D E S C R I P T I O N O F W O R K - MEGAPOLI - Dmi
D E S C R I P T I O N O F W O R K - MEGAPOLI - Dmi
D E S C R I P T I O N O F W O R K - MEGAPOLI - Dmi
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MEGACITIES • AIR QUALITY • CLIMATE • FEEDBACKS • ECOSYSTEMS • HEALTH • WEATHER • MITIGATION<br />
2008<br />
2011<br />
D E S C R I P T I O N O F W O R K<br />
M E G A P O L I<br />
EDITED BY A. BAKLANOV, M. LAWRENCE, S. PANDIS
FOREWORD<br />
This is the Description of Work (DoW) document for the European Collaborative Project<br />
"Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate<br />
effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation" (<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>) for the Seventh<br />
Framework Programme of the European Commission, Theme 6: Environment (Including<br />
Climate Change), Sub-Area: ENV-2007.1.1.2.1: Megacities and regional hot-spots air<br />
quality and climate. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> is a three year project starting in 2008 and ending in 2011.<br />
The DoW includes descriptions of the project concept and objectives, progress beyond the<br />
state-of-the-art and the corresponding scientific methodology, a detailed work plan, the<br />
management structure and consortium description, as well as the expected impacts of<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> is a cooperative project with contributions of all <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
partners. We would like to thank especially the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Steering Committee and the<br />
Work Package leaders for their comments and suggestions during the project planning<br />
phase. Please, note that this is not the official version of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> description of<br />
work. For that (as well for other additional information about the project plans and progress)<br />
the reader is invited to visit the project web-site (megapoli.dmi.dk) to obtain the official file<br />
with the contract Annex 1 (DoW). We have made some minor changes in the document<br />
layout in this version, but the text or figures have not been changed.<br />
Copenhagen Denmark<br />
December 2008<br />
Alexander Baklanov (coordinator)<br />
Mark Lawrence (vice-coordinator)<br />
Spyros Pandis (vice-coordinator)
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> PROJECT OFFICE<br />
OFFICIAL WEB-SITE: http://megapoli.dmi.dk<br />
COORDINATOR<br />
Alexander Baklanov<br />
E-mail: alb@dmi.dk<br />
Phone: +45-3915-7441<br />
Fax: +45-3915-7400<br />
VICE-COORDINATORS<br />
Mark Lawrence<br />
E-mail: Lawrence@mpch-mainz.mpg.de<br />
Phone: +49-6131-305331<br />
Fax: +49-6131-305511<br />
Spyros Pandis<br />
MANAGER<br />
Alexander Mahura<br />
SECRETARY<br />
Britta Christiansen<br />
E-mail: spyros@chemeng.upatras.gr<br />
Phone: +30-2610-969510<br />
Fax: +30-2610-990987<br />
E-mail: ama@dmi.dk<br />
Phone: +45-3915-7423<br />
Fax: +45-3915-7400<br />
E-mail: brc@dmi.dk<br />
Phone: +45-3915-7405<br />
Fax: +45-3915-7400<br />
EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER<br />
Wolfram Schrimpf<br />
E-mail: Wolfram.Schrimpf@ec.europa.eu<br />
Phone: +32-2-2971504<br />
Fax: +32-2-2995755<br />
POSTAL ADDRESS<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Project Office<br />
Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)<br />
Research Department<br />
Lyngbyvej 100<br />
DK-2100, Copenhagen<br />
DENMARK<br />
© <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Project<br />
ISBN 978-87-992924-0-0<br />
This is <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> document <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>-01-DW-09-03<br />
Copenhagen, 2009
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME<br />
THEME FP7-ENV-2007.1.1.2.1:<br />
Megacities and regional hot-spots air quality and climate<br />
Grant agreement for: Collaborative Project (medium-scale focused research project)<br />
Annex I - “Description of Work”<br />
Project acronym: <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
Project full title:<br />
Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric<br />
POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment<br />
and mitigation<br />
Grant agreement no.: 212520<br />
Date of preparation of Annex I (latest version): 06 October 2008<br />
Date of approval of Annex I by Commission: 07 October 2008<br />
1<br />
GURME
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Table of Contents<br />
PART A......................................................................................................................................... 4<br />
A1. Budget breakdown and project summary .......................................................................... 4<br />
A.1 OVERALL BUDGET BREAKDOWN FOR THE PROJECT .................................................................................................. 4<br />
A.2 PROJECT SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................. 4<br />
A.3 LIST OF BENEFICIARIES............................................................................................................................................. 5<br />
PART B......................................................................................................................................... 7<br />
B1 Concept and objectives, progress beyond state-of-the-art, scientific and technical<br />
methodology and work plan........................................................................................................ 7<br />
B.1.1 CONCEPT AND PROJECT OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................ 7<br />
B.1.2 PROGRESS BEYOND THE STATE-OF-THE-ART................................................................................................ 8<br />
B.1.3 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY METHODOLOGY AND ASSOCIATED WORK PLAN............................................... 9<br />
B.1.3.1 Overall strategy and general description...................................................................................................... 9<br />
B.1.3.2 Megacities in Focus ................................................................................................................................... 12<br />
B.1.3.3 Methodological descriptions for each WP ................................................................................................. 15<br />
B.1.3.4 Work package list....................................................................................................................................... 28<br />
B.1.3.5 Deliverables List ........................................................................................................................................ 29<br />
B.1.3.6 Work package description.......................................................................................................................... 33<br />
B.1.3.7 Summary of staff effort.............................................................................................................................. 52<br />
B.1.3.8 List of milestones and planning of reviews................................................................................................ 57<br />
B.1.3.9 Timing of work packages and their components (Gantt Chart) ................................................................. 59<br />
B2. Implementation................................................................................................................... 62<br />
B.2.1 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE AND PROCEDURES .......................................................................................... 62<br />
B.2.2 BENEFICIARIES .......................................................................................................................................... 66<br />
B.2.3 CONSORTIUM AS A WHOLE ........................................................................................................................ 93<br />
B.2.4 RESOURCES TO BE COMMITTED ................................................................................................................. 99<br />
B3 Expected impacts of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> .................................................................................... 102<br />
B.3.1 STRATEGIC IMPACT........................................................................................................................................... 102<br />
B.3.1.1 Wider Impacts related to the FP7 Environment work programme............................................................ 102<br />
B.3.1.2 Scientific Impacts...................................................................................................................................... 102<br />
B.3.1.3 Policy orientated impacts .......................................................................................................................... 103<br />
B.3.1.4 Community and societal impacts .............................................................................................................. 104<br />
B.3.1.5 Coordination with other research and monitoring activities ..................................................................... 104<br />
B.3.1.6 European approach and international cooperation .................................................................................... 105<br />
B.3.2 PLAN FOR THE USE AND DISSEMINATION AND/OR EXPLOITATION OF FOREGROUND........................................... 105<br />
B.3.2.1 Increased competitiveness through exploitation and dissemination.......................................................... 105<br />
B.3.2.2 Plan for using and disseminating knowledge............................................................................................ 106<br />
B.3.2.3 Raising public participation and awareness .............................................................................................. 106<br />
B.3.2.4 Stakeholder involvement........................................................................................................................... 107<br />
B.3.2.5 Information and Knowledge Management................................................................................................ 107<br />
B.3.2.6 Management of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)................................................................................... 107<br />
B.3.3 EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMPACT OF <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> ..................................................................... 108<br />
B4. Ethical Issues ................................................................................................................ 109<br />
B5. Consideration of gender aspects ..................................................................................... 110<br />
B.5.1 GENDER ACTION PLAN TO PROMOTE EQUALITY ............................................................................................... 110<br />
2
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
B.5.2 GENDER ISSUES IN <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>........................................................................................................................110<br />
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 111<br />
Appendix 1: Specific measurement campaigns in the Paris megacity region .................... 116<br />
Appendix 2: List of abbreviations .......................................................................................... 118<br />
Appendix 3: Letters of Commitments from external collaborators and end-users........... 127<br />
3
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
PART A<br />
A1. Budget breakdown and project summary<br />
A.1 Overall budget breakdown for the project<br />
The main categories of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> budget are as follows:<br />
RTD Activities € 4 948 757.04<br />
Management and Other costs € 145 750.00<br />
Total <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Project Budget<br />
Including:<br />
€ 5 094 507.64<br />
Total requested budget for <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> € 3 398 989.27<br />
The effort and budget forms per WP by Partners are presented in Section 1.2 (Table 1.3d) and the<br />
justification of the requested costs is given in A3.1 tables and in Overall A3.2 Table. The budget for users<br />
and for contingency has been added to the RTD budget for DMI and partly for MPIC.<br />
Budget breakdown form (see A3.2 form of the GPFs).<br />
A.2 Project summary<br />
The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project brings together leading European research groups, state-of-the-art<br />
scientific tools and key players from third countries to investigate the interactions among<br />
megacities, air quality and climate. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will bridge the spatial and temporal scales that<br />
connect local emissions, air quality and weather with global atmospheric chemistry and climate.<br />
The main <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> objectives are<br />
1. to assess impacts of megacities and large air-pollution hot-spots on local, regional and global air<br />
quality,<br />
2. to quantify feedbacks among megacity air quality, local and regional climate, and global climate<br />
change,<br />
3. to develop improved integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities.<br />
In order to achieve these objectives we will:<br />
• Develop and evaluate integrated methods to improve megacity emission data<br />
• Investigate physical and chemical processes starting from the megacity street level,<br />
continuing to the city, regional and global scales<br />
• Assess regional and global air quality impacts of megacity plumes<br />
• Determine the main mechanisms of regional meteorology/climate forcing due to megacity<br />
plumes<br />
• Assess global megacity pollutant forcing on climate<br />
• Examine feedback mechanisms including effects of climate change on megacity air quality<br />
• Develop integrated tools for prediction of megacity air quality<br />
• Evaluate these integrated tools and use them in case studies<br />
• Develop a methodology to estimate the impacts of different scenarios of megacity<br />
development on human health and climate change<br />
4
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
• Propose and assess mitigation options to reduce the impacts of megacity emissions<br />
We will follow a pyramid strategy of undertaking detailed measurements in one European major<br />
city, Paris, performing detailed analysis for 12 megacities with existing air quality datasets and<br />
investigate the effects of all megacities on climate. The results will be disseminated to authorities,<br />
policy community, researchers and the other stakeholders in the corresponding megacities.<br />
A.3 List of beneficiaries<br />
Beneficiary<br />
Number *<br />
1 (coord.)<br />
2 (co-coord.)<br />
3 (co-coord.)<br />
List of Beneficiaries<br />
Beneficiary name Beneficiary<br />
short name<br />
Danish Meteorological<br />
Institute<br />
Foundation for Research and<br />
Technology, Hellas,<br />
University of Patras<br />
Max Planck Institute for<br />
Chemistry<br />
5<br />
Country Date enter<br />
project**<br />
Date exit<br />
project**<br />
DMI Denmark month 1 month 36<br />
FORTH Greece month 1 month 36<br />
MPIC Germany month 1 month 36<br />
4 ARIANET Consulting (SME) ARIANET Italy month 1 month 36<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
Aristotle University<br />
Thessaloniki<br />
Centre National de Recherche<br />
Scientifique (incl. LISA,<br />
LAMP, LSCE, GAME,<br />
LGGE)<br />
Finnish Meteorological<br />
Institute<br />
AUTH Greece month 1 month 36<br />
CNRS France month 1 month 36<br />
FMI Finland month 1 month 36<br />
8 Joint Research Center, Ispra JRC Italy month 1 month 36<br />
9<br />
International Centre for<br />
Theoretical Physics<br />
ICTP Italy month 1 month 36<br />
10 King's College London KCL UK month 1 month 36<br />
11<br />
12<br />
Nansen Environmental and<br />
Remote Sensing Center<br />
Norwegian Institute for Air<br />
Research<br />
NERSC Norway month 1 month 36<br />
NILU Norway month 1 month 36<br />
13 Paul Scherrer Institute PSI Switzerland month 1 month 36<br />
14<br />
TNO-Built Environment and<br />
Geosciences<br />
TNO The Netherlands month 1 month 36<br />
15 UK MetOffice MetO UK month 1 month 36<br />
16 University of Hamburg UHam Germany month 1 month 36<br />
17 University of Helsinki UHel Finland month 1 month 36<br />
18<br />
University of Hertfordshire –<br />
Centre for Atmospheric and<br />
UH-CAIR UK month 1 month 36
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Instrumentation Research<br />
19 University of Stuttgart USTUTT Germany month 1 month 36<br />
20<br />
World Meteorological<br />
Organization<br />
WMO Switzerland<br />
(International)<br />
6<br />
month 1 month 36<br />
21 Charles University, Prague CUNI Czech Republic month 1 month 36<br />
22<br />
23<br />
Institute of Tropospheric<br />
Research<br />
Centre for Atmospheric<br />
Science, University of<br />
Cambridge<br />
IfT Germany month 1 month 36<br />
UCam UK month 6 month 36<br />
* Please use the same beneficiary numbering as that used in the Grant Agreement Preparation Forms<br />
** Normally insert “month 1 (start of project)” and “month n (end of project)”
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
PART B<br />
B1 Concept and objectives, progress beyond state-of-the-art, scientific and<br />
technical methodology and work plan<br />
B.1.1 Concept and project objectives<br />
The main objectives of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project are:<br />
Objective 1: to assess impacts of megacities and large air-pollution “hot-spots” on local,<br />
regional, and global air quality and climate;<br />
Objective 2: to quantify feedbacks between megacity emissions, air quality, local and regional<br />
climate, and global climate change;<br />
Objective 3: to develop and implement improved, integrated tools to assess the impacts of air<br />
pollution from megacities on regional and global air quality and climate and to evaluate the<br />
effectiveness of mitigation option<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will include both basic and applied research, and will bridge the spatial and temporal<br />
scales that connect local emissions, air quality and weather conditions with global atmospheric<br />
chemistry and climate.<br />
In order to fulfil the objectives the following scientific questions will be addressed:<br />
Q1: What is the change of exposure of the overall population to the major air pollutants as<br />
people move into megacities? What are the health impacts of this exposure? (Objective 1)<br />
Q2: How do megacities affect air quality on regional and global scales? What is the range of<br />
influence for major air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, etc.)? (Objective 1)<br />
Q3: What are the major physical and chemical transformations of air pollutants as they are<br />
moving away from megacities? What happens to the organic particulate matter, volatile organic<br />
compounds, etc? (Objective 1)<br />
Q4: How accurate are the current emission inventories for megacities in Europe and around the<br />
world? What are the major gaps? (Objective 1)<br />
Q5: How large is the current impact of megacities on regional and global climate? (Objective 2)<br />
Q6: How will the growth of megacities affect future climate at global and regional scales?<br />
(Objective 2)<br />
Q7: What is the impact of large-scale dynamic processes on air pollution from megacities?<br />
(Objective 2)<br />
Q8: What are the key feedbacks between air quality, local climate and global climate change<br />
relevant to megacities? For example, how will climate change affect air quality in megacities?<br />
(Objective 2)<br />
Q9: How should megacities (emissions, processing inside megacities, meteorology) be<br />
parameterised in regional and global models? (Objective 3)<br />
Q10: What type of modelling tools should be used for the simulation of multi-scale megacity air<br />
quality - climate interactions? (Objective 3)<br />
Q11: Which policy options are available to influence the emissions of air pollutants and<br />
greenhouse gases in megacities and how can these options be assessed? (Objective 3)<br />
In order to answer the above questions and achieve the main objectives we will perform the<br />
following tasks:<br />
T1: Develop and evaluate integrated methodologies to improve emission data from<br />
megacities on regional through global scales; (Objective 1)<br />
7
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
T2: Investigate physical and chemical processes starting from the street level in a megacity,<br />
continuing to the megacity scale, and then to the regional and global scales; (Objective 1)<br />
T3: Assess regional and global impacts of megacity plumes, including: atmospheric<br />
transport (local pollution build-up and its regional/global transport) and chemical<br />
transformation of gas and aerosol pollutants emitted in megacities; (Objective 1)<br />
T4: Quantify impacts of polluted air-masses on larger scale atmospheric dynamics (physics<br />
and chemistry, hydrological processes, long-range/hemispheric transport, etc.); (Objective 2)<br />
T5: Determine the main mechanisms of regional meteorology/climate forcing due to<br />
megacity plumes; (Objective 2)<br />
T6: Assess global megacity aerosol/pollutant forcing and its effects on global climate;<br />
(Objective 2)<br />
T7: Examine feedback mechanisms including effects of climate change on megacity<br />
environment and emissions; (Objective 2)<br />
T8: Develop improved 'integrated' tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities;<br />
(Objective 3)<br />
T9: Evaluate these integrated modelling tools and use them in case studies for selected<br />
megacities; (Objective 3)<br />
T10: Develop and apply a methodology to estimate the impacts of different scenarios of<br />
megacity development on human health and climate change; (Objective 3)<br />
T11: Propose and assess mitigation options to reduce the impacts of megacity emissions:<br />
provide support for European Commission’s new air pollution and climate change strategy<br />
and policies. (Objective 3)<br />
B.1.2 Progress beyond the state-of-the-art<br />
Introduction<br />
For the past few hundred years, human populations have been clustering in increasingly large<br />
settlements. In 2007, for the first time in history, the world’s urban population will exceed the rural<br />
population (UN-HABITAT, 2006). At present, there are about 20 cities worldwide with a<br />
population of 10 million or greater, and 30 with a population of exceeding 7 million. These numbers<br />
are expected to grow considerably in the near future. Such coherent urban areas with more than<br />
about 5 million people are usually called megacities (although there is no formal definition of a<br />
megacity at present). In Europe there are six major population centres that clearly qualify as<br />
megacities: London, Paris, the Rhine-Ruhr region, the Po Valley, Moscow, and Istanbul (Figure 1).<br />
Megacities and heavily urbanized regions produce a large fraction of the national gross domestic<br />
product (GDP) (e.g. London, Paris and Mexico City account respectively of 19.9, 27.9 and 26.7%<br />
of the corresponding national GDP (OECD, 2006)). Human activities in megacities lead to serious<br />
challenges in municipal management, such as housing, employment, provision of social and health<br />
services, the coordination of public and private transport, fluid and solid waste disposal, and local<br />
and regional air pollution. This project focuses on the latter, spanning the range from emissions to<br />
air quality, effects on regional and global climate, and feedbacks and mitigation potentials. The<br />
project will take into account the different features and growing trends that characterize cities<br />
located in developed and developing countries to highlight their present and future effects on local<br />
to global air quality and climate.<br />
Identification of Problems to be Solved<br />
Our hypothesis is that megacities around the world have an impact on air quality not only locally,<br />
but also regionally and globally and therefore can also influence the climate of our planet. In Figure<br />
2 a schematic description of how megacities, air quality and climate interact is presented. Some of<br />
the links shown have already been considered by previous studies and are reasonably well-<br />
8
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
understood. However, a complete quantitative picture of these interactions is clearly missing.<br />
Understanding and quantifying these missing links will be the focus of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>.<br />
Figure 1: Worldwide megacities (Source UN, 2002).<br />
B.1.3 Science and Technology methodology and associated work plan<br />
