54 and 55: Mission Reviews 33.1 Middle East3.2
Page 56 and 57: Middle East | 37Peace Process (UNSC
Page 58 and 59: Middle East | 39implementation of t
Page 60 and 61: Middle East | 41Recent Developments
Page 62 and 63: Middle East | 43Special Envoy for t
Page 64 and 65: West Africa | 453.2M i s s i o n R
Page 66 and 67: West Africa | 47Key DevelopmentsSev
Page 68 and 69: West Africa | 49UNOWABackgroundThe
Page 70 and 71: West Africa | 51The Cameroon-Nigeri
Page 72 and 73: West Africa | 53“A Shared Vision
Page 74: West Africa | 55they have the poten
Page 77 and 78: 58 | Mission ReviewsChild in a rebe
Page 79 and 80: 60 | Mission ReviewsUN Integrated O
Page 81 and 82: 62 | Mission Reviewsaccountability
Page 84 and 85: Western Balkans | 653.4 M i s s i o
Page 86 and 87: Western Balkans | 67Since its found
Page 88 and 89: Western Balkans | 69OSCE Mission in
Page 90 and 91: Western Balkans | 71OSCE officials,
Page 92 and 93: Western Balkans | 73Men wave EU and
Page 94 and 95: Afghanistan | 753.5M i s s i o n R
Page 96 and 97: Afghanistan | 77Security Council Sa
Page 98 and 99: Afghanistan | 79the population does
Page 102 and 103: IRAQ | 833.6 M i s s i o n R e v i
Page 104 and 105: Iraq | 85of representatives from bo
Page 106 and 107: Iraq | 87Staffing and the 2009 Huma
Page 108 and 109: Nepal | 893.7 M i s s i o n R e v i
Page 110 and 111: Nepal | 91but they had prescribed p
Page 112: Nepal | 932009 and the impasse that
Page 115 and 116: 96 | Mission ReviewsUN Political Of
Page 117 and 118: 98 | Mission Reviewsits capacity to
Page 119 and 120: 100 | Mission Reviews- be it a peac
Page 121 and 122: 102 | Mission Notes4.1M i s s i o n
Page 123 and 124: 104 | Mission NotesOSCE Office in B
Page 125 and 126: 106 | Mission Notesand Moldova (unu
Page 127 and 128: 108 | Mission NotesOAS Mission to S
Page 129 and 130: 110 | Mission NotesThe mission is c
Page 131 and 132: 112 | Mission NotesPerm'CENTRAL ASI
Page 133 and 134: 114 | Mission NotesThe OSCE and EUT
Page 136 and 137: Myanmar | 1174.4M i s s i o n N o t
Page 138 and 139: Myanmar | 119such releases, and arb
Page 140: Myanmar | 121instability for Myanma
Page 143 and 144: 124 | Mission NotesPersonal Envoy,
Page 145 and 146: 126 | Mission Notesthe parties. Aga
Page 147 and 148: 128 | REVIEW OF POLITICAL MISSIONS5
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132 | REVIEW OF POLITICAL MISSIONSI
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134 | REVIEW OF POLITICAL MISSIONSB
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136 | REVIEW OF POLITICAL MISSIONSS
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138 | REVIEW OF POLITICAL MISSIONSC
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UN6Mission-by-Mission Statistics6.1
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UN MISSION-BY-MISSION STATISTICS |
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BINUB | 145BINUB Personnel Gender S
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BINUB | 147BINUB Requirements: Jan
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BINUCA (formerly BONUCA) | 151BINUC
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BINUCA (formerly BONUCA) | 153BINUC
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BINUCA (formerly BONUCA) | 155BONUC
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CNMC | 157CNMC Personnel Gender Sta
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CNMC | 159CNMC Budget and Expenditu
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Personal Envoy, Western Sahara | 16
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SPECIAL ADVISER, CYPRUS | 165Specia
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SPECIAL ADVISER, CYPRUS | 167Specia
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SPECIAL ADVISER, MYANMAR | 169Speci
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SPECIAL ENVOY, IMPLEMENTATION OF RE
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SPECIAL ENVOY, LRA-AFFECTED AREAS |
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UNAMA | 179UNAMA Fatalities: 30 Apr
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UNAMA | 181UNAMA Budget and Expendi
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UNAMI | 185UNAMI Fatalities: 30 Apr
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UNAMI | 187UNAMI Budget and Expendi
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UNIIIC | 191UNIIIC Expenditures: Ja
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UNIOGBIS (formerly UNOGBIS) | 193UN
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UNIOGBIS (formerly UNOGBIS) | 195UN
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UNIPSIL | 199UNIPSIL Fatalities: 30
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UNIPSIL | 201UNIPSIL Estimated Expe
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UNMIN | 203UNMIN International Civi
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UNMIN | 205UNMIN Requirements: Dec
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UNOWA | 209UNOWA/CNMC Aircraft: 31
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UNPOS | 213UNPOS Aircraft: 31 March
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UNPOS | 215UNPOS Estimated Expendit
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UNRCCA | 217UNRCCA International Ci
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UNRCCA | 219UNRCCA Budget and Expen
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UNSCO | 221UNSCO International Civi
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UNSCOL | 225UNSCOL Requirements: Ja
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OSCEMission-by-Mission Statistics77
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OMIK | 229OMIK Personnel by Post Ja
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OMIK | 235OMIK Budget Jan ‘99-Dec
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OSCE BiH | 237OSCE BiH Personnel by
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OSCE BiH | 239OSCE BiH Personnel by
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OSCE BiH | 241OSCE BiH Budget Jan
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OSCE Centre in Ashgabat | 243OSCE C
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OSCE Centre in Ashgabat | 245OSCE C
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OSCE Centre in Astana | 247OSCE Cen
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OSCE Centre in Astana | 249OSCE Cen
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OSCE Centre in Bishkek | 251OSCE Ce
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OSCE Centre in Bishkek | 253OSCE Ce
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OSCE Mission to Moldova | 255OSCE M
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OSCE Mission to Moldova | 257OSCE M
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OSCE Mission to Montenegro | 259OSC
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OSCE MISSION-BY-MISSION STATISTICS
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OSCE Mission to Serbia | 263OSCE Mi
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OSCE Office in Baku | 267OSCE Offic
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OSCE Office in Tajikistan | 271OSCE
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OSCE Office in Yerevan | 275OSCE Of
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OSCE Presence in Albania | 279OSCE
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OSCE Spillover Mission to Skopje |
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OSCE Spillover Mission to Skopje |
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CiO Representative on Minsk Confere
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