have already been reported in detail by this Embassy.” 173 Anckarsvärd states that it is difficult topredict the future of the reform work, and whether the policies of the new leadership, whichdrew Turkey into the war, are the reasons for a renewal of Armenian revolutionary activities.Anckarsvärd mentions that the Porte, based upon intelligence information about revolutionaryplans, have mass arrested about 400 Armenians in Constantinople and numerous others havebeen taken into custody in other cities as well. “Among the arrested are especially manyArmenian journalists, doctors, and lawyers.” They had been sent to Angora [Ankara], awaitingtrial in court martial. The Armenian Patriarch had appealed to the Grand Vizier, in the interest ofthose arrested, and the latter had assured him that the trials would be conducted in c<strong>om</strong>pleteimpartiality. Anckarsvärd concluded: “It is noteworthy, that during the house-search b<strong>om</strong>bs werefound only here and there, while they have found a great number of French flags.” 174Anckarsvärd was referring to the arrest of the Armenian intellectuals throughout the Empire,especially in Constantinople. Almost none of the arrested survived the following 72 hours asnoted earlier in the background section.On May 26, SvM published the following telegram fr<strong>om</strong> Paris:Since about a month ago, the Kurdish and Turkish population in Armenia, in accord with eachother and with help fr<strong>om</strong> the Turkish Government, have c<strong>om</strong>mitted mass murder on Armenians.These have occurred fr<strong>om</strong> mid-April [new style], in Erzurum, Dertsjun [Ter-Djan], Egin, Bitlis,Moush, Sassoun, and others. 175On June 7, 1915, the Ambassador notified his government of reported massacres ofArmenians and noted the delivered ultimatum which the American Ambassador had, on behalfof the French and possibly the English Governments, handed over to the Grand Vizier. 176On July 6, Anckarsvärd dispatched a two page report entitled “The Persecution ofArmenians.” The dispatch reads:The persecutions of the Armenians have reached hair-raising proportions and all points to the factthat the Young Turks want to seize the opportunity, since due to different reasons there are noeffective external pressure to be feared, to once and for all put an end to the Armenian question.The means for this are quite simple and consist of the exter<strong>min</strong>ation [utrotandet]of the Armeniannation. The measure stops at nothing and beside a massacre here and there they have now resortedto expelling the Armenians fr<strong>om</strong> areas they have been residents of for centuries or have theirorigins in, and disperse them in different directions of the geographically enormous empire.Thereby, it appears that the Armenians in the cities by the Black Sea coast have been dispersedinto the interior of the country, they in Erzurum, up to 60,000 people, have been drivendownward to Mesopotamia and so on. With ingenious cruelty the men are sent in one directionand the families in another. It is easy to imagine the kind of distress and sufferings the expelledwill be subjected to.173 RA, UD, nr. 99, April 30, 1915, p. 3.174 RA, UD, nr. 99, April 30, 1915, p. 5.175 SvM, May 26, 1915.176 RA, UD, nr. 117, June 7, 1915.40
It does not seem to be the Turkish population which acts on its own accord, but the entiremovement originates fr<strong>om</strong> the government institutions and that of behind them standing YoungTurks’ C<strong>om</strong>mittee, which now displays what kind of ideas they harbour.It is true that the Armenians have much to blame themselves for, but even if one or acouple of thousand let themselves be bought by Russia, plotted and conspired against thegovernment and so on, is it all not so much the least extreme to let one million Armenians pay forthis in a noticeable manner[?]The German Ambassador has in writing appealed to the Porte, but what can Germany orany other of the Major Powers do as long as the war continues. That the Central Powers wouldthreaten Turkey is in the time being unthinkable, and the majority of the remaining Major Powersis Turkey already in war with. After its end, Europe must intervene once more here; the Turks arenow doing everything conceivable to demonstrate how necessary such an intervention is. In anupsetting manner, in which the Armenians are treated, Turkey is, now more than ever, passing thesentence upon herself, but in the prevailing critical situation of the Turks and in face of the highlyinflamed xenophobia it is probably useless to seek to clarify their peril here within. “On retrouveratoujours la Turquie!” Quite true, but when and in what condition will the unfortunate Armeniannation, which has never been subjected to greater tests than now, be in. How will it go for the150,000 Armenians here in Constantinople if the Straits are forced by the English, shudderstherefore truly back the thought. 177Here, for the first time Anckarsvärd pin points two important observations: 1) the mass killingswere state orchestrated with the Ittihadists behind the scheme and 2) its aim was to “exter<strong>min</strong>atethe Armenian nation”. The Turkish Government was using the existence of a relative smallnumber of armed groups as excuse and the war as a cover up to end the Armenian question. Theanalysis of the Swedish Ambassador about the hopelessness of the situation also emphasises therole of the bystanders and how the perpetrator views the passivity of the world as an opportunityto implement its “final solution.” Furthermore, the protests of Germany, while stating theirofficial dissociation fr<strong>om</strong> any responsibility for the massacres, acknowledge the reality and thenature of the massacres. This statement was going to be repeated in the co<strong>min</strong>g days.Soon after, on July 15, Anckarsvärd informed Stockholm about the warning delivered to thePorte by the German Ambassador in regard to the Armenian massacres. The Ambassador hadpointed out that, even though s<strong>om</strong>e measures were justified towards the Armenian population incertain areas due to military reasons, the measures had reached such an extent that:Turkey risked, especially among the neutral nations and foremost in America, evoke an extremelydisadvantageous opinion. Furthermore, the unlawfulness and excesses of the Turkish Governmentagencies opened the door for Europe’s intervention and its interference in Turkey’s internal affairsas soon as the war ceases. In the note it is further pointed out that, by dispersing the laboriousArmenian population, Germany’s econ<strong>om</strong>ic interests in Turkey have suffered. 178The German Ambassador had concluded his note by pointing out that Germany “can notfinancially support a state which allows similar persecutions on its territory.” 179 Germany wasthus fully aware of the risk of being regarded as acc<strong>om</strong>plice if the Armenian massacres were177 RA, UD, nr. 137, July 6, 1915.178 RA, UD, nr. 142, July 14, 1915.179 RA, UD, nr. 145, July 14, 1915.41
- Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction.....................
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- Page 69 and 70: which her recurrently emphasised th
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