The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project will be realised by 23 partners, representatives of leading research<br />
organizations in atmospheric pollution, meteorological and climate research, and organizations<br />
responsible for the urban air quality and population exposure forecast and control from 11 European<br />
countries. This breadth guarantees that the project can accomplish its ambitious objectives and<br />
tasks, ranging from the collection and analysis of state-of-the-art measurements to the continued<br />
development and application of complex numerical models to the distribution of results in a form<br />
directly usable by the end users and understandable by the public. The project also requires a very<br />
strong management and co-ordination due to its broad scientific basis. This will be accomplished<br />
through well-defined workpackages and its “management problem-solving approach”.<br />
Realisation of the objectives of the project as well as answering the key scientific questions (see<br />
Sect. 1.2) will be accomplished via nine separate but inter-linked Work Packages (WPs), which are<br />
shown schematically in Figure 3. The WPs are described below, first in terms of an overview of the<br />
workpackage concept and of the megacities in focus, and then in a more detailed description of the<br />
state-of-the-art and our plans to advance beyond this for each WP.<br />
B.1.3.1 Overall strategy and general description<br />
The first critical step in improving our understanding of how megacities impact air quality,<br />
atmospheric composition and climate on different scales is the development of high-quality<br />
inventories of the emissions of relevant gases and aerosols and their precursors, and determining<br />
how these are anticipated to change in the mid-term future, as well as how these change under<br />
various scenarios (e.g, movement of 10% of the population out of a megacity and into the<br />
surrounding countryside). This will form the key input to the remaining components of the study,<br />
9
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Local/urban<br />
~1-10 2 km<br />
Megacities<br />
Emissions<br />
Boundary Layer<br />
Processes and Chemical<br />
Transformations<br />
Urban Features and<br />
Characteristics<br />
Regional<br />
~ 10 3 km<br />
Air Quality<br />
Figure 2: Schematic showing the main linkages between megacities, air quality and climate. The<br />
connections and processes will be the focus of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. In addition to the overall connections between<br />
megacities, air quality and climate, the figure shows the main feedbacks, ecosystem, health and weather<br />
impact pathways, and mitigation routes which will be investigated in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. The relevant temporal<br />
and spatial scales are additionally included.<br />
and will also, through an understanding of the sensitivity of emissions of different compounds and<br />
from different sectors, form the basis for sensible approaches to mitigation strategies. This task will<br />
use as a starting point the corresponding emission inventories developed by local administrations<br />
for major urban areas. These will be improved when necessary, adjusted to the appropriate model<br />
scale and integrated into larger scale datasets for their use in regional and global scale atmospheric<br />
composition modelling. This approach will allow the exploitation of former investments and<br />
available information, and will build connections between local air quality management authorities<br />
and the air quality and climate research community. Emissions are the focus of WP1 in the project,<br />
and its links to the other aspects of the project as shown in Figure 3. WP2 is focusing on the<br />
megacity features (e.g. morphology), along with processes taking place in the urban canopy and<br />
boundary layer, which are responsible for the airborne transport and transformation of pollutants<br />
10<br />
Forcing<br />
Global<br />
~10 4 km<br />
Climate<br />
1 s - 1 hr Days - weeks Years-decades<br />
Connections<br />
Processes<br />
Impacts<br />
Mitigation<br />
Chemical<br />
Transformations<br />
Feedbacks<br />
Scales
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
and urban climate effects. This WP is aimed at the development of databases of morphology/landuse<br />
classifications for megacities, as well as developing databases and sub-grid parameterisations of<br />
urban layer processes for megacity, regional and global scale models.<br />
WP1:<br />
Emissions<br />
WP2:<br />
Megacity features<br />
WP4: Megacity Air Quality<br />
WP5: Regional and Global<br />
Atmospheric Composition<br />
WP6: Regional and Global<br />
Climate Impacts<br />
WP7:<br />
Integrated Tools and<br />
Implementation<br />
WP8:<br />
Mitigation, Policy Options and Impact Assessment<br />
WP9: Dissemination and Coordination<br />
Figure 3: Work Packages (WPs) structure and integration.<br />
Pollutant emissions impact the chemical composition of the atmosphere on different scales. This in<br />
turn influences the climate through radiative transfer and effects on clouds and the hydrological<br />
cycle. These issues will form the core of the project, and will be analysed by four workpackages<br />
(WP3-6) (Figure 3).<br />
WP3 will focus on the characterization of aerosols and relevant precursors at urban and surrounding<br />
non-urban areas. Field measurements will be conducted to examine the evolution of aerosols and<br />
gas-aerosol interactions in the urban outflow of the Paris megacity. Paris has been chosen for<br />
various scientific and logistical reasons, but mainly because it is a very concentrated European<br />
11<br />
WP3: Megacity<br />
Plume Case Study
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
urban pollution hot spot surrounded by rural areas. The objective of WP4 is to improve our<br />
understanding and modelling of local and urban-scale impacts of megacity emissions, on the urban<br />
and the surrounding area air quality (WP4). Continental and global scale impacts of megacities on<br />
atmospheric composition and climate will be considered in WP5 and WP6. These WPs will also<br />
consider the effects of future climate and emission scenarios. Each WP activity will comprise basic<br />
research concerning the individual processes critical for understanding the impacts analysed.<br />
Additionally, applied research will be devoted to building bridges between the scales and aspects<br />
previously introduced, and towards developing integrated assessment tools to define impacts and<br />
mitigation strategies.<br />
The information from WPs 1-6 will be brought together in WP7 and WP8. In WP7 the information<br />
and model developments from WPs 1-6 will be used to develop integrated tools for prediction of<br />
megacity impacts on air quality. In this WP, the integrated methodology will be implemented to<br />
assess the air quality and climate impacts of selected world megacities by employing improved<br />
models from WPs 4, 5 and 6. In addition, the results of the atmospheric and climate modelling will<br />
be used to estimate and assess (in monetary terms) impacts on human health and ecosystems and<br />
climate change impacts of megacities with a methodology developed in WP8. Finally, the<br />
information from the integrated assessments will be input into WP8, focusing on mitigation options,<br />
which will be assessed by creating scenarios of possible future developments of megacities, in<br />
which these options are implemented. The emissions for these scenarios are calculated in WP1 and<br />
used as input for the integrated modelling. By comparing the results, the different scenarios and<br />
policy options are assessed.<br />
The results of the project will be disseminated to the Commission, policy makers and the public by<br />
WP9, which will also oversee the coordination of the individual work-packages. Results and<br />
instruments made available by WP deliverables will support the definition of areas and scales of<br />
effective measures to improve present and future air quality in large conurbations.<br />
B.1.3.2 Megacities in Focus<br />
The project will address, at different levels, practically all major megacities around the globe. Three<br />
levels of detail will be used in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> (Figure 4). The lowest level of detail (3 rd level in Figure<br />
4) will include all megacities and the corresponding investigation will have a global perspective<br />
looking at their effects on global air quality and climate. The corresponding tools will include<br />
global Chemical Transport Models (CTMs), Global Climate Models (GCMs) and satellite studies.<br />
For cities in the 2 nd level a regional perspective will be added to the global one. These cities<br />
(Moscow, Istanbul, Mexico City, Beijing, Shanghai, Santiago, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangkok, New<br />
York, Cairo, St.Petersburg and Tokyo) have been selected because they are a representative subset<br />
of the full megacity set, they have been the locations of air quality studies and there are available<br />
observation datasets. The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> team includes local collaborators from these 2 nd level<br />
megacities (see Section 2.3) who will help in achieving the project objectives and will benefit from<br />
our results. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will combine the available datasets in these megacities with regional<br />
models (including selected urban scale model applications) and also apply there the Integrated<br />
Modelling Tools that will be developed and evaluated in the project. The tools of the 3 rd level will<br />
also be applied to the 2 nd level megacities. Finally, for the 1 st level megacities an urban and street<br />
scale perspective will be added to the regional and global ones. These megacities are the four major<br />
European Union population areas (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, and Po Valley). New air quality<br />
observations will be collected for Paris closing some of the important gaps in the existing<br />
measurements. The resulting dataset in Paris together with existing datasets in the other areas will<br />
be used for the evaluation and improvement of the modelling tools in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. Finally our<br />
mitigation and policy analysis activities will focus on these 1 st level megacities.<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Paris and London are the only two cities within the European Union that strictly correspond to the<br />
definition of a megacity (i.e. population larger than 5 million people). The Rhine-Ruhr and Po<br />
Valley areas have megacity features even if they can be better described as urban conglomerations<br />
than as a single metropolitan area (Figure 5). The estimated loss of life expectancy due to air<br />
pollution is quite high in these areas (Figure 6) and therefore, attaining the air pollutant<br />
concentration limits, imposed by the EC air quality framework, and daughter directives is presently<br />
critical for different air pollutants, e.g. PM and NO2.<br />
2 nd Level<br />
3 rd Level<br />
1 st Level<br />
Paris,<br />
London,<br />
Rhine-Ruhr,<br />
Po Valley<br />
Moscow, Istanbul, Mexico City,<br />
Beijing, Shanghai, Santiago, Delhi,<br />
Mumbai, Bangkok, New York,<br />
Cairo, St.Petersburg, Tokyo<br />
All megacities:<br />
cities with a population > 5 Million<br />
Figure 4: The pyramid of megacities in focus in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>.<br />
Paris, with the belt of surrounding suburbs, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a<br />
population around 11 million people. The very dense urbanised area is concentrated on a limited<br />
surface, a quasi circle with about 20 km diameter, surrounded by rural areas. The city and<br />
surroundings are located in flat terrain; regional atmospheric circulation is thus mainly driven by<br />
synoptic scale weather patterns. Due to strong and concentrated emissions, several air quality<br />
standards are exceeded within the urban agglomeration, especially annual average NO2 and PM10<br />
concentrations. Ozone concentrations reach often very high values in the Paris plume. However,<br />
detailed aerosol measurements (chemistry and size distribution) and quantitative knowledge on<br />
particulate matter sources in the area is lacking and little information exists about the Paris plume.<br />
Moreover, air pollution episodes have been recently very probably accentuated by climate change,<br />
as for example during the summer 2003 heat wave. These different reasons led us to the choice to<br />
carry out the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> field measurements in and around Paris (WP3). Indeed, the relative<br />
isolation of Paris from other major urban areas makes it a suitable location for the investigation of<br />
the regional effects of megacities and the physical and chemical evolution of the corresponding<br />
pollutants, both in the urban area and in the plume (WP4 and WP5).<br />
The Rhine-Ruhr and Po Valley basins suffer air quality conditions worse than those experienced by<br />
Paris and London. This is mainly due to high urban and industrial emissions and to the adverse<br />
meteorological conditions that often affect the two regions. The Po River Basin includes six<br />
administrative regions, and has a total population of about 16 million people. The Basin accounts<br />
13<br />
• Urban (and Regional and Global<br />
and some Street) Scale Modelling<br />
• Available and New Observations<br />
• Tool Application and Evaluation<br />
• Mitigation<br />
• Regional (and Global and<br />
some Urban) Modelling<br />
• Available Observations<br />
• Implementation of<br />
Integrated Tools<br />
• Global Modelling<br />
• Satellite studies
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
for 40% of Italy’s GDP. It is home to 37% of the country’s industry, about 55% of livestock, and<br />
35% of the country’s agricultural production. The Po valley is therefore exposed to substantial<br />
emission loads. The atmospheric circulation of the Po valley is characterised by the strong<br />
modification of synoptic flow due to the high mountains that surround the valley on three sides. The<br />
local atmospheric circulation features, dominated by calms and weak winds, favour the<br />
development of critical pollution episodes. Milan city and its surrounding urban area is located in<br />
the flat central part of the Po river basin. The core of Milan urban area, roughly coincident with its<br />
province, accounts for 3.7 millions inhabitants, while the commuting area includes around 7 million<br />
people (OECD, 2006). During the last decades, the urbanisation of the surrounding region has been<br />
enhanced by the re-settlement of part of the population from the city core to the surrounding region.<br />
The Rhine-Ruhr area is situated in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany’s industrial<br />
heartland. It is home to cities like Bochum, Bottrop, Dortmund, Duisburg, Essen, Gelsenkirchen,<br />
Köln, Leverkusen, Solingen and Wuppertal, covers an area of about 10.000 km 2 and has a total<br />
population of more than 10 million people. With frequent west and south-west winds, the Rhine-<br />
Ruhr region is also downwind of other European megacities (London and Paris) and impacted by<br />
emissions from the Netherlands. Therefore, this region is not only exposed to “home made” new<br />
emissions but also to aged air from neighbouring regions. Due to the mostly hilly terrain of the<br />
region, air pollution and local climate are very heterogeneous and quite locally influenced.<br />
Figure 5: Population density in EU Figure 6: Loss in life expectancy (months)<br />
for 2003 (Source Eurostat). attributable to exposure to anthropogenic PM2.5<br />
for year 2000 emissions (Source: EC, IIASA)<br />
The four megacity areas identified above have different urban features and cover a wide range of<br />
topography, climate and atmospheric circulation conditions, providing a variety of different test<br />
cases for the evaluation and application of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> modelling tools and the assessment of<br />
mitigation scenarios.<br />
Many fast-growing cities are located within and nearby Europe (e.g. Moscow, Cairo and Istanbul)<br />
and can directly affect European air quality and climate for example in the climate-change sensitive<br />
Mediterranean Basin. Moreover, the largest megacities with populations exceeding 20 million and<br />
showing continuous growing tendency, are located in developing countries in other continents. In<br />
those megacities air pollution abatement policies are still in their infancy and their emissions are<br />
expected to have a large effect on regional and global air quality and also climate. For these reasons<br />
the analysis of megacities effects at regional scale (WP1, WP4 and WP5) will include the 2nd level<br />
megacities listed in Figure 4. Mexico City will be investigated in detail because of the availability<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
of state-of-the-art datasets (the MILAGRO campaign of 2006 and the MCMA-2003 campaign) and<br />
the existing links to the MILAGRO team and the Mexico City studies. Specific activities will be<br />
devoted to trans-continental transport of megacity pollutants (WP5: influence of Boston/New<br />
York/Washington area emissions on Europe). The effects of all the megacities distributed<br />
worldwide will be considered to quantify their overall effects on global air quality and climate<br />
(WP5 and WP6).<br />
B.1.3.3 Methodological descriptions for each WP<br />
WP1: Emissions<br />
Overview and Background<br />
Emissions of air pollutants cause air quality degradation and result in climate change. Reducing<br />
emissions is one of the most important options for abating these negative impacts. A proper<br />
knowledge of emission sources and their location in time and space is a crucial component of being<br />
able to modelling air quality and climate, predict their future change, and design feasible mitigation<br />
scenarios. Recently improved “bottom-up” emission inventories of various pollutants such as<br />
particulate matter (PM) and its carbonaceous components (black Carbon (BC) and Organic carbon<br />
(OC)) are better underpinned than before, and are more detailed, including technology<br />
differentiation. Some of these new emission inventories have been reduced down to nearly half of<br />
previous inventories, which, however, results in lower predicted concentrations by the models that<br />
are not supported by the observations at many locations. Major sources of uncertainty and error in<br />
emissions datasets include the use of incorrect “real-world” emission factors, emission<br />
measurement artefacts, missing or falsified information on activity data, and wrong assumptions<br />
about the hygroscopic nature of aerosols. More accurate emission inventories of e.g. carbonaceous<br />
aerosols (BC and OC) are prerequisite model inputs for quantification of the aerosol climate<br />
forcing, which is the largest uncertainty in estimating total anthropogenic climate forcing. To<br />
quantify and abate the adverse health impacts of air pollution, chemical speciation and source<br />
identification of particulate matter is essential. Currently it is widely acknowledged that the<br />
uncertainty in emission inventories is a key feature in the limitations of predictive modelling as well<br />
as mitigating adverse impacts of the emissions.<br />
Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art<br />
This WP will provide state-of-the-art regional and global emission inventories and high resolution<br />
emission maps, which will be available for community use after the project completion, and which<br />
are needed as model input for WPs 4, 5, 6 and 7. The emission inventories will be based on<br />
activities speciated according to fuel use, fuel type and technology, which will allow quantification<br />
and spatial allocation of emission reductions due to mitigation scenarios developed in WP8.<br />
In order to advance beyond the current state-of-the-art in megacity emissions, improvements will be<br />
made in relevant emission characteristics, especially the spatial allocation of sources, chemical<br />
speciation of emissions, and resolution of the gridded emission maps. Special emphasis will be<br />
placed on the consistent integration of higher resolution megacity data into the lower resolution<br />
regional or global emission maps. To accomplish this, the work will be divided into seven tasks:<br />
1) Global anthropogenic and natural emission inventories:<br />
Global emission inventories will be needed to model the impact of MCs. We will use current state<br />
of the art inventories for anthropogenic sources (e.g. the EDGAR information system, of which<br />
TNO and MPI are co-developers; the database developed in the framework of EU-IP RETRO<br />
(TNO); and the global carbonaceous aerosol inventory of Bond et al (2004)). The effort in this task<br />
15
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
concentrates on enhancing the resolution of the emissions data and nesting the case study cities<br />
accurately in the global database.<br />
2) Regional Pan-European anthropogenic emission inventory :<br />
Complete Pan-European emission inventories and high resolution emission maps of primary<br />
anthropogenic pollutants at a resolution of about 6 x 6 km for the base year 2003 will be provided<br />
as inputs to the regional modelling activities in WP 5 and 6. Relevant emission characteristics<br />
important for improving the predictive capacity of the models will be improved and included where<br />
possible.<br />
3) Development of a baseline scenario:<br />
Baseline scenario for the years 2020 and 2030 and a rough estimate for 2050 for Europe and for the<br />
case study megacities (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico City) will be provided as a<br />
basis for the analysis of emission reduction measures and strategies in WP 8.<br />
4) Case studies:<br />
High quality and high resolution city inventories will be compiled, based on existing information to<br />
the extent possible, and made available both as model input and a base for mitigation measures. The<br />
underlying activity data tables will be “translated” and linked in the various databases in order to be<br />
nested in a consistent way in the regional and global emission inventories.<br />
5) European heat flux inventory:<br />
To assess the impact of heat flux from megacities on local climate a European anthropogenic heat<br />
flux inventory will be developed using the activity data and spatial distributions from task 2,<br />
working with heat flux factors developed in cooperation with WP2.<br />
6) Validation, evaluation and improvement of EI’s:<br />
Task 1 and task 2 will start out with delivering a first working version of the desired inventories in<br />
the first year of the project. The EI’s will be further improved through: 1) feedback from modellers<br />
working with the EI’s; 2) A general review of regional source apportionment studies; 3) Validation<br />
through measurement data and source apportionment within WP3 and WP4.<br />
7) Processing of emission inventories for model sensitivity and scenario runs:<br />
Emissions datasets will be provided for the sensitivity runs (WP5) and future scenario runs (WPs 5,<br />
6 and 8). For the sensitivity runs, two types of emissions datasets will be provided: removing the<br />
total megacity emissions from the dataset, and redistributing a fraction of the megacity emissions<br />
into the surrounding regions.<br />
WP2: Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and Effects<br />
Overview and Background<br />
Megacities are localized, heterogeneous and variable sources of the anthropogenic impact on air<br />
quality and ultimately on climate. The major difficulty in megacity forcing in simulations arises<br />
from the sub-grid scale features. They are typically unresolved in climate models and barely<br />
resolved in regional scale models. Thus, models rely on parameterizations of megacity features<br />
aggregated within the model grid cell. Aggregation is not straightforward given surface<br />
heterogeneity and strong non-linearity of the turbulent transport in the urban atmospheric boundary<br />
layer (UABL). The latter prohibits the application of direct averaging to obtain the large-scale<br />
forcing. Albeit known since Schmidt (1921), the aggregation problems are still largely ignored in<br />
existing urban parameterizations. A more sophisticated approach which accounts for emission at<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
different levels and for the surface thermal and drag heterogeneity is needed. Recent progress in<br />
street- and urban-scale turbulence-resolving simulations has opened the way for the development of<br />
a new generation of effective urban parameterizations. The models require databases of emissions<br />
and surface characteristics as initial and boundary conditions. Feature analysis helps assessment of<br />
the megacity climate. It also relaxes the stability constraints on the megacity forcing in large-scale<br />
models. Challenging sub-grid features in the WP tasks include: spatial and temporal distribution of<br />
emission source activities; flow modification by the urban canopy structure; flow modification by<br />
the urban surface heat balance; enhancement/damping of turbulent fluxes in the urban boundary<br />
layer due to surface and emission heterogeneity; chemical modification of pollutants in the<br />
dispersion process.<br />
Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art<br />
A state-of-the-art assessment will be provided of the megacity climate, dispersion of anthropogenic<br />
pollutants, fine-scale simulations with the state-of-the-art turbulence-resolving models and<br />
improved parameterizations in regional- and global-scale models. The urban models will be<br />
evaluated using WPs 1 and 3 data. Resulting parameterizations will be used in WPs 4-7. To advance<br />
current understanding of megacity features as climate forming factors, process studies will be<br />
conducted; for example, impact of surface morphology on flow near and in the urban sub-layer,<br />
which impacts the surface energy balance. Knowledge of these processes will allow computation of<br />
turbulence statistics, chemical transformation and dispersion mechanisms in the UABL. Using the<br />
3D data, the universal assumptions for evolution equations for integral turbulence measures, e.g.<br />
UABL thickness will be verified and a set of prognostic equations to parameterize those processes<br />
will be formulated. To accomplish this, the work will be divided into five tasks, with tasks 1-3<br />
providing boundary conditions for tasks 4-5:<br />
1) Surface morphology: classification and database:<br />
Databases will be compiled, which include parameters for urban morphology, land-use and surface<br />
structure. These characteristics will be derived from satellite, aerial and in situ data collection<br />
(Grimmond and Souch, 1994). The database will allow quick generation of boundary conditions for<br />
different types of models. Starting the work with existing relevant databases, it will focus on<br />
London, Paris and other major megacities in the project. The height of structures will be determined<br />
using satellite images, stereography, laser scanning and SAR-interferometry. The obtained database<br />
will be passed to other tasks of WP2 and WPs 3-6.<br />
2) Flow deformation by urban canopy in the urban sub-layer:<br />
Parameterizations of flow deformation and inter-canopy transport processes will be improved<br />
through systematic study of small-scale features of urban canopy effects on air flow. Aggregation of<br />
urban canopy properties to form a hierarchy of approaches relevant to different urban and<br />
meteorological scales will be the focus. Single or multi-layer canopy approaches will be pursued at<br />
different scales: Roughness and porosity approach (Baklanov et al., 2005; Zilitinkevich et al.,<br />
2007); Building Effect Parameterisation (BEP) (Martilli et al., 2002); Obstacle-resolved and<br />
dispersive stress approach (Martilli and Santiago, 2007). To overcome the challenges, CFD codes<br />
will be extensively is used in the development.<br />
3) Urban energy balance:<br />
For accurate physical description of the atmosphere it is necessary to model the surface-atmosphere<br />
energy exchanges. Currently available urban land surface schemes will be assessed for their<br />
suitability for different air quality modelling applications. The constraint of improving modelling<br />
performance over data requirements and computational time will be considered. The models will be<br />
evaluated against surface flux data (Martilli et al., 2002; Masson et al. 2002; von Salzen et al.,<br />
1996). The methods best to parameterize the spatial and temporal dynamics of the key physical<br />
17
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
processes of the urban energy balance that need to be resolved for air quality applications will be<br />
analysed.<br />
4) Urban atmospheric boundary layer (UABL):<br />
Turbulence-resolving simulations (LES) of UABL are necessary to account for strong non-linearity<br />
of the turbulence aggregation over surface heterogeneities. Turbulence parameterizations derived<br />
from homogeneous turbulence studies may not represent the UABL adequately (Esau, 2007). LES<br />
provide 3-d evolving fields of meteo-parameters fluctuations. A procedure to aggregate this<br />
information into a single-column profile will be developed. The approach links UABL integral<br />
measures, less sensitive to the heterogeneity, to UABL mixing properties and ultimately to the<br />
large-scale meteorological fields (Zilitinkevich and Esau, 2005; Esau and Zilitinkevich, 2006). The<br />
new parameterization encoded into climate models will improve their accounting for heterogeneity<br />
of anthropogenic heat fluxes etc, i.e. features neglected for simplicity in earlier approaches.<br />
5) “Megacity dispersion features”:<br />
Sub-grid variability of emissions and pollutant dispersions need to be accounted for in large-scale<br />
models. Turbulence in the UABL mixes chemically reactive compounds so that their composition<br />
may change rapidly with distance from an emission source (Galmarini et al., 1997a, b; Molemaker<br />
et al., 1998; Krol et al., 2000). LES and CFD models are powerful tools to study the relevant<br />
dispersion processes and to develop parameterizations for meteorological, air quality and dispersion<br />
models. Two approaches tackle different levels of complexity: LES will assess chemical efficiency<br />
of non-homogenous mixing of emissions with urban scale turbulence; CFD will quantify dispersion<br />
of passive tracers accounting for specific effects in mixing caused by rapid changes of urban<br />
geometry. The results will facilitate scientific integration of reactive chemistry and effective<br />
emissions into urban sub-grid parameterizations.<br />
WP3: Megacity Plume Case Study<br />
Overview and Background<br />
The major objective of this WP is to provide new experimental data to better quantify sources of<br />
primary and secondary aerosol in and around a large agglomeration and to document its evolution<br />
in the megacity plume; this will be done through organizing dedicated field campaigns in and<br />
around the Paris agglomeration. Greater Paris has been chosen for such a campaign because it is a<br />
major and dense pollution source (more than 10 million inhabitants), surrounded by rural areas and<br />
relatively flat terrain. A particular focus will be put on organic carbon, for which secondary<br />
formation, but also primary emissions are still not well quantified. Emission inventories for black<br />
carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) are much more uncertain than those for gaseous species. For<br />
example, European scale model simulations suggest a possible underestimation of elemental carbon<br />
emissions by about a factor of two (Schaap et al., 2004). Moreover, emission inventories for<br />
primary organic aerosol (POA) are probably misused in chemistry-transport models, because POA<br />
evaporation during dilution of emissions is not considered (Robinson et al., 2007). In addition,<br />
secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is underestimated in many models (Volkamer et al., 2006).<br />
Recently, the use of factor analysis models in conjunction with high time resolution measurements<br />
of aerosol chemistry with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) have opened new opportunities for<br />
a more detailed source apportionment, with discrimination of a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol<br />
(HOA) and different components of an oxidized organic aerosol (OOA) (Lanz et al., 2007). In<br />
addition, carbon-14 analysis has been shown to be a powerful tool in discriminating between the<br />
fossil and biogenic fractions of elemental and organic carbon (Szidat et al., 2006). The application<br />
of these methods to detailed aerosol and precursor gas measurements, as planned in this study, will<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
allow for a substantial improvement in our understanding of anthropogenic carbon-containing<br />
aerosols.<br />
Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art<br />
Specific measurement campaigns will be set up in the Paris region during 2009: a ground based<br />
segment with observations at an urban and a suburban site during one summer and winter month<br />
will allow for documenting the aerosol composition and properties, and their variability, near<br />
primary emission sources. An airborne segment with dedicated flights with the French ATR-42<br />
aircraft in the Paris plume during one summer month will permit documenting the evolution of the<br />
megacity plume and especially the build-up of secondary organic and inorganic aerosol species<br />
from precursor gases. These measurements will combine a very large suite of state of the art<br />
instruments, including several new techniques, capable of tracing chemical and physical aerosol<br />
properties, and related precursor gas concentrations. Conjunct airborne and ground based<br />
measurements of the chemical SOA composition and of oxidised VOC will offer the opportunity to<br />
document gas phase aerosol interaction at various stages of the plume development. In addition, the<br />
modification of optical and hygroscopic parameters during plume aging will be addressed. The data<br />
will also be compared to the aged aerosol found at Puy de Dome, where the aerosol measurements<br />
will be performed by CNRS-LAMP at no cost for <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. The experiment will build on the<br />
experience of the recent MILAGRO campaign performed in Mexico-City (Doran et al., 2007). The<br />
Paris experiment will be substantially smaller than the MILAGRO experiment, however, due to the<br />
application of several new techniques (e.g. the carbon-14 analysis of both EC and OC, the<br />
application of the Lanz (2007) method, the inclusion of both organic aerosol mass spectra and<br />
elemental spectra at high time resolutions) it will go beyond the MILAGRO campaign in the area of<br />
source apportionments.<br />
Data from these campaigns will allow for a detailed assessment, for one case study, of how<br />
megacity emissions impact on air quality, regional scale atmospheric composition and regional<br />
climate (in conjunction with WPs 4, 5, 6, and 7). In addition to the observations funded within<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>, we will strive to obtain national funding to support further measurements, e.g., with<br />
the mobile laboratory of PSI. Furthermore, we have had expressions of interest from several other<br />
scientific groups for participating in the campaign on institute or national funding, for instance from<br />
Prof. Stephan Borrmann, director of the Particle Chemistry Department at the MPIC.<br />
WP 4: Megacity Air Quality<br />
Overview and Background<br />
The main objective of WP4 is to improve our ability to simulate multiscale transport and<br />
transformation processes of air pollutants in megacities. Major research needs on this topic include:<br />
detailed and more reliable air quality assessments; improved source apportionment; exposure<br />
pattern analysis in selected megacity areas and quantification of the pollution burden for sensitive<br />
population groups; and quantifying potential links between urban air quality, meteorology and<br />
climate change. Mesoscale models need to be enhanced with novel physical and chemical<br />
parameterisations that are specifically adapted to the urban environment. Improved versions of both<br />
simpler and sophisticated models need to be formulated, so that integrated tools, such as that to be<br />
developed in WP7, will be versatile enough to be applicable for process analysis by scientists, as<br />
well as for assessments and mitigation option analysis by local authorities and policy makers,<br />
especially towards minimising the urban air pollution risks for susceptible populations. All of these<br />
needs will be addressed in WP4 through the methodology described below.<br />
Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
The current state-of-the-art is largely defined by the knowledge and results gained from other<br />
relevant projects addressing the issue of urban AQ assessment and exposure analysis, such as<br />
FUMAPEX, OSCAR, SAPPHIRE, Urban Exposure and BOND. WP4 will build upon this<br />
expertise. We will continue to investigate the role of advanced parameterisations for realistically<br />
describing the physical and chemical processes in the urban atmospheric sublayer, for which a<br />
significant research effort on has been invested in the past for the sake of adjusting the<br />
parameterisation of global and mesoscale NWP models to urban areas. Furthermore, going beyond<br />
this, particular emphasis will be given in the representation of scale interaction processes by the<br />
integration of different scale models (street, local and mesoscale) including the advanced<br />
"urbanised" parameterisations into the modelling tools. The current proposal will also carry forward<br />
the analysis of meteorological patterns leading to urban air pollution episodes conducted, for<br />
example, within FUMAPEX, by the development of suitable indicators linking particular<br />
meteorological conditions/parameters to increased air pollution levels in the urban area. These<br />
indicators will constitute a particularly useful tool for regulators in suggesting effective policies and<br />
mitigation measures. Finally, a combination of modelling and analysis of observations data in WP4<br />
will allow both the quality assurance of the new parameterisations as well as the verification of<br />
input emissions.<br />
To meet the needs of various users, WP4 will lead to a multiscale approach for urban air quality<br />
analyses using advanced modelling tools capable of simulating concentration patterns in megacities.<br />
For this purpose, the contribution of all major pollution sources will be considered, taking into<br />
account various physical and chemical processes which are characteristic for urban environments.<br />
For addressing the aims and objectives of WP4 the following steps will form a suitable<br />
methodology:<br />
• Develop, implement and evaluate a multiscale zooming approach based on the<br />
parameterisations developed in WP2. This will be taken on in two separate tasks, one focused<br />
on advanced physical parameterisations (developed in WP2), and the other on new findings<br />
from chemical laboratory work, as a basis for developing physical and chemical<br />
parameterisations for describing and quantifying pathways of stressors' fate through dispersion,<br />
transformation, transport and removal processes.<br />
• Describe and quantify the feedback interaction between megacity air quality and meteorology,<br />
by investigating the effect of increased pollutant concentrations on the urban meteorology, as<br />
well as the influence of meteorological patterns on air pollution. The effect of specific<br />
meteorological patterns in the development of urban air pollution episodes and the development<br />
of relevant indicators will be investigated. This information can be then used in WP8 for<br />
assessments relevant to policy purposes. Apart from describing feedback mechanisms of direct<br />
relevance to WP2, this task will allow assessing how increased urban scale air pollution<br />
indirectly affects regional climate (relevance to WP6).<br />
• Identify and quantify the impact caused by the main individual local emission sources, including<br />
both mobile and stationary sources. This task will be carried out in cooperation with WP1, as<br />
the appropriate generation of emission data is particularly important in any source<br />
apportionment analysis. The results will reveal which pollution sources are mainly responsible<br />
for poor urban scale air quality, thus being of direct relevance to WP8.<br />
• Analyse and explain the role of urban meteorology, land use and urban structure, and population<br />
spatial distribution and time use on the observed exposure patterns, and develop advanced<br />
methods for producing assessments of both personal and population exposure, and dose/intake<br />
estimates, based on the source apportionment exercise planned in collaboration with WPs 1 and<br />
3. The resulting methodology will be applied in selected target cities, using as input the<br />
computed spatial concentration and population density distributions, as well as the modelling<br />
results from the first tasks.<br />
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WP 5: Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition<br />
Overview and Background<br />
The overall objective of WP5 is to quantify the effects of megacities on air quality of the<br />
surrounding regions, and on the downwind atmospheric composition on regional to global scales.<br />
Over the past 10 years, it has been realized that air pollution emitted on one continent also<br />
influences the pollutant concentrations on downwind continents (e.g., Stohl, 2004). The simulations<br />
using chemistry transport models have shown a substantial influence also on surface air quality<br />
(e.g., Li et al., 2002). Pollution emitted in the highly populated areas on the east coasts of Asia and<br />
North America is typically lifted to the upper troposphere (Stohl, 2004), whereas emissions from<br />
Europe tend to remain in the lower troposphere. Lawrence et al. (2006) found such transport<br />
patterns to be typical for individual megacities, but also found major differences in the transport<br />
patterns for cities within the same general region. High concentration pollution plumes originating<br />
from the U.S. east coast conurbations can occasionally be transported over the Atlantic Ocean in the<br />
lower troposphere (Neuman et al., 2006). Satellite observations provide a connection from regional<br />
to global scales, due to their global coverage and continually improving horizontal resolution. These<br />
observations can also be used as evaluation data for the models, and in assessment of specific air<br />
pollution episodes (e.g., Leue et al., 2001, Velders et al., 2001, Eckhard et al., 2003, Stohl et al.,<br />
2003, Wenig et al., 2003).<br />
Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art<br />
We will use a multi-scale modelling approach for regional-to-global analyses. Advanced, dedicated<br />
remote-sensing assessments will be linked to ground-based and aircraft campaigns (WP 3). Two<br />
model ensembles, on regional and global scales, will be constructed, evaluated and applied.<br />
Activities in this WP include:<br />
1) Improved satellite products regarding the dispersion of pollution from megacities:<br />
Most currently available satellite products are based on algorithms with moderate resolutions and<br />
accuracy; these will be improved to increase their applicability for detailed studies of plumes from<br />
megacities. Retrievals from multiple instruments, especially for aerosols, will be used<br />
synergistically, combining complimentary pieces of information. The satellite data will be used to<br />
characterize megacity pollution levels and outflow plumes, as well as to evaluate the regional and<br />
models; in turn, the use of model output (e.g. profiles) to improve the retrieval algorithms will be<br />
explored.<br />
2) Improved modelling systems:<br />
Existing aerosol process models will be refined, new aerosol process modules will be developed,<br />
and these will be integrated with regional scale models. The application of such new modelling<br />
systems will result in new insights and a better understanding on the importance of various aerosol<br />
processes on atmospheric particulate matter concentrations on regional and continental scales. The<br />
project will also result in improved regional and global CTMs regarding especially model<br />
urbanisation, i.e., parameterization of factors such as turbulence inside megacities, the effects of<br />
surfaces, and energy exchanges.<br />
3) Evaluation of regional and global atmospheric dispersion models against experimental data:<br />
The complete regional CTM ensemble will be applied in the regions surrounding and within Paris<br />
for the field campaign period, and their performance will be evaluated against the available<br />
measurements, as well as other selected available measurement datasets. This is expected to result<br />
in a better understanding of the advantages and limitations of the models, and of the model<br />
ensemble.<br />
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4) Impact of megacities on regional and global atmospheric composition:<br />
Carefully designed sensitivity studies with the models will characterize the regional and global<br />
atmospheric composition changes which result from the presence of current megacities, as well as<br />
the changes which would be expected for scenarios of moving a fraction of the population into<br />
surrounding regions. The influence of pollutants from other sources relative to the megacity<br />
emissions for the megacity AQ will be determined. Furthermore, the generic outflow of pollutants<br />
from megacities will be examined, both on a global basis comparing all megacities with each other,<br />
and with an additional focus on the transatlantic transport of pollution from US east coast urban<br />
regions like New York city to Europe. Finally, the key sensitivity simulations for the present<br />
conditions will also be repeated for conditions of future emissions and/or future climate conditions.<br />
WP 6: Regional and global climate effects<br />
Overview and Background<br />
Atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases are well known to have environmental and climatic<br />
effects at the global and the regional scale (IPCC, 2001). Although for policy purposes air quality<br />
and climate change are often considered separately, they are inextricably linked, since the same<br />
emitted species are responsible for both. Urban activities related to the development of megacities<br />
emit large amounts of pollutants and aerosols (Molina and Molina 2004; Lawrence et al., 2006).<br />
These can be expected to substantially alter climate in the surrounding environment and possibly in<br />
remote regions via long range transport. This effect will be ever more important in the future, as<br />
megacities in the world will grow due to the population flux from rural to urban areas. In addition,<br />
climate change can affect urban air quality by changing regional climate patterns. The emissions of<br />
air quality pollutants being studied in WPs 4 and 5 will nearly all have effects on climate. The main<br />
objective of this WP is to quantify the climate effects of megacity emissions on both regional and<br />
global scales. Emissions of primary aerosols (such as back or organic carbon) will have a direct<br />
climate impact. Emissions of reactive gases (such as NOx, SO2, volatile organic compounds) will<br />
form ozone or secondary aerosols and will affect the lifetime of methane. The spatial extent of the<br />
climate impacts of megacity emissions depends largely on the lifetime of the species in the<br />
atmosphere, and for short-lived species their impacts will depend particularly on the location and<br />
regional characteristics of the megacities from which they is emitted. Short-lived species (such as<br />
sulphate aerosols) will have their greatest impact on the regional scale close to the sources, whereas<br />
long-lived species (such as ozone) will impact larger scales. Carbon dioxide and methane, although<br />
not considered air quality pollutants, will have global climate impacts.<br />
Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art<br />
The tasks in this WP are designed to explore these differences. It is critical to assess the effects of<br />
megacity emissions on climate and possible feedbacks between these effects and the emissions,<br />
both in present day and future conditions. This goal can be achieved through the use of combined<br />
air quality and climate models or through the use of fully coupled chemistry-climate modelling<br />
systems. In the latter case simplified chemistry/aerosol modules need to be used for computational<br />
requirements. These two strategies are complimentary in that the un-coupled one allows the use of<br />
more detailed atmospheric composition schemes, while the coupled one allows us to capture<br />
feedback effects. Therefore, in this WP both strategies will be used and will be inter-compared to<br />
examine the respective advantages and limitations. Regional and global modelling components are<br />
essential in the present WP. By using regional and global climate and air quality models in<br />
comprehensive studies of coupled and uncoupled mode in this WP, we will quantify the patterns of<br />
surface temperature changes and other important meteorological variables. The focus of the<br />
regional component will be on megacities in Europe and surrounding regions (such as north Africa).<br />
In addition, at least one non-European region where megacities can have important climatic effects<br />
will also be investigated. Candidate regions for this purpose are East Asia and central America,<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
where large megacities are expected to develop and global warming is expected to have large<br />
impacts.<br />
This WP will take as a basis the fields of constituents calculated and analysed in WP5 and use these<br />
within global and regional climate models to quantify the climate impacts. Additional studies will<br />
use the same emission fields as in WP5, but simulate the constituent fields in interactive mode with<br />
the climate and atmospheric composition evolving together. The constituent concentrations will<br />
have been evaluated in WP5, but additional evaluation will take place in this WP to compare the<br />
radiative forcings and aerosol optical properties against measurements. On both scales (global and<br />
regional) the WP will focus on the climate effects from both direct aerosol/gas-radiation interaction<br />
and indirect aerosol/gas-cloud interactions. WP6 will also provide meteorological driving fields for<br />
future climate conditions to WP5. Finally, the climate impacts of well-mixed greenhouse gases<br />
(e.g., CO2) emitted from megacities will be quantified using simple analytical formulae<br />
(Ramaswamy et al., 2001).<br />
WP7: Integrated Tools and Implementation<br />
Overview and Background<br />
Processes involving nonlinear interactions and feedbacks between emissions, chemistry and<br />
meteorology require coherent and robust approaches using integrated/online methods. This is<br />
particularly important where multiple spatial and temporal scales are involved with a complex<br />
mixture of pollutants from large sources, as in the case of megacities. The impacts of megacities on<br />
the atmospheric environment are tied directly to anthropogenic activities as sources of air pollution.<br />
These impacts act on urban, regional and global scales. Currently, there are only limited attempts to<br />
integrate this wide range of scales for regional and global air quality and climate applications.<br />
Indeed, progress on scale and process interactions has been limited because of the tendency to focus<br />
mainly on issues arising at specific scales. However the inter-relating factors between megacities<br />
and their impacts on the environment rely on the whole range of scales and thus should be<br />
considered within an integrated framework bringing together the treatment of emissions, chemistry<br />
and meteorology in a consistent modelling approach. Numerical weather and air pollution<br />
prediction models are now able to approach urban-scale resolution, as detailed input data are<br />
becoming more often available. As a result the conventional concepts of down- (and up-) scaling for<br />
air pollution prediction need revision along the lines of integration of multi-scale meteorological<br />
and chemical transport models. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> aims at developing a comprehensive integrated<br />
modelling framework usable by the research community which will be tested and implemented for a<br />
range of megacities within Europe and across the world to increase our understanding of how large<br />
urban areas and other hotspots affect air quality and climate on multiple scales.<br />
Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art<br />
The integration strategy in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will not be focused on any particular meteorological and/or<br />
air pollution modelling system. The approach will consider an open integrated framework with<br />
flexible architecture (module/interface structure) and with a possibility of incorporating different<br />
meteorological and chemical transport models. Such a strategy will be made possible through<br />
jointly agreed specifications to interface the modules for easy-to-use integration. The modules<br />
which have to be considered, include input data such as emissions, meteorological and chemical<br />
transport calculations. The structure of the framework will enable the coupling across the whole<br />
range of scales by minimizing the scale-dependence of the interfaces. This multi-scale approach is<br />
especially crucial for an efficient integration strategy. Indeed, atmospheric flows include frequently<br />
locally forced features, which interact with regional- and global-scale processes such as fronts and<br />
convection. Then, scale interaction is a challenge for both weather and air pollution predictions,<br />
especially at regional scales. Depending on both time and space scales, certain atmospheric<br />
23
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
processes can no longer be explicitly resolved or treated as sub-grid scale features and thus need to<br />
be parameterized. Furthermore, the interaction between these processes may be of considerable<br />
importance (e.g. Mandal et al. 2004), so that it is not sufficient to test individual components. The<br />
framework will contain methods for the aggregation of episodic and long term results, model<br />
downscaling as well as nesting. The activity will also address the requirements in terms of outputs<br />
from meteorological models suitable as inputs to chemical transport models (e.g. Seaman 2000).<br />
Thus, a timely and innovative field of activity will be to assess the integration of the modules and<br />
interfaces as well as to establish a strong basis for their harmonization.<br />
Under most atmospheric conditions, the interaction of meteorology with pollution transport is<br />
important for air quality. At regional scales the decoupling between atmospheric dynamics and<br />
chemistry is questionable. The interaction of meteorology and pollution transport may become<br />
significant in the sense that feedbacks of atmospheric pollutants on meteorological processes need<br />
to be taken into account. Integrated physical and chemical parameterization schemes would need to<br />
be considered. For instance, effects of aerosols on atmospheric dynamics and climate are not<br />
usually considered in off-line meteorological and air pollution models. However, aerosol radiative<br />
forcing can result in significant changes in regional atmospheric dynamics. Also, re-circulating air<br />
masses can become large photochemical reactors that may feedback atmospheric dynamics at both<br />
regional and global scales. Therefore the impacts of the feedback processes have to be assessed in<br />
an integrated framework. Both off-line and on-line coupling of meteorological and air pollution<br />
models will then be considered in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. The cornerstone is the quantification of air quality<br />
forcing and its impacts on meteorological processes.<br />
A few initiatives for integrated tools do exist in Europe, e.g. ENVIRO-HIRLAM (see for instance<br />
Chenevez et al. 2004), PRISM (Valcke et al. 2006), UKCA (in development,<br />
http://www.ukca.ac.uk), COSMOS (in development, http://cosmos.enes.org), M-SYS<br />
(Trukenmüller et al., 2004) and would eventually be considered in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. Similar<br />
frameworks are being developed in the USA, such as ESMF (e.g. Dickenson et al. 2002). The<br />
WRF-Chem model (Grell et al. 2005), which has been developed within the WRF collaborative<br />
framework, will also be considered. This integrated model has been successfully applied to the<br />
Mexico City metropolitan area in order to study the origin and evolution of ozone for a pollution<br />
event in May 2003 (Tie et al. 2007). The strategy adopted in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will benefit from the<br />
existing integrated frameworks and eventually would be embedded within a European modelling<br />
strategy. With the application to megacities in mind, the ‘integration’ needs to be fully achieved<br />
down to urban scales (e.g. Baklanov et al. 2002). <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> is thus expected to address the<br />
difficulties arising from the treatment of the multi-scale and multi-process nature of the integration<br />
procedure down to the city scale.<br />
Task 1 will serve to integrate the research outcomes of the project related to improved emissions,<br />
coupling of meteorology and chemistry, improved parametrisation of megacity features and model<br />
developments with a view of developing a European integrated modelling framework in Task 2.<br />
The task will span most of the duration of the project and will involve close cooperation with other<br />
WPs ensuring that tools are developed which meet the over-riding scientific aims and user needs<br />
(e.g. in WP7 Task 4 and 5 and WP8). It will consider emissions, air quality and climate aspects on<br />
regional to global scales and formulate a framework for online coupled systems addressing multiscales<br />
(urban to global), multi-pollutant (eg O3, PM, NO2) and air quality-climate feedback<br />
processes (e.g. for aerosols). Within Task 2, the integrated tools will be used to support the needs<br />
of mitigation and policy strategies considered in WP8 including supporting the thematic strategy on<br />
air pollution (CAFÉ). Based on the outcomes of Task 1 a framework to integrate air quality and<br />
climate models will be developed. It will be important to to build upon know-how gained from<br />
existing modelling systems and earlier and ongoing projects e.g. PRISM (DMI), COSMOS (DMI),<br />
FUMAPEX/CLEAR (DMI et al), GEMS (FMI), PROMOTE2 (FMI), M-SYS (UHam), and<br />
EUCAARI (UHel). It is not intended to develop new coupling approaches, but the focus will be on<br />
24
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
developing interfaces for coupling (direct links between emissions, chemistry and meteorology at<br />
every time step) and defining common formats for data exchange to ease the implementation and<br />
combination of the different models via agreed data exchange protocols. Task 3 will examine<br />
process requirements, operational aspects, levels of integration, interfaces between meteorological,<br />
air quality and climate models and formulate strategies for undertaking comparison of approaches<br />
according to different levels of integration and order of complexity. This will require interaction<br />
with all other WPs. Task 4 will apply the improved and integrated models to real megacity cases on<br />
multiple scales from city to global. The task will employ complex and simpler approaches<br />
highlighting their complementary nature. The cities will be selected according to emission source<br />
mix, intensity of emission rates, meteorological characteristics (orographic and weather patterns),<br />
future growth trends, local impact as well as potential to directly affect Europe. Task 5 will lead to<br />
recommendations on the main science questions related to megacities (see section 1.1).<br />
WP8: Mitigation, policy options and impact assessment<br />
Overview and background<br />
This work package will deal with the beginning and the end of the full chain or impact pathway<br />
approach of integrated assessments to be carried out in the project. In a project like <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>, it<br />
is important to define policy questions to be answered in the assessment, and to create scenarios, at<br />
the beginning of the project, while towards the end it becomes important to assess the impacts of<br />
different policy options and prepare recommendations for specific actions in cooperation with<br />
policy makers, in particular the megacity administrations and the EC. Examples for policy questions<br />
which need to be addressed include:<br />
Short term (2010/2020): Can the PM10 and PM2.5 thresholds be met with current and currently<br />
planned measures? What are the health and climate change impacts? Which additional policy<br />
strategies and which additional abatement measures are available to reduce health risks, ecosystem<br />
damage and climate change impacts; what are costs and benefits of these measures, beyond the<br />
impacts of the ‘base line’ development? Is it possible at all to meet the current PM10 and NO2<br />
thresholds with additional feasible measures? What is the effect of climate change and climate<br />
change strategies on air pollution and vice versa? How can the challenges from upcoming<br />
environmental regulations be met (thematic strategy on air quality, post-Kyoto aims, new NEC<br />
directive)?<br />
Long term (2030-2050): What are the options and effects of long term city planning and urban<br />
management in the long run (including changes in the number of inhabitants and working places)?<br />
How beneficial are these changes (e.g. better air quality, but higher energy demand, if population<br />
density decreases)? What is the potential of such changes?<br />
Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art<br />
The policy questions outlined above will be addressed by generating scenarios – descriptions of<br />
possible consistent future developments of the megacities and the surrounding regions (i.e. Europe<br />
for the European cities) – and comparing the impacts of the different scenarios. The scenarios will<br />
be used to generate an emission data set for each scenario (in WP 1), which will then be used as<br />
input for the integrated assessment tool to be run in WP 7. Output of these model runs will be maps<br />
and parameters describing air quality, deposition and impacts on climate change for each scenario.<br />
These results will be assessed in the following ways: first the compliance with current existing<br />
thresholds will be examined, and using cost-benefit analyses, bundles of measures that fulfil certain<br />
aims with least costs can be identified. Secondly, to be able to analyse the importance of air quality<br />
and climate changes, the results will be converted into damages using the impact pathway approach<br />
developed in the ExternE project series including the currently running FP6 projects NEEDS and<br />
EXIOPOL, and based on the findings of the FP6 projects INTARESE, HEATCO, HEIMTSA,<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
CAIR4HEALTH and ENVIRISK. Health risks will be calculated using concentration-response- and<br />
exposure-response relationships developed and recommended in these projects, different health<br />
endpoints can then be aggregated using DALY’s (disability adjusted life years). Climate change<br />
damage is assessed using results from the FUND model (developed by R. Tol, University of<br />
Hamburg) and by analysing studies on climate change impacts including the IPCC report and<br />
DEFRA studies. Damage to ecosystems from acidification and eutrophication is assessed with a<br />
method developed in the NEEDS project using ‘potentially disappearing fractions’ of species as<br />
damage indicators.<br />
To be able to compare the different damage categories with each other and with costs of measures,<br />
the damage indicators should be converted into a common unit; here monetary units are chosen<br />
using contingent valuation, which measures the preference of the population, e.g. by surveys about<br />
the willingness to pay to avoid a (small) risk, as means to allocate monetary values to risks and<br />
damages. Again, results of the above mentioned projects, especially NEEDS, are used. Using the<br />
monetized results, cost-benefit analyses can be carried out (for short and medium term measures,<br />
for long term measures benefits are calculated). To be able to generate these results efficiently, a<br />
computer tool is developed (task 3 of this WP).<br />
A first analysis will ask about the development of impacts from megacities, for the case that no<br />
additional measures are implemented. For that, a baseline scenario will be developed together with<br />
WP1, assuming a trend development of activities and emission factors that takes into account<br />
current legislation and legislation in the pipeline. Available policy options (possibilities for<br />
implementing instruments by the policy makers to accomplish their goals), which could be<br />
implemented in addition to those of the baseline scenario, will be systematically collected.<br />
Assumptions will have to be made about how the operators and users of emission sources react to<br />
these options, i.e., which abatement and mitigation measures they will implement. Both technical<br />
measures (changing emissions factors, e.g., an additional filter) and non-technical measures (which<br />
change the decisions and the behaviour of users of emission sources, e.g., by implementing a<br />
charge on emissions) will be addressed. The whole analysis will be carried out for the 1st level<br />
cities and agglomerations: Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr and the Po Valley. In addition, Mexico-City<br />
will also be analysed as an example for cities in developing countries with quite different<br />
development prospects and features. The definition and the assessment of the scenarios are carried<br />
out in close cooperation and discussion with the main stakeholders, especially the administration of<br />
the megacities that are analysed, and the EC; this is achieved and planned in task 2 of the WP.<br />
A major innovation of this project is that it strives for a full integrated assessment of megacities.<br />
Policy options and mitigation measures generally influence the emission of more than one pollutant,<br />
thus for assessing such measures all effected impacts have to be taken into account. In addition,<br />
especially the relationship between climate change and air pollution is important, but not yet fully<br />
analysed. Thus the integration occurs:<br />
- across impacts, especially climate change impacts and air pollution impacts, including health risks<br />
and ecosystem damage;<br />
- across pollutants and emission sources, e.g. transport, energy conversion, industry, households,<br />
waste, agriculture, natural and biogenic processes; PM10, PM2.5, ozone, acid substances, nutrients,<br />
greenhouse gases, and others;<br />
- across scales: local, urban, regional, global; short, medium and long term.<br />
The assessment of policy and mitigation options will be based on the simultaneous assessment of all<br />
relevant changes in damages and risks caused by the option (and not on the potential, e.g., with<br />
regard to the reduction of a single pollutant). The estimation of health, ecosystem and climate<br />
change impacts will be based on the current state of knowledge as currently analysed in running EC<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
projects. For the first time, Eulerian atmospheric models and climate change models will be<br />
directly coupled (via the internet) with impact assessment models. The transformation of results into<br />
monetary units will allow us to carry out cost-benefit analyses. A final innovation lies in the<br />
interdisciplinary cooperation of city planners (UHam) with atmospheric and climate change<br />
scientists.<br />
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B.1.3.4 Work package list<br />
Table 1.3 a: Work package list<br />
Work<br />
package<br />
No 1<br />
Work package title Type of<br />
activity 2<br />
28<br />
Lead<br />
participant<br />
No 3<br />
Personmonths<br />
4<br />
Start<br />
month 5<br />
1 Emissions RTD 14 33 1 36<br />
2 Megacity Environments:<br />
Features, Processes and<br />
Effects<br />
RTD 10, 11 63,4 1 33<br />
3 Megacity Plume Case Study RTD 6, 13 134 1 30<br />
4 Megacity Air Quality RTD 5 62.8 6 24<br />
5 Regional and Global<br />
Atmospheric Composition<br />
6 Regional and Global Climate<br />
Effects<br />
7 Integrated Tools and<br />
Implementation<br />
8 Mitigation, Policy Options and<br />
Impact Assessment<br />
9 Dissemination and<br />
Coordination<br />
RTD 7, 12 120 1 36<br />
RTD 15, 9 58 1 36<br />
RTD 18, 16 67 6 36<br />
RTD 19, 14 39 3 36<br />
DEM, MGT 1, 2, 3 31 1 36<br />
TOTAL 607,2<br />
1 Workpackage number: WP 1 – WP n.<br />
2 Please indicate one activity per work package:<br />
End<br />
month 5<br />
RTD = Research and technological development (including any activities to prepare for the dissemination<br />
and/or exploitation of project results, and coordination activities); DEM = Demonstration; MGT =<br />
Management of the consortium; OTHER = Other specific activities, if applicable in this call.<br />
3 Number of the participant leading the work in this work package.<br />
4 The total number of person-months allocated to each work package.<br />
5 Measured in months from the project start date (month 1).
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
B.1.3.5 Deliverables List<br />
Former Table 1.3 b: Deliverables List<br />
Del.<br />
no. 2<br />
List of Deliverables – to be submitted for review to EC 1<br />
Deliverable name WP<br />
no.<br />
D1.1 Base year global gridded emission<br />
inventory (1 st version)<br />
D1.2 Base year European gridded emission<br />
inventory (1 st version)<br />
D1.3 European and mega city baseline<br />
scenarios for 2020, 2030 and 2050<br />
29<br />
Lead<br />
beneficiary<br />
Estimated<br />
indicative<br />
personmonths<br />
3<br />
Nature Dissemi<br />
-nation<br />
level<br />
4<br />
1 TNO 4 P PP 12<br />
1 TNO 4 P PP 12<br />
1 USTUT 5 R PU 18<br />
D1.4 European heat flux inventory 1 KCL 4 P PP 18<br />
D1.5 Global emission inventory (final<br />
version)<br />
D1.6<br />
European emission inventory (final<br />
version)<br />
D2.1<br />
D2.2<br />
D2.3<br />
D2.4<br />
D2.5<br />
Morphology database for a target<br />
megacity<br />
Hierarchy of urban canopy<br />
parameterisations for different scale<br />
(LES, meso, and climate) models<br />
Evaluation of surface flux balance<br />
modelling and urban features<br />
needed for climate and air quality<br />
models<br />
Urbanized turbulence-resolving model<br />
and evaluation against WP3 Paris<br />
plume data<br />
Improved urban parameterizations<br />
based on prognostic equations,<br />
utilizing LES results<br />
1 TNO 9 R PP 24<br />
1 TNO 7 R PP 24<br />
33<br />
2 FMI 12 P PP 18<br />
2 FMI 6 R PU 18<br />
2 KCL 5 R PU 18<br />
2 NERSC 10 P<br />
Delivery<br />
date 5<br />
(proj.<br />
month)<br />
PU 18, 36<br />
2 NERSC 12 P PU 32<br />
1 1<br />
In a project which uses ‘Classified information ’ as background or which produces this as foreground the<br />
template for the deliverables list in Annex 7 has to be used<br />
2<br />
Deliverable numbers in order of delivery dates: D1 – Dn<br />
3<br />
Please indicate the nature of the deliverable using one of the following codes:<br />
R = Report, P = Prototype, D = Demonstrator, O = Other<br />
4<br />
Please indicate the dissemination level using one of the following codes:<br />
PU = Public<br />
PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)<br />
RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services)<br />
CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)<br />
5<br />
Month in which the deliverables will be available. Month 1 marking the start date of the project, and all delivery<br />
dates being relative to this start date.
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
D2.6<br />
D2.7<br />
D3.1<br />
D3.2<br />
D3.3<br />
D3.4<br />
D3.5<br />
D3.6<br />
Evaluation of sub-grid models with<br />
interactions between turbulence and<br />
urban chemistry; recommendations<br />
for emission inventories<br />
improvement<br />
Improved parameterization of<br />
dispersion due to sub-grid<br />
heterogeneities in emission for<br />
different scale models (LES,<br />
mesoscale, regional and global)<br />
Database of chemical composition, size<br />
distribution and optical parameters of<br />
urban and suburban PM and its<br />
temporal variability (hourly to<br />
seasonal)<br />
Source appointment of major urban<br />
aerosol components (OC, BC, inorganic<br />
ions), including primary and secondary<br />
PM sources<br />
Effective emission factors for OC and<br />
BC for urban type emissions<br />
Database of the impact of megacity<br />
emissions on regional scale PM levels<br />
Evaluation of links between secondary<br />
VOCs and secondary organic aerosols<br />
of anthropogenic and biogenic origin<br />
Evaluation of state of the art CTMs<br />
using new experimental data sets<br />
D3.7 Implementation of improved<br />
parameterizations of BC, OC emissions<br />
and secondary PM formation in CTMs<br />
(*) Evaluation of zooming approaches<br />
D4.1<br />
describing multiscale physical<br />
processes<br />
D4.2 (*) Evaluation of zooming approaches<br />
describing multiscale chemical<br />
transformations<br />
Investigation of meteorological patterns<br />
D4.3<br />
favouring development of urban air<br />
D4.4<br />
D4.5<br />
D4.6<br />
pollution episodes<br />
Evaluation of methodologies for<br />
exposure analysis in urban areas and<br />
application to selected megacities<br />
Exposure maps for selected megacities<br />
Evaluation of source apportionment<br />
methods<br />
2 JRC 12 R PU 24<br />
2 JRC 6,4 R PU 32<br />
3 CNRS,<br />
PSI<br />
30<br />
63,4<br />
64 P & D PP 24<br />
3 PSI 28 R PU 27<br />
3 PSI 14 R PU 24<br />
3 CNRS,<br />
PSI<br />
6 P PP 24<br />
3 CNRS 14 R PU 30<br />
3 CNRS 4 R PU 30<br />
3 CNRS 4 P PP 30<br />
134<br />
4 AUTH 10 R PU 16<br />
4 FORTH 10 R PU 16<br />
4 DMI 12 R PU 18<br />
4 FMI 12 R PU 24<br />
4 FMI 6.8 P PU 24<br />
4 AUTH 12 R PU 24<br />
62.8
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
D5.1<br />
D5.2<br />
D5.3<br />
D5.4<br />
D5.5<br />
D5.6<br />
D5.7<br />
D6.1<br />
D6.2<br />
D6.3<br />
D6.4<br />
D6.5<br />
D6.6<br />
Characterization of megacity impact on<br />
regional and global scales using<br />
satellite data<br />
Provision of global and regional<br />
concentrations fields from initial<br />
baseline runs<br />
Evaluation and improvement of<br />
regional model simulations of megacity<br />
plumes<br />
Prediction of megacity impact on<br />
regional and global atmospheric<br />
composition<br />
Influence of regional scale emissions on<br />
megacity air quality<br />
Influence of North American<br />
megacities on European atmospheric<br />
composition<br />
Estimate of megacity impacts in a<br />
future climate<br />
Global radiative forcing from megacity<br />
emissions of long-lived greenhouse<br />
gases<br />
Determination of radiative forcing from<br />
megacity emissions on global and<br />
regional scales<br />
Comparison of measured and modelled<br />
radiative effects<br />
Comparison of coupled and uncoupled<br />
models<br />
Meteorological fields for present and<br />
future climate conditions<br />
Regional and global climate changes<br />
due to megacities using coupled and<br />
uncoupled models<br />
5 MPIC 15<br />
31<br />
R PU 18<br />
5 FORTH 17 O PP 18<br />
5 FMI 18 R PU 30<br />
5 NILU 18 R PU 33<br />
5 FMI 18 R PU 30<br />
5 NILU 17 R PU 33<br />
5 MetO 17 R PU 33<br />
120<br />
6 MetO 6 R PU 12<br />
6 MetO 10 R PU 18<br />
6 UHel 10 R PU 24<br />
6 MetO 10 R PU 24<br />
6 MPIC 6 O PP 24<br />
6 ICTP 16 R PU 33<br />
D7.1 Framework for integrating tools 7 DMI 14 R PU 18<br />
D7.2 Evaluation of integrated tools 7 UHam 20 R PU 30<br />
D7.3<br />
Implementation of integrated models for<br />
megacities<br />
D7.4 Synthesis of results and<br />
recommendations on key science<br />
questions and use of models according<br />
to complexity<br />
D8.1<br />
D8.2<br />
Short, medium and long term abatement<br />
and mitigation strategies for megacities<br />
Impact assessment of mitigation and<br />
policy options<br />
7 WMO,<br />
UH-<br />
CAIR<br />
7 UH-<br />
CAIR<br />
8 TNO,<br />
USTUTT<br />
8 USTUTT<br />
TNO<br />
58<br />
17 R RE 30<br />
16 R PU 36<br />
67<br />
19 R PU 24<br />
12 R PU 30
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
D8.3 Assessment of policy strategies 8 TNO 8 R PU 36<br />
D9.1 <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> secretariat program and<br />
detailed project plan<br />
32<br />
39<br />
9 DMI 5 R PP 2<br />
D9.2 <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> web-site 9 DMI 2 O PU/RE 3<br />
D9.3 Annual Managements reports 9 DMI 5 R PP 12, 24<br />
D9.4 Annual reports for dissemination 9 DMI,<br />
FORTH,<br />
MPIC<br />
D9.5 Periodic reports 9 DMI,<br />
FORTH,<br />
MPIC<br />
D9.6 Final <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> report 9 DMI,<br />
FORTH,<br />
MPIC<br />
6 R PU 14, 26,<br />
36<br />
5 R PP 18, 36<br />
8 R PU 36<br />
31<br />
TOTAL 607,2
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
B.1.3.6 Work package description<br />
Table 1.3 c: Work package description<br />
WP1: Emissions<br />
Work package number 1 Start date or starting event: Month 1<br />
Work package title Emissions<br />
Activity Type 1 RTD<br />
Participant number 1 3 4 7 10 14 19<br />
Person-months per participant: 0.5 8 1.5 3 3 13.5 3.5<br />
Objectives<br />
O1.1 Compile regional and global emission inventories for all relevant/desired pollutants and GHGs<br />
O1.2 Deliver (high resolution) state-of-the-art gridded emission maps for present and projection years and nest more<br />
detailed Mega City inventories in the regional or global emission maps<br />
O1.3 Development of a baseline scenario for 2020, 2030 and 2050 for Europe and the relevant megacities e.g., Paris,<br />
London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico City<br />
O1.4 Validate and improve EI’s in cooperation with other WPs through comparison of measured-modelled<br />
concentrations, source strength analysis and use of source apportionment results.<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
Task 1.1: Global anthropogenic and natural emission inventories (lead: TNO, MPIC, FMI)<br />
The effort in this task concentrates on compiling and combining available global inventories e.g., EDGAR (TNO and<br />
MPI are co-developers), the EU-IP RETRO database (TNO) and the global carbonaceous aerosol inventory (Bond et al<br />
(2004)., enhancing the resolution of the current gridded data and nesting the case study cities accurately in the global<br />
data base. For natural sources, the modellers will start out with what is currently available. In cases where deficiencies<br />
are found, e.g., because certain regional-scale natural sources are found to significantly influence the Mega City AQ, a<br />
further assessment of the natural source strength will be made, e.g., by implementing a new source function for sea salt<br />
or soil dust.<br />
Task 1.2: Regional Pan-European anthropogenic emission inventory (lead: TNO, USTUTT)<br />
This task will provide complete Pan-European emission inventories and high resolution emission maps of primary<br />
anthropogenic particulate matter (PM), Black carbon (BC) and primary Organic carbon (OC) and other desired<br />
pollutants at a resolution of 1/8 x 1/16 lola (or ~ 6 x 6 km) for the base year as inputs to the regional modelling activities<br />
in WP 5 and 6. Relevant emission characteristics important for improving the predictive capacity of the models will be<br />
improved and included where possible. A gridded map of natural PM emissions for Europe will be provided based on<br />
the results of the EU NATAIR project (USTUTT) to complete the data for regional AQ and Climate modelling. A novel<br />
development in the EU-IP EUCAARI is the development of a first particle number emissions database. Since PN may<br />
be important to predict the climate effects of the megacity plume we propose to use the preliminary finding from<br />
EUCAARI to make a PN emission plume for the megacity of focus. If desired by modellers, (limited) effort will be<br />
placed in NOx splitting (NO and NO2) and SOx splitting which is relevant especially in the higher resolving models.<br />
Depending on the megacity of focus an assessment of the importance of shipping emissions for megacity AQ will be<br />
made<br />
Task 1.3: Development of a baseline scenario (lead: USTUTT, TNO)<br />
This task involves the provision of a baseline scenario for the years 2020 and 2030 and a rough estimate for 2050 for<br />
Europe and for the case study Mega Cities (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico City). The baseline<br />
scenarios are the basis for the analysis of emission reduction measures and strategies in WP 8. Due to budget restriction,<br />
it will only be possible to use already existing scenarios; if for the cities scenarios are not available, they will be<br />
generated by downscaling the emissions for the city area from the European data base. The scenarios will be integrated<br />
and analysed with regard to the major assumptions made.<br />
Task 1.4: Case studies (lead: KCL, CNRS, USTUTT, ARIANET)<br />
Detailed emission inventory data need to be nested in a consistent way in the regional and/or global emission<br />
1 Please indicate one activity per work package:<br />
RTD = Research and technological development (including any activities to prepare for the dissemination and/or<br />
exploitation of project results, and coordination activities); DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the<br />
consortium; OTHER = Other specific activities, if applicable.<br />
33
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
inventories. This means the underlying activity data tables need to be “translated” and linked in the various databases.<br />
For the purpose of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> questions detailed, high quality and high resolution city inventories need to be<br />
available both as model input and a base for mitigation measures. For each selected megacity a partner will adopt the<br />
retrieval and processing of the desired emission data London (KCL); Paris (CNRS); Rhine-Ruhr area (USTUTT); Po<br />
Valley (ARIANET); Mexico-city (ARIANET icw Univ of Iowa(CGRER)<br />
Task 1.5: European heat flux inventory (lead: KCL, TNO)<br />
To assess the impact of Mega cities on local climate the heat flux is important. Heat may be produced at a different<br />
location than the fuel is combusted (e.g. electricity generation and consumption). This tasks aims at making a European<br />
anthropogenic heat flux inventory by using the activity data and spatial distribution of task 2 and working with heat flux<br />
factors developed in cooperation and linked to WP2.<br />
Task 1.6: Validation, evaluation and improvement of EI’s (all WP partners)<br />
Task 1 and task 2 will start out with delivering a first working version of the desired inventories in the first year of the<br />
project. After delivery further improvement of the EI’s will be pursued through; 1) feed back from modellers working<br />
with the EI’s; 2) A general review of regional source apportionment studies to improve EI’s at the regional scale; 3)<br />
Validation through measurement data and source apportionment within <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> (WP3 and WP4).<br />
Task 1.7: Processing of emission inventories for model sensitivity and scenario runs (lead: TNO, MPIC)<br />
Several sensitivity runs will be carried out in WP5 and scenario runs in WP6 and WP8. Emissions for these runs will be<br />
processed here. In particular, for WP5, two types of sensitivity runs will be used to characterize the impact of<br />
megacities. In the first, the net effect is determined by simply removing the total emissions from the grid cells<br />
comprising each megacity. This will be done first in the high-resolution emission data (particularly the 0.1 degree data,<br />
which should be made available by EDGAR in early 2008), then interpolated to the coarser model grid, to best simulate<br />
the change due to the megacities. The second type of sensitivity run will redistribute the emissions by assuming that a<br />
fraction of the population (e.g., 10%) of each megacity under consideration were to move to the surrounding regions,<br />
thus decreasing the megacity emissions and increasing the rural emissions accordingly. We will explore different<br />
approaches to doing this, such as spreading the relocated population evenly throughout the country, or only in the<br />
suburban or rural regions immediately surrounding the megacity. Furthermore, for WP5, WP6, and WP8 future<br />
scenario datasets will be developed, including sensitivity run datasets based on the same approach as described above.<br />
for the sensitivity run datasets Further scenarios, particularly for WP8 may also be requested as the project progresses.<br />
Deliverables<br />
D1.1 Base year global gridded emission inventory (1st version) (month 12)<br />
D1.2 Base year European gridded emission inventory (1st version) (month 12)<br />
D1.3 European and mega city baseline scenarios for 2020, 2030 and 2050 (month 18)<br />
D1.4 European heat flux inventory (month 18)<br />
D1.5 Global emission inventory (final version) (month 24)<br />
D1.6 European emission inventory (final version) (month 24)<br />
34
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
WP2: Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and Effects<br />
Work package number 2 Start date or starting event: 1<br />
Work package title Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and Effects<br />
Activity Type 1 RTD<br />
Participant number: 1 5 7 8 10 11 12 16 17<br />
Person-months per participant: 7 11 5 4,4 8 10 2 3 12<br />
Objectives<br />
O2.1 To develop morphology/land-use/land-cover classifications and databases for megacities to be used in<br />
meteorological, air quality and population exposure modelling.<br />
O2.2 To develop sub-grid parameterisations of urban layer processes for megacity, regional and global scale models<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
Task 2.1: Surface morphology: classification and database (lead: FMI) surface characteristics for megacities and other<br />
urban areas will be prepared a model-friendly format. Satellite imagery will be used to retrieve the form and dimension<br />
of buildings and other structures. These determinations will take advantage of stereography, laser scanning and SARinterferometry.<br />
Vegetation characteristics will be included in this.<br />
Task 2.2: Flow deformation by urban canopy in the urban sub-layer (lead: DMI, UHel), small-scale features of urban<br />
canopy and their direct effect on air flow will be analysed to improve parameterizations of the flow deformation and<br />
inter-canopy transport processes. The work will aggregate urban canopy properties to identify a hierarchy of approaches<br />
relevant to different urban and meteorological scales. A variety of single and multi-layer canopy approaches will be<br />
used. CFD codes will be used to evaluate the urban canopy parameterizations of drag, dispersive stress and dispersive<br />
fluxes. Vegetation will be considered included as roughness elements with more bluff bodies (buildings).<br />
Task 2.3: Urban energy balance (lead: KCL, UHam) the atmosphere-surface exchange sub-models will be evaluated to<br />
identify most realistic and physically grounded approaches applicable to urban surfaces in climate and air quality<br />
models at a range of scales (addressed in different WPs). Participating modelling groups will be asked to provide their<br />
surface models and/or to participate in their offline evaluation. On this basis the issues to be improved will be identified.<br />
This task links with WP1 through inclusion of the anthropogenic heat flux and evaluation of its impact. Vegetation is<br />
included as surface characteristic within these schemes that are to be used.<br />
Task 2.4: Urban atmospheric boundary layer (UABL) (lead: NERSC, AUTH) essential physical processes for<br />
parameterization of feedbacks between the surface morphology, the emission sources, urban climate and air quality will<br />
be investigated. The simulated 3-D turbulence fields will be used to support the analysis and to improve<br />
parameterizations of UABL in models addressing climate. An ensemble of LES codes will be employed to reduce<br />
numerical uncertainties with the focus on Paris (the main target mega-city). Aggregation of LES data will allow more<br />
accurate formulation for the UABL height in different stratification and roughness regimes, accounting for very strong<br />
horizontal heterogeneity and anthropogenic heat flux (the features neglected in earlier approaches).<br />
Task 2.5: Megacity dispersion features (lead: JRC, AUTH, NILU) emission and dispersion to the urban atmosphere of<br />
passive and chemically reactive species will be analyzed; parameterizations of their effect in urban and regional scale<br />
air quality models will be developed. Emissions are non-uniformly distributed in urban space at different heights.<br />
Spatial variability in the intensity of individual sources is not typically considered as emission rates are normally<br />
smoothed and gridded. Methods to parameterize the effect of horizontal and vertical variability of the surface emissions<br />
will be investigated.<br />
Deliverables<br />
D2.1 Morphology database for a target megacity (month 18)<br />
D2.2 Hierarchy of urban canopy parameterisations for different scale (LES, meso, and climate) models (month 18)<br />
D2.3 Evaluation of surface flux balance modelling and urban features needed for climate and air quality models<br />
(month 18)<br />
D2.4 Urbanized turbulence-resolving model and evaluation against WP3 Paris plume data (month 36)<br />
D2.5 Improved urban parameterizations based on prognostic equations, utilizing LES results (month 24)<br />
D2.6 Evaluation of sub-grid models with interactions between turbulence and urban chemistry; recommendations<br />
for emission inventories improvement (month 24)<br />
D2.7 Improved parameterization of dispersion due to sub-grid heterogeneities in emission for different scale models<br />
(LES, mesoscale, regional and global) (month 32)<br />
35
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
WP3: Megacity Plume Case Study<br />
Work package number 3 Start date or starting event: 1<br />
Work package title Megacity Plume Case study<br />
Activity Type RTD<br />
Participant number 2 6 13 17 22<br />
Person-months per participant: 8 71 30 8 17<br />
Objectives<br />
O3.1 To characterize atmospheric aerosol and relevant precursors at two urban and suburban sites in Greater Paris area<br />
O3.2 To provide a source apportionment of PM (separately for ultrafine particles, PM 1, and the coarse mode)<br />
O3.3 To examine the evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol interactions in the urban outflow of Paris<br />
O3.4 To provide additional data for the evaluation of Chemical Transport Models<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
Task 3.1: Characterization of the atmospheric aerosol and relevant precursors (lead: CNRS-LSCE, contributions from<br />
PSI, IfT, FORTH, UHEL, CNRS-LISA + LaMP, NERSC)<br />
Ground based measurements, combining a large suite of aerosol physical / chemical properties and related gaseous<br />
species measurements, at an urban background and a sub-urban background site will be performed during one summer<br />
and one winter month. They will allow for documenting the aerosol composition and properties close to source regions<br />
of primary emissions as well as their dependence on meteorological conditions.<br />
Topics to be addressed here are:<br />
• Closure of mass and chemistry measurements based on data with high temporal frequency (5 to 30 min.) in<br />
order to quantify the different particulate matter fractions (inorganic salts, sea salt, dust, EC, WSOC and OC)<br />
• Seasonal (summer / winter) differences in the aerosol chemical composition and size distribution<br />
• Differences in chemistry and size distribution during pollution events with low dispersion and/or large<br />
photochemical activity<br />
• The state of mixing of different particle size fractions will be addressed by measuring the hygroscopic growth<br />
of the particles<br />
• The links between chemical composition and physical and optical properties. As an example, closure between<br />
the measured size resolved chemical composition and the hygroscopic growth factor will be addressed.<br />
• The ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) will be investigated with CCN spectrometers.<br />
The following sites will be operated ( amore detailed description is given in the implementation plan B2.4):<br />
- Urban “background” super-site (roof platform of the LHVP laboratory). This site is part of the AIRPARIF network.<br />
Located at 20m height, at the doors of the Monsouris Park, 200m from “Place d’Italie”. Preliminary field campaigns<br />
have shown that this site is representative of the city background atmosphere.<br />
- Suburban site (Plateau de Saclay, 30km south-west of Paris; roof platform of the LSCE laboratory). This site is a<br />
permanent monitoring station for Greenhouse gases (RAMCES network) located on the Plateau de Saclay (30km southwest<br />
of Paris). Depending on weather conditions, this station is upwind/downwind of Paris and thus will bring valuable<br />
information once coupled with the urban “background” station (import/export).<br />
- Downwind site at a greater distance from the Paris centre, at about 60 – 100 km. Mobile laboratories (e.g. from<br />
LISA, PSI, and MPIC, see below) will be placed in the expected sector of the plume (at one of the eight rural<br />
AIRPARIF sites), based on forecast with the CHIMERE model.<br />
- Puy de Dome. This site is part of the EC project EUSAAR and represents an aged aerosol, which will allow for a<br />
general comparison of fresh and aged aerosol.<br />
In addition, filter measurements will be taken at other sites, in order to test the spatial representativity of the chemical<br />
composition at the site. Chemical measurements will be complemented by measurements of the size distribution and the<br />
scattering and absorption coefficients. Additional gas phase measurements crucial to relate aerosol components to<br />
precursor gases (SO2, HNO3, NH3, VOC) as well as a general pollution tracer (CO) will also be performed. Moreover,<br />
aerosol lidar measurements will give valuable information about the vertical structure of the aerosol load above the sites<br />
and the diurnal evolution of the boundary layer height. A list of parameters to be measured will be given in the<br />
implementation plan (section B.2.4). In addition, groups from outside the project (S. Borrmann, MPIC) showed interest<br />
to participate on their own funding with a fully equipped mobile laboratory for measurements of the spatial distribution<br />
of aerosol parameters.<br />
Task 3.2: Source apportionment of PM (lead: PSI, contributions from FORTH, CNRS, IfT, UHEL)<br />
Positive matrix factorization as well as other analysis methods will be applied to the data obtained in Task 1 to quantify<br />
the contributions of different sources to PM. Source attribution will separately be performed for ultrafine particles, for<br />
PM1, and the coarse mode. We will aim at discrimination between anthropogenic and natural as well as between<br />
36
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
primary and secondary contributions. The results will be tested for consistency with results from the emission inventory<br />
delivered by WP1.<br />
For this work, time-resolved BC/EC measurements will be combined with OC measurements tracing the primary<br />
emissions (e.g. WIOC derived from WSOC&OC measurement/ HOA “hydrocarbon-like” organic aerosols from AMS<br />
measurements). In addition, chemical, tracers for specific activities will be measured (e.g., levoglucosan for wood<br />
burning). For specific days, carbon-14 analysis will give valuable information on the biogenic and fossil fractions of<br />
organic and elemental carbon. Measurements at the urban background site (see Task 1) will permit to sample different<br />
parts of the urban area as varying urban air masses will be advected to the site (as will be displayed by urban scale CTM<br />
simulations with the CHIMERE model). In addition, advection of OC and BC will also be documented by flights with<br />
The ATR-42 upwind to the Paris region.<br />
Task 3.3: Examination of the evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol interactions in the urban outflow of Paris (lead<br />
CNRS-LAMP, contributions CNRS-GAME, LGGE, and LISA, and PSI, FORTH, CNRS-LSCE, IfT, UHEL for flight<br />
planning and exploitation)<br />
Aircraft measurements will be performed with a highly equipped research aircraft during a dedicated summertime<br />
campaign. These data aim at documenting the evolution of the Paris megacity plume and especially the build-up of<br />
secondary organic and inorganic aerosol species from precursor gases. They will also allow for documenting how aging<br />
of aerosol particles modifies its optical and hygroscopic parameters, which is highly relevant for aerosol impact on<br />
regional climate. The following open questions will be answered :<br />
• How much additional SOA is formed (with respect to the rural background) as the megacity plume evolves<br />
over time?<br />
• Can SOA formation be explained by classical theory, that is by formation essentially from aromatic and<br />
biogenic precursors, or are additional pathways important ? In particular, can additional SOA formation from<br />
oxidation of low-volatility hydrocarbons be made evident ?<br />
• How many secondary inorganic ions (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium) are built up and in which extent do they<br />
influence aerosol properties?<br />
• What is the impact of aerosol aging processes on optical parameters and hygroscopicity ?<br />
These questions will be answered by following the Paris plume with a highly equipped research aircraft during up to<br />
two days. Typical flight patterns will be sea tooth like crossing the plume several times as it travels away from the<br />
urban area. Flight legs perpendicular to the plume time will be chosen long enough (50 - 100 km) to sample rural<br />
background conditions at the lateral plume edges. The main flight level will somewhere in the middle of the well<br />
developed convective boundary layer. The vertical structure of the convective PBL (which was found well mixed<br />
during previous experiments) will be addressed by flying profiles from ground to 3 to 4 km height (at least above the<br />
PBL top) and from backscatter lidar (pointing up or downwards) measurements on aircraft.<br />
The evolution of submicron particulate matter (organic carbon, including its oxidative state, inorganic ions) will be<br />
monitored by an airborne AMS with high temporal frequency. Simultaneous VOC measurements will be performed<br />
with PTRMS and will give access to abundances of anthropogenic (toluene, xylenes, trimethyl benzenes, etc.) and<br />
biogenic VOC (isoprene, MVK, methylacroleine), which will be used as tracers of either anthropogenic and biogenic<br />
emissions. VOC ratios with differential reactivities (i.e. toluene/ benzene) will be used as chemical clocks indicating the<br />
degree of photochemical processing of the plume. Additional VOC measurements on cartridges will allow to<br />
measuring a full suite of C4 to C9 VOC and additionally several oxidised VOC, part of which are direct SOA<br />
precursors. CO measurements will provide a quasi inert emission tracer, which will again be used relate SOA build-up<br />
to the anthropogenic emissions. In addition, ozone and speciated NOy measurements will indicate the photochemical<br />
activity and processing within the plume.<br />
In addition to aircraft measurements, the plume overpasses will also be sampled at the suburban site 30 km in the southwest<br />
of Paris, and, if funding allows (see above), at a more distant site at about 60 – 100 km from Paris centre. At these<br />
sites, instrumentation will again, as for the urban ground based site, allow chemical closure, characterisation of the size<br />
distribution, and optical measurements. Gradients in the chemical composition and size distribution will allow for<br />
assessing secondary aerosol formation and new particle formation within the plume.<br />
Flight planning and deployment of mobile labs will be performed based on meteorological forecast and especially based<br />
on 3 days in advance forecast with the CHIMERE CTM (in the frame of the PREVAIR system operationally operated<br />
by INERIS www.prevair.org).<br />
Task 3.4: Set-up of an integrated data base and use for model evaluation (lead: CNRS-LISA, contributions UHel,<br />
FORTH, CNRS-LISA+LSCE+GAME+LGGE, PSI, IfT, NERSC)<br />
The experimental data sets and analysed products will give strong constraints on process, 3D chemistry – transport and<br />
regional climate models used within the project:<br />
• revised “average urban” emission factors for EC and OC<br />
• an extended data set of urban aerosol chemical composition and size distribution and its seasonal, day to day,<br />
and diurnal variability<br />
• an extended data set for secondary aerosol build-up in the plume for well documented gas phase environments<br />
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• the related variability in optical parameters and in hygroscopicity<br />
These data sets will be combined with routine observations from the AirParif network in a data base hosted at CNRS.<br />
This data base will then be available to the whole project, for model improvement and evaluation within this task and<br />
within WP’s 1, 2, 4 5 and 6, as well as for integrated case studies within WP7. Approximately one year after the<br />
campaign (at T + 30), the access to data base will be free.<br />
In particular, experimental data will be used to improve process models for predicting SOA formation and predicting<br />
the evolution of the aerosol size distribution in the plume. Vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations will also be used<br />
to evaluate large eddy scale (LES) simulations of urban and near-urban boundary layer (NERSC contribution, WP2).<br />
Improved process models will then be implemented into air quality models. The ability of CTM’s to correctly simulate<br />
the particulate chemical composition for a variety of situations (including pollution episodes with low dispersion and/or<br />
high photochemical activity) will be thoroughly evaluated with the available data sets. As a result of this exercise, these<br />
models can then be used with more confidence for emission reduction and mitigation option scenarios.<br />
Deliverables<br />
D3.1 Database of chemical composition, size distribution and optical parameters of urban and suburban PM and its<br />
temporal variability (hourly to seasonal) (month 24)<br />
D3.2 Source appointment of major urban aerosol components (OC, BC, inorganic ions), including primary and<br />
secondary PM sources (month 27)<br />
D3.3 Effective emission factors for OC and BC for urban type emissions (month 24)<br />
D3.4 Database of the impact of megacity emissions on regional scale PM levels (month 24)<br />
D3.5 Evaluation of links between secondary VOCs and secondary organic aerosols of anthropogenic and biogenic<br />
origin (month 30)<br />
D3.6 Evaluation of state of the art CTMs using new experimental data sets (month 30)<br />
D3.7 Implementation of improved parameterizations of BC, OC emissions and secondary PM formation in CTMs<br />
(month 30)<br />
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WP4: Megacity Air Quality<br />
Work package number 4 Start date or starting event: Month 6<br />
Work package title Megacity Air Quality<br />
Activity Type RTD<br />
Participant number 1 2 5 6 7 12 17 18<br />
Person-months per participant: 8 12 19 3 6 6 4 4.8<br />
Objectives<br />
O4.1 To apply urban scale models with advanced physical and chemical parameterisations in order to more efficiently<br />
describe and assess air quality in megacities<br />
O4.2 To evaluate the performance of the new parameterisations in selected applications<br />
O4.3 To describe and quantify the two-way interaction between megacity air quality and meteorology<br />
O4.4 To assess source contribution in the selected urban areas and suggest recommendations for other cities<br />
O4.5 To use the source apportionment exercise findings in order to identify exposure patterns<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
Task 4.1: Multiscale physical processes - From the city to the street scale (lead: AUTH)<br />
Development, implementation and evaluation of a multiscale zooming approach on the basis of the various<br />
parameterisations developed within WP2 with particular focus on physical parameterisations regarding the description<br />
and quantification of pathways of stressors' fate through dispersion, transport and removal processes. The methodology<br />
will be based on the utilisation of ensemble modelling techniques in conjunction with the application of monitoring for<br />
the local ‘hot-spots’ where higher spatial resolution will be required. Several numerical models will be applied<br />
including model coupling, for application at different spatial scales, in order to examine the stressors’ fate across those<br />
scales. In addition to the integration of the physical parameterisations on the meteorological models of different scales<br />
(MEMO, WRF, UM), the effect of these parameterisations on the prediction of the dispersion of pollution and the<br />
resulting concentrations with the use of CTMs (CMAQ, MARS/MUSE) will be studied. The resulting methodology will<br />
be demonstrated and evaluated for selected cities (Paris + 2-3 more conurbations).<br />
Task 4.2: Multiscale chemical processes - From the city to the street scale (lead: FORTH)<br />
Development, implementation and evaluation of a multiscale approach for the description and quantification of the<br />
effective emissions, transformation and removal of pollutants focusing on parameterisations for chemical<br />
transformations. The deviation of the urban from the regional background air pollution will be extensively studied via<br />
the application of various existing CTM’s (MARS/MUSE, PMCAMx, CMAQ, UDM-FMI, UHMA, SALSA, SILAM,<br />
ENVIRO-HIRLAM). The findings will then be used to improve the parameterisations describing the influence of urban<br />
areas on regional scale air quality in WP5.To this end, ensemble modelling techniques in conjunction with laboratory<br />
work within EUCAARI (inorganic aerosol thermodynamics and dynamics, secondary organic formation, etc.) will also<br />
be utilised. In addition, simpler modelling approaches (OFIS, OSCAR system including OSPM, CAR-FMI) will be<br />
applied in order to assess the long-term effects of city plumes on AQ and associated exposure. The resulting<br />
methodology will be demonstrated and evaluated for selected cities (Paris + 2-3 more conurbations).<br />
Task 4.3: Interactions between air quality and meteorology/climate (lead: DMI)<br />
The interaction between megacity air quality and meteorology will be described and quantified. Towards this aim, the<br />
effect of elevated pollutant concentrations on the meteorology as well as the influence of meteorological patterns on<br />
urban air pollution will be studied. In particular, the influence of air pollution on cloud formation, precipitation and<br />
radiation will be assessed and indicators relating meteorological patterns to urban air pollution episodes will be<br />
developed through the application of advanced modelling tools, such as the coupled MEMO /MARS system and the online<br />
coupled environment model DMI-ENVIRO-HIRLAM. The findings will be used in WP8 for risk assessment<br />
closely related to decision and policy making. In addition to the description of the feedback mechanisms directly related<br />
to WP2, this task will assess the indirect effect of urban air pollution on the regional climate which is addressed in WP6.<br />
Task 4.4: Source apportionment – identification and quantification of relevant pathways (lead: AUTH)<br />
Various source apportionment methods will be applied and evaluated with emphasis on the quantification of the<br />
accuracy in identifying the individual contributions of the emission sources. The source apportionment methods will<br />
include innovative combinations of standard receptor modelling techniques and state-of-the-art CTMs. The evaluation<br />
will be based on the experimental results from WP3 and emission data generated in WP1. In addition, monitoring data<br />
from background stations will be utilised and biogenic sources properly assessed with a particular focus on PM and O3.<br />
Findings regarding the contribution of various sources on urban air quality will be used in WP8.<br />
Task 4.5: Exposure estimates (lead: FMI)<br />
Analysis of the role of urban meteorology, land use and urban structure, as well as of the population spatial distribution<br />
and time use on the observed exposure patterns, and development of advanced methods for assessing population<br />
exposure, including literature-based dose/intake estimates. The main aim will be on the evaluation of microenvironment<br />
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-specific and source category-specific exposures. The resulting methodology will be applied in selected target cities,<br />
using as input the computed spatial concentration and population density distributions as well as the modelling results<br />
from Tasks 1 and 2, in order to produce exposure and dose/intake estimates.<br />
Deliverables<br />
D4.1 Evaluation of zooming approaches describing multiscale physical processes (month 16)<br />
D4.2 Evaluation of zooming approaches describing multiscale chemical transformations (month 16)<br />
D4.3 Investigation of meteorological patterns favouring development of urban air pollution episodes (month 18)<br />
D4.4 Evaluation of methodologies for exposure analysis in urban areas and application to selected megacities<br />
(month 24)<br />
D4.5 Exposure maps for selected megacities (month 24)<br />
D4.6 Evaluation of source apportionment methods (month 24)<br />
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WP5: Regional air quality and global atmospheric composition<br />
Work package number 5 Start date or starting event: Month 1<br />
Work package title Regional air quality and global atmospheric composition<br />
Activity Type RTD<br />
Participant number 1 2 3 4 6 7 12<br />
Person-months: 4 4 24 6 3 18 18<br />
Participant number 14 15 16 17 18 23<br />
Person-months: 3 16 6 6 6 6<br />
Objectives<br />
O5 The overall objective is to quantify the effects of megacities on air quality of the region that surrounds and includes<br />
the megacities, and on the downwind atmospheric composition on regional to global scales. This will be achieved by<br />
combining regional and global CTMs with ground-based and airborne measurements, including improved satellite<br />
observations. In particular, we will use the observations in the Paris field campaign. Specific objectives are:<br />
O5.1 To improve existing regional and global CTMs to predict the megacity impacts on atmospheric composition<br />
O5.2 To evaluate regional CTMs to simulate air quality in the areas downwind of megacities, against measured data<br />
O5.3 To quantify the impacts of megacities on atmospheric composition at regional-to-global scales<br />
O5.4 To quantify the impacts of non-urban emission sources on the air pollution in megacities<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
Two modelling ensembles will be used in this WP, one applied on regional and the other on global scale. The regional<br />
model ensemble will include SILAM (FMI) with aerosol process models UHMA and SALSA (UHel), LOTOS-EUROS<br />
(TNO), CHIMERE (CNRS), Enviro-HIRLAM/CAC (DMI), UM-CMAQ and WRF-CMAQ (UH-CAIR), M-SYS<br />
(UHam), STEM/FARM (ARIANET) and PMCAMx (FORTH). The global model ensemble will be comprised of<br />
FLEXPART (NILU), ECHAM5/MESSy (MPI), MATCH-MPIC (MPI), and UM (MetO, UCAM). The complete<br />
regional model ensemble will be applied in the regions surrounding Paris, focusing on the campaign period.<br />
Task 5.1: Application of satellite data to characterize the regional-to-global-scale impact of megacities (lead: MPIC)<br />
Various satellite data products on tropospheric aerosols and trace gases will be used to quantify megacity-integrated<br />
emission fluxes and their impact on regional and global scale. Aerosol information (spectral AOD, effective size and<br />
speciation) will be retrieved from AATSR, MSG-SEVIRI and OMI. Data from other instruments will be used where<br />
necessary in collaboration with IPs EUCAARI and GEOMON (in particular CALIPSO, PARASOL and MODIS).<br />
Synergies between different instruments will be capitalized on, e.g., combining the vertical distributions of pollutants<br />
with the aerosol properties from MODIS or OMI. Tropospheric trace gas column densities of NO2, SO2, CO, HCHO<br />
and CHOCHO will be analysed from GOME-1 and -2, SCIAMACHY and OMI. Data-retrievals will be optimized for<br />
the regions of interest (in contrast to operational processing), and to visualize gradients and plumes of aerosols and trace<br />
gases. The pollutant fluxes to the regional scale will be determined by combining the satellite measurements with<br />
analyzed wind speed distributions. This task will contribute to objectives 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4.<br />
Task 5.2: Improvement of the regional and global CTMs to simulate megacities and their effects (lead: FORTH)<br />
The results of WPs 1-4 will be implemented into selected regional and global CTMs; these include improved emission<br />
inventories and their modelling, and better evaluations of their atmospheric oxidation products. In this task, new aerosol<br />
process modules (e.g., for nucleation, inorganic aerosol thermodynamics, secondary organic aerosol formation) will be<br />
developed (in collaboration with EUCAARI), and integrated to regional scale models. The regional CTMs will also be<br />
improved regarding parameterization of urbanisation factors such as turbulence inside megacities, the effects of<br />
surfaces, and energy exchanges. This task will address objective 5.1.<br />
Task 5.3: Evaluation of the current capability of regional CTMs to predict megacity plumes (lead: FMI).<br />
The complete regional CTM ensemble will be applied in the regions surrounding and within Paris for the field<br />
campaign period, and their performance will be evaluated against the available measurements. Performance of the<br />
statistical model ensemble will be evaluated and compared with the corresponding performance scores of the individual<br />
models. The complete regional CTM ensemble will also be applied to the megacities of the 1 st Level (i.e., European<br />
megacities defined in Figure 4), and the model predictions will be evaluated against available data. The evaluated<br />
models will be implemented in WP7 for evaluating the impacts of 2 nd Level megacities. This task is directly related to<br />
objective 5.2.<br />
Task 5.4: Determination of the impact of megacities on regional and global atmospheric composition (lead: FMI,<br />
MPIC, NILU)<br />
The comparison of a variety of regional and global models, running at different spatial resolutions for level 1 and 2<br />
megacities, will result in valuable information on the effect of horizontal resolution on the representation of chemical<br />
and transport processes (and therefore provide guidance on the choice of optimal resolution and transport<br />
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parameterisation for future model development); the UCAM model, with its high resolution capabilities for a global<br />
model, will be particularly useful in providing this information. The sensitivity runs in both T5.4.1 and T5.4.2 will<br />
make use of the two special emissions sensitivity datasets – emissions removal and redistribution – developed in WP1,<br />
Task 7.<br />
Task 5.4.1: Regional scale impacts (lead: FMI). The improved regional CTMs, and selected global models, will be used<br />
to quantify the contribution of the megacity emissions (NOx, ozone, and ultrafine, fine, and coarse PM) in the<br />
surrounding regions of selected megacities. Full-chemistry model computations will be performed in the regions<br />
surrounding Paris for a period of at least a year that contains the campaigns. Longer-term simulations with simplified<br />
chemistry will be conducted for a longer, climatologically representative period. We will also conduct source<br />
apportionment studies using selected models (e.g., PMCAMx), and use reactive tracers (e.g., CHIMERE).<br />
Task 5.4.2: Global impacts (lead: MPIC). Similarly, the global CTMs and CCMs with full chemistry will be used to<br />
assess the impacts of present-day megacity emissions on regional and global ozone and aerosol chemistry, including<br />
deposition fluxes. This will be done for the full set of megacities collectively (level 3 in the pyramid), as well as for<br />
selected megacities or clusters of megacities individually. The redistribution sensitivity runs will provide directly<br />
relevant information to policy makers, and will feed information into WP8 for assessment of mitigation possibilities.<br />
The model output from this task will provide input for WP6.<br />
Task 5.4.3: Megacity pollutant dispersion characteristics (lead: NILU). Calculations will be performed with the global<br />
models to simulate the dispersion of representative artificial tracers released from selected megacities to study their<br />
transport characteristics, including their inter-annual variability, and to discriminate between pollutant build-up in the<br />
surface layer surrounding the cities, long-range export to neighbouring regions, and export to the upper troposphere.<br />
The characteristic time scales will be determined, over which megacity plumes disperse into the hemispheric<br />
background. The results of the regional and global simulations will be inter-compared over common computational<br />
domains. This is useful for the QA/QC of the modelling. These results can also be used for designing similar numerical<br />
experiments within the TF-HTAP (Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants, http://www.htap.org/).<br />
Task 5.5: The influence of non-urban pollution sources in megacities, and intercontinental transport (lead: DMI, NILU)<br />
Task 5.5.1: The influence of regional-scale pollution on megacities, and inverse modelling of the emissions of<br />
megacities (lead: DMI). In specific episodic conditions, the regional scale emissions (e.g., wild land fires, wood<br />
burning for heating, sea spray, wind-blown dust and various biogenic emissions) can have a substantial, or even a<br />
dominating impact on air quality in megacities. We will analyze their influence on the concentrations in selected<br />
megacities. Inverse model computations will be performed in order to quantify better the contributions of urban<br />
emissions on a regional scale. The inverse computational techniques take advantage of data assimilation methods, such<br />
as 4D-VAR.<br />
T.5.5.2: Intercontinental transport of plumes from megacities or agglomerations of megacities (lead: NILU). Megacity<br />
plumes can have a significant impact on atmospheric composition even after transport across intercontinental distances.<br />
However, this impact is difficult to detect in observational data. Transport of pollution from North American<br />
megacities, in particular the Boston/New York/Washington (Bosnywash) megalopolis, has probably the strongest<br />
impact on Europe of all intercontinental upwind regions. This will be evaluated using existing measurement data from<br />
European background stations (e.g., EMEP) and previous airborne campaigns. The data will be screened for<br />
observations of aged pollution plumes, which will be combined with the FLEXPART simulations to identify periods<br />
influenced by transport from the Bosnywash region. This task will address objectives 5.3 and 5.4.<br />
Task 5.6: Megacity impacts in the future (lead: MetO)<br />
Changes in emissions as well as in climate will affect the impacts of megacities on regional and global atmospheric<br />
composition. These changes will be examined by the global models in this task. The model simulations in Tasks 5.4.1<br />
and 5.4.2 will be used as baseline scenarios. Similar sensitivity runs will then be performed for the future. In one set of<br />
runs, only the emissions (of all types) will be modified to future scenarios (most likely using the IIASA 2030 scenarios<br />
which were employed in the IPCC atmospheric chemistry model intercomparison), and the emissions from megacities<br />
will be removed or redistributed as done in 5.4.2, where the scenarios will be developed in collaboration with WP 8. In<br />
the second set of runs, in addition to the changed emissions, the driving meteorology will also be modified to represent<br />
future climates; the meteorological fields will be obtained through WP6, from the same models as used in this WP. The<br />
analysis will be done in coordination with WP7. By comparing the three types of runs we can determine individually<br />
the role that changes in emissions and changes in climate play in determining how megacities affect atmospheric<br />
composition.<br />
Deliverables<br />
D5.1 Characterization of megacity impact on regional and global scales using satellite data (month 18)<br />
D5.2 Provision of global and regional concentrations fields from initial baseline runs (month 18)<br />
D5.3 Evaluation and improvement of regional model simulations of megacity plumes (month 24)<br />
D5.4 Prediction of megacity impact on regional and global atmospheric composition (month 30)<br />
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D5.5 Influence of regional scale emissions on megacity air quality (month 33)<br />
D5.6 Influence of North American megacities on European atmospheric composition (month 30)<br />
D5.7 Estimate of megacity impacts in a future climate (month 33)<br />
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WP6: Regional and global climate effects<br />
Work package number 6 Start date or starting event: Month 1<br />
Work package title Regional and global climate effects<br />
Activity Type RTD<br />
Participant number 1 3 9 15 21<br />
Person-months per participant: 2 12 24 14 6<br />
Objectives<br />
O6 The overall objective is to quantify the effects of megacities on climate from the regional to the global scale by<br />
using coupled and uncoupled global and regional chemistry-climate models and by analyzing observation data.<br />
O6.1 To implement the fields of radiative forcing agents from WP5 into global and regional climate models (GCMs and<br />
RCMs) in order to quantify the TOA and surface radiative forcing (direct and indirect) and related climate effects from<br />
the WP5 scenarios.<br />
O6.2 To calculate the effect of long-lived GHG (CO2, N2O, CH4, HCFC) megacity emissions on climate using simple<br />
algorithms.<br />
O6.3 To use satellite and ground-based measurements in order to assess the TOA radiative fluxes, surface aerosol<br />
radiative forcing and AOD induced by megacities.<br />
O6.4 To provide future-climate meteorological fields for use in other workpackages.<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
This work package will apply both regional and global-scale chemistry-climate models.<br />
The regional models used will be RegCM3 (ICTP, CUNI) and Enviro-HIRHAM (DMI), at a horizontal resolution of<br />
about 50 km. The global models to be used are UM (Met O) and ECHAM5/MESSy (MPIC), at a resolution of the order<br />
of T63 (~1.9°). All include representations of gas and aerosol chemistry, and the direct and indirect effects of aerosols<br />
are either already included or are currently being implemented via other projects.<br />
Task 6.1: Regional and global radiative forcing and climate effects from constituent changes (lead: MetO, ICTP,<br />
MPIC, DMI, CUNI)<br />
The aerosol and ozone effects on climate due to emissions from megacities will be assessed using uncoupled and<br />
coupled chemistry-climate models for present day and future emissions scenarios. In the uncoupled mode,<br />
anthropogenic aerosol fields and ozone from WP5 for different emissions scenarios (with, without, and with<br />
redistributed megacity emissions) will be implemented in the RCMs and GCMs. Where possible the fields will be<br />
cross-implemented, i.e., each climate model will use fields from different models in WP5. Anthropogenic and natural<br />
aerosols will be included. In the coupled mode, anthropogenic emission of aerosol precursors will be provided to the<br />
chemistry-climate models and the aerosol fields will be calculated on-line for a subset of the most important runs. The<br />
results from the two setups will be compared. Both direct and indirect aerosol effects will be considered, using state-ofthe-art<br />
parameterisations for these processes. The top-of-atmosphere radiative direct and indirect forcings and related<br />
climatic effects will be calculated online by the models. The analysis of climate effects will include the main<br />
meteorological variables, the surface hydrological cycle, and cloud-radiation-aerosol interactions. The regional model<br />
simulations will focus on the European region and one extra-European domain, either Asia or Central America. Three<br />
sets of regional simulations are planned, each of 10-20 years length. In the first set, lateral meteorological boundary<br />
conditions will be provided from analyses of observations (ERA40 or NCEP) and the simulation period will include the<br />
special observing period planned in WP5. In the second and third sets, meteorological boundary conditions will be<br />
taken from global model simulations of present day and future climate conditions, provided by the global GCMs in this<br />
WP. Each set will include three simulations, one without aerosol effects (control run), and the others including aerosol<br />
effects in uncoupled and coupled mode. Lateral chemical boundary conditions will be obtained from corresponding<br />
global model simulations (WP5 and WP6).<br />
Task 6.2: Radiative forcing and climate effects from long-lived greenhouse gases (lead: MetO).<br />
As well as the effects of the short-lived constituents it is important to calculate the effect of the long-lived greenhouse<br />
gases from megacities such as carbon dioxide and methane. As these gases will be well mixed, their radiative effects<br />
will be calculated using the analytical formulae recommended in Ramaswamy et al. (2001) rather than full model<br />
integrations.<br />
Task 6.3: Measurements (lead: UHel)<br />
Global distributions of aerosol optical parameters (spectral AOD and an indication of aerosol type) will be retrieved<br />
from satellite observations using AATSR using the single view algorithm over the ocean (Veefkind et al., 1999) and the<br />
dual view algorithm (Veefkind et al., 1998); Robles Gonzalez et al., 2000, 2006, 2007), for 1 year. The AATSR results<br />
will be validated using AERONET measurements as well as lidar and in situ measurements of optical aerosol<br />
parameters available through Infrastructure and Integrated Projects such as EUSAAR, EARLINET-ASOS, EUCAARI<br />
and GEOMON, as well as available non-European networks. Satellite data from other sources may be used as needed<br />
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and when available from other projects and are quality assured. AATSR global AOD products are under development<br />
but first results show that the values are very high as compared to ground based measurements from AERONET which<br />
are commonly used as ground truth. TOA radiance and AOD will be made available to Task 1 to evaluate the aerosol<br />
radiative forcing calculated from RCMs and to refine the representation of aerosol optical properties within the climate<br />
models.<br />
Task 6.4: Climate change meteorology (lead: MetO, MPIC)<br />
Meteorological data for driving the CTM simulations in WP5 will be provided from the GCMs and RCMs used in this<br />
WP6, running for present-day conditions as well as one of the standard future scenarios (which will be chosen to be<br />
consistent with those planned for the IPCC 5 th Assessment Report). This will be most important for the regional<br />
modelling where changes in the local climate might significantly affect the chemistry and transport of pollutants.<br />
Deliverables<br />
D6.1 Global radiative forcing from megacity emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (month 12)<br />
D6.2 Determination of radiative forcing from megacity emissions on global and regional scales (month 18)<br />
D6.3 Comparison of measured and modelled radiative effects (month 24)<br />
D6.4 Comparison of coupled and uncoupled models (month 24)<br />
D6.5 Meteorological fields for present and future climate conditions (month 24)<br />
D6.6 Regional and global climate changes due to megacities using coupled and uncoupled models (month 33)<br />
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WP7: Integrated tools and implementation for megacities<br />
Work package number 7 Start date or starting event: Month 6<br />
Work package title Integrated tools and implementation for megacities<br />
Activity Type RTD<br />
Participant number 1 2 4 5 6 7<br />
Person-months per participant: 7 7 5 5 3 3<br />
Participant number 15 16 18 19 20<br />
Person-months per participant: 3 15 12 2 5<br />
Objectives<br />
O7.1 To synthesise information on emissions, meteorology, processes, air quality, climate and model developments<br />
from other WPs.<br />
O7.2 To synthesise knowledge and stimulate scientific consensus on the required complexity of model systems for<br />
mitigation/policy needs.<br />
O7.3 To develop a European framework for coupling urban-regional-global modelling tools to examine science and<br />
policy problems identified in WP8.<br />
O7.4 To apply integrated tools to study the air quality and climate change interactions and impact for selected<br />
megacities on urban, regional to global scales.<br />
O7.5 To make recommendations on the improved understanding of megacity impacts on regional and global air quality<br />
and climate.<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
Task 7.1: Synthesis of outcomes of WPs – in relation to scientific knowledge and adequacy of models for mitigation<br />
measures and policy needs (lead: UH-CAIR)<br />
The task will span most of the duration of the project and will involve close cooperation with other WPs ensuring that<br />
tools are developed which meet the over-riding scientific aims and user needs (e.g. in WP7 Task 4 and 5 and WP8). It<br />
will consider emissions, air quality and climate aspects on regional to global scales and formulate a framework for<br />
online coupled systems addressing multi-scales (urban to global), multi-pollutant (e.g. O3, PM, NO2) and air qualityclimate<br />
feedback processes (e.g. for aerosols). This task will provide the scientific basis for the integrated modelling<br />
framework. This Task will continually interact with and, where necessary, guide the other WPs to ensure that interfaces,<br />
modules and parameterisation schemes meet the requirements of Task 2. Consequently, all partners will be involved in<br />
this task with key contributions from UH-CAIR, UHam, DMI, MPIC, FORTH, CNRS and FMI. The outputs of WP2<br />
will also be important for simpler modelling tools which will be examined and developed in WP4 but implemented for<br />
selected megacities in Task 4 of this WP.<br />
Task 7.2: Formulation and development of an integration framework (lead: DMI)<br />
The following levels of integration and orders of complexity will be considered:<br />
Level 1 – One way (Global -> regional -> urban), Models: All<br />
Level 2 – Two way (Global regional urban), Models: ECHAM5/MESSy, MATCH-MPIC, UM-WRF-CMAQ,<br />
SILAM, M-SYS, FARM .<br />
Order A – off-line, meteorology / emissions -> chemistry, Models: All<br />
Order B – partly online, meteorology -> chemistry & emissions, Models: UKCA, DMAT, M-SYS, UM-WRF-Chem,<br />
SILAM<br />
Order C – fully online, meteorology chemistry & emissions, Models: UKCA, WRF-Chem, Enviro-HIRLAM,<br />
ECHAM5/MESSy.<br />
Where required new or improved interfaces for coupling (direct links between emissions, chemistry and meteorology at<br />
every time step) will be developed. Common formats for data exchange (such as GRIB, netCDF formats) will be<br />
defined to ease the implementation and to help combine the different models via agreed data exchange protocols (there<br />
is already interactions with other groups such as ACCENT). The current, chemistry schemes (tropospheric,<br />
stratospheric and UTLS) will be examined as to their suitability for simulating the impact of complex emissions from<br />
megacities. The coupled model systems will be applied to different European megacities during the development phases<br />
of WP3, 4 and 5 (London with UM-CMAQ and WRF-Chem, Rhine-Ruhr with M-SYS), Po Valley with STEM/FARM)<br />
whereas they will be implemented for case studies of other megacities in Task 4 of this WP. The framework will be<br />
used and demonstrated for selected models including UKCA (MetO), WRF-Chem (UH-CAIR), Enviro-HIRLAM<br />
(DMI), STEM/FARM (ARIANET), M-SYS (UHam) and ECHAM5/MESSy and UKCA on global scales. This part of<br />
the work will be linked to the requirements and use of simpler tools for assessing air quality impacts within megacities<br />
(OSCAR - UH-CAIR, AIRQUIS - NILU, URBIS - TNO).<br />
Task 7.3 – Evaluation of integrated methods and models for risk/impact quantification (lead: UHam)<br />
The task will examine process requirements, operational aspects, levels of integration, interfaces between<br />
meteorological, air quality and climate models and formulate strategies for undertaking comparison of approaches<br />
according to different levels of integration and order of complexity. The results from the modelling applications<br />
46
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
performed in WP3, 4 and 5 and 7-2 will be analysed and comparisons conducted with measurements from Paris to<br />
highlight differences in the model features. Criteria (both technical / practical and scientific relating to physical<br />
processes addressed) will be formulated for selecting the modelling systems to be represented in integrated tool. The<br />
evaluation will consider the overall performance as well as the aspects such as off-line versus on-line approaches. The<br />
task will benefit here from approaches developed in other projects such as CLEAR (FUMAPEX, OSCAR and<br />
MERLIN), ACCENT as well as COST 728 and COST ES0602 and with international groups such as USEPA/NOAA.<br />
A range of evaluation approaches will be employed including statistical comparison with measurements, process<br />
orientated and sensitivity analyses.<br />
Task 7.4: Implementation of integrated tools to other megacities (lead: WMO)<br />
The cities will be selected according to emission source mix, intensity of emission rates, meteorological characteristics<br />
(orographic and weather patterns), future growth trends, local impact as well as potential to directly affect Europe. Data<br />
will also be used from other networks and groups including WMO/GURME<br />
(http://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/urban.html), Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum (http://www.sei.se/gapforum/)<br />
and Clean Air Initiative: Asia (http://www.cleanairnet.org). Tools from task 2 and 3 will be implemented here for<br />
selected megacities, including Moscow (ENVIRO-HIRLAM, DMI), Mexico City (STEM/FARM, ARIANET;<br />
CHIMERE, CNRS), Shanghai (M-SYS, UHam), Delhi (ECHAM5/MESSy, MPIC; WRF-Chem ,UH-CAIR), Bangkok<br />
(WRF-Chem , UH-CAIR), New York (FLEXPART, NILU), Cairo (RegCM3, ICTP; CHIMERE, CNRS). Other cities,<br />
as schematically shown in the City Pyramid will also be investigated, for example through improved representation in<br />
global models (UKCA, MetO; ECHAM5/MESSy, MATCH-MPIC). Simpler approaches (OSCAR, URBIS and<br />
AIRQUIS) will also be employed for city scale assessment studies depending on the detail of input data availability.<br />
The focus of air quality will be the changes that may result in PM and ozone within the cities and on regional to global<br />
scales. To aid other users, procedures including difficulties arising from the lack of input data will be documented,<br />
particularly for developing regions. This work will feed directly into WP8.<br />
Task 7.5: Recommendations on the scientific analysis of megacity impacts on regional and global air quality and<br />
climate (lead: UH-CAIR)<br />
The results of the model runs in Tasks 3 and 4 for the selected megacities along with the outcomes of the other WPs<br />
will be used to examine the main science questions of the project. These relate to the extent of air quality and climate<br />
impacts on regional and global scales caused by megacities and how well megacities are represented in models for<br />
impact assessment across Europe and elsewhere. The mitigation and policy implications will be examined in WP8 and<br />
hence there will be close interaction between the two WPs. Recommendations will be made for a number of areas<br />
including: How megacities affect air quality on regional and global scales? How will the growth of megacities affect<br />
future climate at global and regional scales? What is the impact of large scale dynamic processes on the air pollution<br />
from megacities? What are the key feedback interactions between the air quality-local climate-global climate changes<br />
relevant to megacities? How accurate are the current emission inventories for megacities and how should megacities<br />
(emissions, processing inside megacities, meteorology) be parameterized in regional and global models? What are the<br />
relative impacts of world megacities on Europe and other regions? The regional and global modelling results from this<br />
WP and WPs5-6 will be re-analysed in collaboration with WP8 to address the above strategic questions.<br />
Deliverables<br />
D7.1 Framework for integrating tools (month 18)<br />
D7.2 Evaluation of integrated tools (month 30)<br />
D7.3 Implementation of integrated models for megacities (month 30)<br />
D7.4 Synthesis of results and recommendations on key science questions and use of models according to complexity<br />
(month 36)<br />
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WP8: Mitigation, policy options and impact assessment<br />
Work package number 8 Start date or starting event: 3<br />
Work package title Mitigation, policy options and impact assessment<br />
Activity Type RTD<br />
Participant number 2 3 4 6 14 15 16<br />
Person-months per part. 3 3 1.5 1.5 3 1 4<br />
Participant number 18 19 20 23<br />
Person-months per part. 1 19 1 1<br />
Objectives<br />
O8.1 Analysis and assessment of mitigation options and of policy options to efficiently reduce health and climate<br />
change impacts caused by releases of substances to the air in megacities<br />
O8.2 Development and application of a methodology and a tool for impact assessment<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
Task 8.1: Mitigation and policy options (lead: 19,14,2,15)<br />
The task will distinguish between short term options and measures, that can be implemented more or less until ca.<br />
2010 (e.g. traffic restrictions, city toll), medium term measures, that include changes of infrastructure and can thus<br />
be implemented in 2020 and long term options to be used after 2030 – time horizon until 2050.<br />
For the first two categories possible additional options and measures will be systematically collected, analyzed and<br />
assessed – additional means additional to those measures that are already used in the baseline scenario. For this<br />
purpose, existing evaluations of measures will be reviewed, such as the extensive set of recommendations by the<br />
INTEGAIRE network and forthcoming evaluations of plans and programmes reported by EU Member States under<br />
the AQ daughter directives. The assessment will include the estimation of potential/effect (emission reduction<br />
achieved) and the costs. As well technical measures (changing emissions factors e.g. by using filters) as nontechnical<br />
measures (that influence the behaviour resp. decisions) are covered. For non-technical measures, changes<br />
in utility have to be included in the costs. Other advantages and disadvantages will be qualitatively stated. The<br />
assessment will mainly be based on existing studies resp. analyses of measures.<br />
The measures are then ranked according to their estimated efficiency: as measures often change emissions of more<br />
than one pollutant and as a comparison across different impacts should be made, the estimation of the effectiveness<br />
(costs per t of pollutant reduced) is not sufficient; thus the reduced emissions are weighted with the marginal<br />
monetized avoided damages, results are the costs per € of damage avoided. Based on this efficiency criterion<br />
measures are then combined to bundles of measures or ‘strategies’.<br />
For these strategies, the changes in emissions (i.e. activities or emission factors) compared to the parameter values<br />
in the baseline scenario are estimated and reported to WP 1, where the emission tools are used to estimate the<br />
emissions, which are then delivered to WP 7 as input for the integrated assessment tools.<br />
Costs and difference in impacts compared to the base line scenario will then be used to assess the cost benefit ratio<br />
and the net present value of advantages of the strategies. Based on this, the options that policy has to initialize the<br />
realization of the strategies will be analyzed and assessed. From the result, policy recommendations will be<br />
developed.<br />
In addition long term mitigation and policy options (for 2030 to 2050) including structural changes, e.g. shift of<br />
industrial activities or living places to other areas are analysed; urban planning projects methodologies are used to<br />
develop scenarios of possible evolutions of megacities (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico City), i.e. a<br />
qualitative description of the possible development of settlement structure and infrastructure and development of<br />
assumptions about the effect of these scenarios on transport, energy supply and emissions of air pollutants.<br />
Task 8.2: Interaction with megacities administration and other stakeholders (lead: 14, 19, 16, 4, 18, 2, 6)<br />
Aims: to inform stakeholders about the aims and intermediate results of the project, to discuss results, to collect<br />
available information.<br />
Contact has been established and will be maintained with the following stakeholders:<br />
The administrations of the megacities/agglomerations Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico-City; several<br />
DGs of the European Commission; and the EUROCITIES network.<br />
The contact is first established via individual visits of the contact partners, that are allocated to each stake holder<br />
(Paris: 6, London: 18, Po Valley: 4, Rhine-Ruhr: 19, Mexico-City: 2, EUROCITIES: 14, EC: 14/19). In these visits,<br />
the project is presented and information about emission data (together with WP1), about scenarios on the future<br />
development of the cities and their emissions, about analyses of the potential and costs of abatement measures,<br />
about experience with air pollution and GHG reduction strategies already implemented and planned and about plans<br />
about future abatement strategies and their effect is systematically collected. The information is translated,<br />
transformed into a given structure and provided to Task 8.1.<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
In addition the partners in this task will collect available information from other cities in their country that have<br />
performed analyses about abatement measures.<br />
After about 30 months, there will be another round of bilateral meetings, to inform about the use of the information<br />
given and to ask about new developments in the cities.<br />
Task 8.3: Methodology and tool for impact assessment (lead: 19)<br />
First a methodology will be described, that can be used to<br />
• Estimate the damage to human health, ecosystems, and materials caused by the emissions of the city; this is<br />
done by using the results of the atmospheric modelling and partly the exposure modelling and applying<br />
concentration- response or exposure-response relationships;<br />
• Express the impacts of climate change caused by the emissions of the city<br />
• Aggregate the different health endpoints into DALY (disability adjusted life years) or QUALY (quality<br />
adjusted life years);<br />
• Convert the aggregated endpoints and the impacts on climate change into a common monetary unit to allow<br />
comparisons and cost-benefit analyses.<br />
The methodology is not newly developed, but is adopted from the findings of other projects, especially NEEDS,<br />
INTARESE, HEIMTSA, CAIR4HEALTH, ENVIRISK and various ExternE-projects. For climate change impacts<br />
and their assessment the results from recent studies including NEEDS and the new IPCC report are used.<br />
A computer tool is developed, that calculates the damage, aggregates it and transforms it into monetary values.<br />
Input for the tool is the result of atmospheric models, e.g. average annual primary and secondary PM2.5<br />
concentrations, SOMO 35 values a.s.o., provided for predefined grids (e.g. the EMEP grid for Europe and finer<br />
grids for the megacities). The tool then uses population data, back ground health damage rates and land use data to<br />
estimate the damage. Using information about QUALY values for the different health endpoints, QUALY are<br />
estimated. Finally, based on contingent valuation the different damage categories are then made comparable by<br />
transforming it into monetary values. The impacts are presented as maps and in aggregated form.<br />
The tool is integrated into the integrated system to be developed via internet. The results of the atmospheric models<br />
are sent to the site where the tool is operated in a format defined in WP7 and are processed there. Results are<br />
delivered to task 1 for analysis.<br />
Deliverables<br />
D8.1 Short, medium and long term abatement and mitigation strategies for megacities (month 24)<br />
D8.2 Impact assessment of mitigation and policy options (month 30)<br />
D8.3 Assessment of policy strategies (month 36)<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
WP9: Dissemination and Coordination<br />
Work package number 9 Start date or starting event: 1<br />
Work package title Dissemination and Coordination<br />
Activity Type RTD and Management<br />
Participant number 1 2 3<br />
Person-months per participant: 18 6 6<br />
Objectives<br />
O9.1 To ensure dissemination of the project results to the scientific community, management centres and end-users<br />
during the progress of the project<br />
O9.2 Dissemination of the resulting web tool and the improved tools for megacity air quality prediction to the<br />
community involved, which includes national and international scientists, management centres, and end-users<br />
O9.3 To provide strong management and co-ordination support for the project with many partners, maintaining a<br />
“Management problem solving approach” throughout the project.<br />
O9.4 To organise initial an project meeting to clarify the role of each participant and to finalise the consortium<br />
agreement, and to organise and co-ordinate meetings and activities of working groups.<br />
O9.5 To maintain close links with the decision-making forum across Europe as well as internationally, including<br />
organising workshops, information sessions and press releases<br />
Description of work and role of participants<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> is envisioned managed at four levels of interaction: 1) The co-coordinators and <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> secretariat, 2)<br />
The Project Board, 3) The Working group leaders, 4) Annual contractor’s Meetings.<br />
Task 9.1: The coordinators will establish a “<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Secretariat function” with the following role:<br />
• Preparation of Agendas and minutes for each annual meeting.<br />
• To support coordination and communications between the work packages and project teams.<br />
• To steer and stimulate scientific critical evaluation of the major results.<br />
• To establish and maintain a web-based “participants’ forum.<br />
• To prepare a draft of the overall project reports, which summarises the findings and recommendations.<br />
• To maintain all other financial and administrative matters related to the contract.<br />
Task 9.2: The Project Steering and Advisory Boards will be established, which will be manned by Work Group<br />
leaders, external experts, national decision-makers, and EU scientific representatives. The Project Boards’ tasks will<br />
be:<br />
• Co-ordination, monitoring and review of progress in the nine Working Groups.<br />
• Approval of layout of test programmes for the target cities.<br />
• Approval of official documents and promotion of participation at conferences and workshops.<br />
• Organization of annual meetings and workshops.<br />
• Establishing and maintaining links to “Outside EU” international institutes.<br />
Task 9.3: The links to potential end users of the project (Global Stakeholder Forum, e.g. for local authorities and<br />
municipalities of megacities around the word) will be established.<br />
Task 9.4: Two Workshops will be organised highlighting the progress achieved during project for potential end-users<br />
Task 9.5: Special sessions will be arranged in major international meetings during the course of the project<br />
(‘Megacities’ section on Urban Air Quality 2009 conference; ITM on Air Pollution Modelling and its Applications-<br />
NATO; Workshop on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes; Air<br />
Pollution, Joint Conference on Application of Air Pollution Meteorology, as well as at the EMS and EGU annual<br />
general assemblies (possibly together with CityZen))<br />
Task 9.6: The co-coordinators will oversee the use of operational tools, automatic generation of visual output and<br />
distribution of results to authorities and public, high-speed systems, Internet solutions, early warnings etc.<br />
Task 9.7: The improved tools and project achievements will be demonstrated to European city authorities and other<br />
end-users from developing country megacities and international organizations, e.g. IPCC, EUROCITY, EUMETNET,<br />
GURME, EEA.<br />
Task 9.8: A special section or special issue will be arranged for publications from the project (possibly together with<br />
CityZen) in an international journal (e.g., ACP, AE).<br />
Task 9.9: Dissemination and collaboration with sister project CityZen. The purpose of this task is to exploit<br />
possibilities of mutual benefit between <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> and CityZen<br />
Deliverables<br />
D9.1 <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> secretariat program and detailed project plan (month 2)<br />
D9.2 <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> web-site (month 3)<br />
50
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
D9.3 Annual Managements reports (months 12, 24)<br />
D9.4 Annual reports for dissemination (month 14, 26,36)<br />
D9.5 Periodic reports (months 18,36)<br />
D9.6 Final <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> report (month 36)<br />
51
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
B.1.3.7 Summary of staff effort<br />
Table 1.3d: Summary of staff effort<br />
Participant<br />
no./short<br />
name<br />
WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8 WP9 Total<br />
person<br />
months<br />
P1: DMI 0,5 7 8 4 2 7 18 46,5<br />
P2: FORTH 8 12 4 7 3 6 40<br />
P3: MPI 8 24 12 3 6 53<br />
P4: ARIANET 1,5 6 5 1,5 14<br />
P5: AUTH 11 19 5 35<br />
P6: CNRS 71 3 3 3 1,5 81.5<br />
P7: FMI 3 5 6 18 3 35<br />
P8: JRC 4,4 4.4<br />
P9: ICTP 24 24<br />
P10: KCL 3 8 11<br />
P11: NERSC 10 10<br />
P12: NILU 2 6 18 26<br />
P13: PSI 30 30<br />
P14: TNO 13,5 3 3 19,5<br />
P15: MetO 16 14 3 1 34<br />
P16: UHam 3 6 15 4 28<br />
P17: UHel 12 8 4 6 30<br />
P18:UH-CAIR 4,8 6 12 1 1 24.8<br />
P19: USTUTT 3,5 2 19 24,5<br />
P20: WMO 5 1 6<br />
P21: CUNI 6 6<br />
P22: IfT 17 17<br />
P23: UCam 6 1 7<br />
Total 33 63,4 134 62,8 120 58 67 39 31 607,2<br />
52
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Project Effort Form 2 - indicative efforts per activity type per beneficiary<br />
Project number (acronym): 212520 (<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>)<br />
Activity Type P1:<br />
DMI<br />
P2:<br />
FORTH<br />
53<br />
P3:<br />
MPI<br />
P4:<br />
ARIANET<br />
RTD/Innovation activities<br />
WP 1 0,5 8 1,5 0 3<br />
WP 2 7 11 0 5<br />
WP 3 0 8 71 0<br />
WP 4 8 12 19 3 6<br />
WP 5 4 4 24 6 0 12<br />
WP 6 2 12 3 0<br />
WP 7 7 7 5 3 3<br />
WP 8 0 3 3 1,5 5 1.5 0<br />
WP 9 8 6 6 0 0<br />
Total 'research' 36,5 40 53 14 35 81.5 29<br />
Demonstration activities<br />
WP name<br />
WP name<br />
Etc<br />
Total 'demonstration'<br />
Consortium management<br />
activities<br />
WP 5 6<br />
WP9 10<br />
Total ' management' 10 6<br />
Other activities<br />
WP name<br />
Etc<br />
Total 'other'<br />
TOTAL BENEFICIARIES 46,5 40 53 14 35 81,5 35<br />
P5:<br />
AUTH<br />
P6:<br />
CNRS<br />
P7:<br />
FMI
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Project Effort Form 2. Project number (acronym): 212520 (<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>). Continuation 1:<br />
Activity Type P8:<br />
JRC<br />
54<br />
P9:<br />
ICTP<br />
P10:<br />
KCL<br />
P11:<br />
NERSC<br />
RTD/Innovation activities<br />
WP 1 3 13,5<br />
WP 2 4,4 8 10 2<br />
WP 3 30<br />
WP 4 6<br />
WP 5 18 3<br />
WP 6 24<br />
WP 7<br />
WP 8 3<br />
WP 9<br />
Total 'research' 4,4 24 11 10 26 30 19,5<br />
Demonstration activities<br />
WP name<br />
WP name<br />
Etc<br />
Total 'demonstration'<br />
Consortium management<br />
activities<br />
WP 5<br />
WP9<br />
Total ' management'<br />
Other activities<br />
WP name<br />
Etc<br />
Total 'other'<br />
TOTAL BENEFICIARIES 4,4 24 11 10 26 30 19,5<br />
P12:<br />
NILU<br />
P13:<br />
PSI<br />
P14:<br />
TNO
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Project Effort Form 2. Project number (acronym): 212520 (<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>). Continuation 2:<br />
Activity Type P15:<br />
METO<br />
P16:<br />
UHAM<br />
55<br />
P17:<br />
UHEL<br />
P18:<br />
UH-CAIR<br />
P19:<br />
USTUTT<br />
RTD/Innovation activities<br />
WP 1 3,5<br />
WP 2 3 12<br />
WP 3 8<br />
WP 4 4 4,8<br />
WP 5 16 6 6 6<br />
WP 6 14 6<br />
WP 7 3 15 12 2 5<br />
WP 8 1 4 1 19 1<br />
WP 9 1<br />
Total 'research' 34 28 30 24,8 24,5 6 6<br />
Demonstration activities<br />
WP name<br />
WP name<br />
Etc<br />
Total 'demonstration'<br />
Consortium management<br />
activities<br />
WP 5<br />
WP9<br />
Total ' management'<br />
Other activities<br />
WP name<br />
Etc<br />
Total 'other'<br />
TOTAL BENEFICIARIES 34 28 30 24,8 24,5 6 6<br />
P20:<br />
WMO<br />
P 21:<br />
CUNI
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Project Effort Form 2. Project number (acronym): 212520 (<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>). Continuation 3:<br />
Activity Type P22:<br />
IfT<br />
56<br />
P23:<br />
UCam<br />
RTD/Innovation activities<br />
WP 1 33<br />
WP 2 63,4<br />
WP 3 17 134<br />
WP 4 62,8<br />
WP 5 6 114<br />
WP 6 58<br />
WP 7 67<br />
WP 8 1 39<br />
WP 9 21<br />
Total 'research' 17 7 591,2<br />
Demonstration activities<br />
WP name<br />
WP name<br />
Etc<br />
Total 'demonstration'<br />
Consortium management<br />
activities<br />
WP 5 6<br />
WP9 10<br />
Total ' management'<br />
Other activities<br />
WP name<br />
Etc<br />
Total 'other'<br />
TOTAL BENEFICIARIES 17 7 607,2<br />
TOTAL<br />
ACTIVITIES
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
B.1.3.8 List of milestones and planning of reviews<br />
Milestone<br />
no.<br />
Milestone name WPs<br />
no's.<br />
M 1.1 Workshop on<br />
evaluation of first<br />
version of<br />
European emission<br />
inventories<br />
M2.1 Internal discussions<br />
concluded on<br />
evaluation and<br />
formulation of<br />
urban<br />
parameterisations<br />
for different scale<br />
models<br />
M3.1 Paris Plume<br />
Experiment: initial<br />
stage<br />
M3.2 Paris Plume<br />
experiment:<br />
campaigns<br />
(winter + summer)<br />
M4.1 Selection of a<br />
Megacity for<br />
exposure estimates<br />
and mapping<br />
M5.1 Selecting key<br />
improvements to<br />
undertake for<br />
regional and global<br />
models for<br />
megacities plumes<br />
M6.1 Determination of<br />
tradeoffs between<br />
different model<br />
setups and optimal<br />
configurations for<br />
further simulations<br />
of regional and<br />
global climate<br />
changes due to<br />
megacities<br />
List and schedule of milestones<br />
1, 5,<br />
6<br />
2, 3-<br />
6<br />
Lead<br />
beneficiary<br />
TNO,<br />
USTUTT<br />
3 CNRS,<br />
DMI 24<br />
PSI<br />
3 CNRS,<br />
PSI<br />
57<br />
Delivery date<br />
Comments<br />
from Annex I<br />
1<br />
18 Will result in internal<br />
recommendation report<br />
12 Preparing the measurement<br />
programme, instrumental base,<br />
equipment calibration and test<br />
measurements<br />
21 Determination of exact timing<br />
of and participation in<br />
campaigns in preparatory<br />
workshops<br />
4, 7 FMI, AUTH 18 Based on preliminary<br />
population exposure,<br />
dose/intake estimates and<br />
available maps one megacity<br />
will be selected<br />
5 NILU, FMI 18<br />
6, 1,<br />
5<br />
MetO,<br />
ICTP<br />
18 If needed, will be supported<br />
with a workshop to discuss the<br />
results<br />
1<br />
Month in which the milestone will be achieved. Month 1 marking the start date of the project, and all delivery<br />
dates being relative to this start date.
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
M7.1 Determination of<br />
characteristics of<br />
the initial<br />
integration<br />
framework and<br />
model evaluation<br />
M7.2 Selection of<br />
Megacities for<br />
implementation<br />
7<br />
and<br />
All<br />
MPIC,<br />
UHam<br />
7, 8 UH-CAIR,<br />
WMO<br />
58<br />
12 First integration framework and<br />
model evaluation protocol are<br />
agreed for models used in<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
M8.1 Determination of 8 TNO, 12<br />
key short, medium<br />
and long term<br />
abatement and<br />
mitigation<br />
strategies to assess<br />
for megacities<br />
USTUTT<br />
M9.1 Kick-off-Meeting 9 & DMI 2 Detailed Working Plan agreed<br />
M9.2 Determine host for<br />
WWW presentation<br />
of project and<br />
initiate<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
newsletters<br />
M9.3 Consortium<br />
Agreement<br />
M9.4 Annual preparation<br />
for Dissemination<br />
reporting<br />
M9.6 Internal<br />
organization<br />
workshops<br />
All<br />
28<br />
9 DMI 3 First version of the project website,<br />
1 st Newsletter issue<br />
9 DMI 6 Signed Consortium Agreement<br />
9 DMI,<br />
FORTH,<br />
MPIC<br />
12, 24, 36 Main project achievements and<br />
recommendations from WPs<br />
9 MPIC 18, 33 Presentation of the project<br />
results for and their discussion<br />
with international users<br />
Tentative schedule of project reviews<br />
Review Tentative timing, i.e. after<br />
no. month X = end of a reporting period 1<br />
planned venue<br />
Comments , if any<br />
of review<br />
1 After project month: 18 Mainz Mid-term assessment<br />
2 After project month: 36 Copenhagen Final project review<br />
Reporting period From month To month Total estimated Total requested EC<br />
eligible cost contribution<br />
1 1 18 2,547,253.82 1,699,494.63<br />
2 19 36 2,547,253.82 1,699,494.64<br />
1 36 5,094,507.64 3,398,989.27<br />
1<br />
Month after which the review will take place. Month 1 marking the start date of the project, and all dates being<br />
relative to this start date.
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
B.1.3.9 Timing of work packages and their components (Gantt Chart)<br />
Gantt Chart: Project time schedule for Workpackages tasks.<br />
The table below shows the participants in different work packages, tasks and the scheduling of the work. It is<br />
planned that all participants start implementing the project in the first month. Theoretical and model development<br />
studies in the line with the proposed project are already initiated at the institutions.<br />
Time schedule for Workpackages tasks YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3<br />
WPs Activity I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV<br />
Kick-off meeting +<br />
1 st year meeting +<br />
mid-term assessment meeting +<br />
2 nd year meeting +<br />
Final meeting +<br />
WP01 Emissions (P. Builtjes / H Denier van der Gon)<br />
T1.1 Global emission inventories (lead: TNO)<br />
T1.2 Regional Pan-European emission inventory (lead: TNO)<br />
T1.3 Compilation of a baseline scenario (lead: USTATT)<br />
T1.4 Case studies (lead: KCL, 6, 4, 19)<br />
T1.5 European heat flux inventory (lead: KCL)<br />
T1.6 Validation, evaluation and improvement of EI’s (lead:<br />
TNO)<br />
T1.7 Processing of emission inventories according to scenario<br />
requests (lead: TNO/MPIC)<br />
WP02 Megacity Features (S. Grimmond, I. Esau)<br />
T2.1 Surface morphology: classification and database (lead:<br />
FMI, 6, 8, 11, 10, 17)<br />
T2.2 Flow deformation by urban canopy in the urban sub-layer<br />
(lead: DMI, 5, 7, 10, 16,17)<br />
T2.3 Urban energy balance (lead: KCL)<br />
T2.4 Urban atmospheric boundary layer (lead: NERSC, 17, 1,<br />
5, 7, 12)<br />
T2.5 “Megacity dispersion features” (lead: JRC, 1, 5, 11, 12)<br />
WP03 Megacity Plume Case Study (Beekmann/Baltensperger)<br />
T3.1 Characterization of the atmospheric aerosol and relevant<br />
precursors (lead: CNRS-LSCE, 13, 22, 2, 17, 11, 6)<br />
T3.2 Source apportionment of PM (lead: PSI, 2, 6, 22, 17)<br />
T3.3 Examination of the evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol<br />
interactions in the urban outflow of Paris (lead: CNRS-<br />
LAMP, 6, 13, 2, 22, 17)<br />
T3.4 Model evaluation and constraints (lead: CNRS-Lisa, 17, 2,<br />
6, 13, 22, 11)<br />
WP04 Megacity Air Quality (N. Moussiopoulos)<br />
T4.1 Multiscale physical processes - From the city to the street<br />
scale (lead: AUTH, 18,1)<br />
T4.2 Multiscale chemical processes - From the city to the street<br />
scale (lead: FORTH, 5, 7, 12, 18)<br />
59
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
T4.3 Interactions between air quality and meteorology/climate<br />
(lead: DMI, 5, 23)<br />
T4.4 Source apportionment – identification and quantification of<br />
relevant pathways (lead: AUTH, 3, 4, 7, 12, 18)<br />
T4.5 Exposure estimates (lead: FMI)<br />
WP05 Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition<br />
(J. Kukkonen, A. Stohl)<br />
T5.1 Application of satellite data to characterize the regional-toglobal-scale<br />
impact of megacities (lead: MPIC, 7,17)<br />
T5.2 Improvement of the regional and global CTMs to simulate<br />
megacities and their effects (lead: FORTH, 1,4,15, 18, 24)<br />
T5.3 Evaluation of the current capability of regional CTMs to<br />
predict megacity plumes (lead: FMI, 4,6,12,14-18,24).<br />
T5.41 Determination of the impact of megacities on regional and<br />
global atmospheric composition. Regional scale impacts<br />
(lead: FMI, 1-4,6,14-18,24).<br />
T5.42 Determination of the impact of megacities on regional and<br />
global atmospheric composition. Global impacts (lead:<br />
MPIC, 2,4,15)<br />
T5.43 Determination of the impact of megacities on regional and<br />
global atmospheric composition. Megacity pollutant<br />
dispersion characteristics (lead: NILU, 3, 15).<br />
T5.51 The influence of regional-scale pollution on megacities,<br />
and inverse modelling of the emissions of megacities (lead:<br />
DMI, 7)<br />
T5.52 Intercontinental transport of plumes from megacities or<br />
agglomerations of megacities (lead: NILU, 3).<br />
T5.6 Megacity impacts in the future (lead: MetO, 7,12)<br />
WP06 Regional and Global Climate Impacts<br />
(W. Collins, F. Giorgii)<br />
T6.1 Regional and global radiative forcing and climate effects<br />
from constituent changes (lead: MetO, 9, 1, 3, 21)<br />
T6.2 Radiative forcing and climate effects from long-lived<br />
greenhouse gases (lead: MetO).<br />
T6.3 Task 6.3: Measurements (lead: UHel)<br />
T6.4 Climate feedback (lead: MetO, 9)<br />
WP07 Integrated Tools and Implementation<br />
(R. Sokhi, H. Schlünzen)<br />
T7.1 Synthesis of outcomes of WPs – in relation to scientific<br />
knowledge and adequacy of models for mitigation<br />
measures and policy needs (lead: UH-CAIR).<br />
T7.2 Formulation and development of an integration framework<br />
(lead: DMI)<br />
T7.3 Evaluation of integrated methods and models for<br />
risk/impact quantification (lead: UHam)<br />
T7.4 Implementation of integrated tools to other megacities<br />
(lead: WMO)<br />
T7.5 Recommendations on the scientific analysis of megacity<br />
impacts on regional and global air quality and climate<br />
(lead: UH-CAIR)<br />
60
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Time schedule for Workpackages tasks YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3<br />
WP08 Mitigation and Policy Options<br />
(R. Friedrich, D. van den Hout)<br />
T8.1 Mitigation and policy options (lead: USTUTT, TNO):<br />
T8.2 Interaction with the megacities administration and other<br />
stakeholders (lead: TNO, 4, 19, 16, 10, 2, 6)<br />
T8.3 Methodology and tool for impact assessment (lead:<br />
USTUTT)<br />
WP09 Dissemination and Coordination<br />
(A. Baklanov, S. Pandis, M. Lawrence)<br />
T9.1 <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> secretariat program and project detailed plan<br />
T9.2 Annual Managements reports (all)<br />
T9.3 Annual reports for dissemination (all)<br />
T9.4 Final <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> report (all)<br />
61
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
B2. Implementation<br />
B.2.1 Management structure and procedures<br />
The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project has four organizational bodies 1) General Assembly, 2) Coordinators and Project<br />
Office, 3) Steering Group and 4) Advisory Board (PUB). The detailed roles and responsibilities of these<br />
bodies will be specified in the Consortium Agreement. Figure 7 shows the organizational structure and<br />
relation of each body.<br />
ADVISORY<br />
BOARD<br />
EUROPEAN<br />
COMMISSION<br />
GENERAL<br />
ASSEMBLY<br />
STEERING<br />
GROUP<br />
Figure 7: Organizational structure of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>.<br />
General Assembly<br />
The General Assembly is the ultimate decision-making body of the consortium. It is responsible for the<br />
overall direction of the project and is composed of one duly authorized representative of each Partner. The<br />
General Assembly will decide on the following issues:<br />
• the preparation and final approval of the annual Implementation Plan prior to the submission to the<br />
European Commission<br />
• all budget-related matters<br />
• the alterations of the Consortium Agreement<br />
• the acceptance of new parties as well as the exclusion of Parties<br />
• the premature completion/ termination of the Project<br />
The General Assembly will convene first time to the kick-off meeting at the latest one month after the<br />
coordinator has signed the contract with the European Commission. General Assembly shall have ordinary<br />
meetings at least once a year. Every party shall have one vote in the General Assembly meetings. The<br />
quorum and rules of voting shall be further defined in the consortium agreement.<br />
Project coordinator, Project Office<br />
Coordinator’s tasks include the following:<br />
• ensure that the tasks regarding accession to the contract are carried out in a timely manner<br />
• be the intermediary for communication between the contractors and the Commission<br />
• receive all payments made by the Commission to the consortium and administer the Community<br />
contribution regarding its allocation between contractors and activities in accordance with this<br />
contract and the decisions taken by the consortium. The coordinator shall ensure that all the<br />
appropriate payments are made to contractors without unjustified delay;<br />
62<br />
COORDINATORS<br />
AND<br />
PROJECT OFFICE<br />
WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
• keep accounts making it possible to determine at any time what portion of the Community funds has<br />
been paid to each contractor for the purposes of the project. The coordinator shall inform the<br />
Commission of the distribution of the funds and the date of transfers to the contractors.<br />
• manage the overall legal, contractual, financial and administrative of the consortium with the support<br />
of the Project Office<br />
• chair the Project and the General Assembly<br />
• prepare meetings and minutes of the General Assembly, Steering Group and Advisory Board with<br />
the support of Project Office<br />
Prof. Baklanov will be the overall coordinator of the project. Given the wide range of scientific, management<br />
and coordination issues involved in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> he will be assisted in his duties by two vice-coordinators,<br />
Dr. Lawrence and Prof. Pandis and the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project office which will be established in the Danish<br />
Meteorological Institute.<br />
Steering Group<br />
The Steering Group will oversee the integration and completion of the project objectives and have a meeting<br />
every 3 month e.g. evaluating period project reports. Members of the Steering Group are shown in Table 2.1.<br />
Table 2.1 <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Steering Group Members<br />
Name Role Institute<br />
Alexander Baklanov coordinator, steering group chair Danish Meteorological Institute<br />
Spyros Pandis vice-coordinator, expert on atmospheric Foundation of Research and<br />
chemistry<br />
Technology, Hellas<br />
Mark Lawrence vice-coordinator, expert on chemical Max Planck Institute for<br />
transport models<br />
Chemistry<br />
Heinke Schlunzen expert on meteorology and climate University of Hamburg<br />
Markku Kulmala expert on atmospheric physics University of Helsinki<br />
Ranjeet Sokhi expert on air quality University of Hertfordshire<br />
Peter Builtjes expert on emissions Netherlands Organization for<br />
Applied Scientific Research<br />
Jaakko Kukkonen expert on air quality modelling Finnish Meteorological Institute<br />
Tasks of the Steering Group will be:<br />
• supporting the coordinator in fulfilling his obligations towards the Commission<br />
• ensuring that all work meets functional requirements<br />
• reviewing and proposing to the General Assembly budget changes in accordance with the Contract<br />
and Consortium Agreement<br />
• proposing changes in work sharing, budgets and participants to the General Assembly<br />
• deciding on the annual implementation plan for approval by the General Assembly<br />
• deciding on the annual reports (activity and financial reports) prior to its submission to the European<br />
Commission,<br />
• agreeing on press releases and joint publications<br />
• deciding on the measures of controls and audit procedures to ensure the effective day-to day coordination<br />
and monitoring of the progress of the technical work affecting <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> as a whole<br />
• co-ordination at the consortium level of knowledge management and innovation-related activities<br />
• overseeing the promotion of the ethical aspects and the gender equality in the project.<br />
Advisory Board<br />
A board of end-users and stakeholder representatives will advise the Steering Group and Coordinator on<br />
achieving the project objectives and using the scientific project products. The Advisory Board will meet<br />
annually and take part in the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> annual reviews. It consists of executive representatives of the endusers<br />
of the project.<br />
63
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Table 2.2 <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Advisory Group Members<br />
Name Organization Expertise<br />
Prof. Paul Crutzen Max Planck Institute for<br />
Chemistry, Germany<br />
Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995<br />
Prof. Luisa Molina Molina Center, Mexico<br />
Megacity Air Quality, Science<br />
MIT, USA<br />
Leader of Mexico City projects<br />
Prof. Greg Carmichael U. Iowa, USA Chemical Transport Modelling,<br />
Asian megacity air quality<br />
Prof. Yutaka Kondo Res. Center for Advanced Sci. and Urban air pollution and global<br />
Tech., U. Tokyo, Japan<br />
change, Tokyo air quality<br />
Dr. Georg Grel National Oceanic and Atmospheric WRF-Chem working group<br />
Administration, USA<br />
leader, Integrated modelling tools<br />
Dr. Philippe Lameloise AIRPARIF, France Director of AIRPARIF<br />
Dr. Jason Ching Environmental Protection Agency, Chief (1990-8) of the EPA atmos-<br />
USA<br />
pheric model development branch<br />
Prof. Nikolai Kasimov Moscow State University, Russia Sustainable development, geobiochemistry<br />
of urban environment<br />
Dr. Brendan P. Kelly Group on Earth Observations<br />
(GEO), Switzerland<br />
GEO Secretariat<br />
Prof. Bob Bornstein San Jose State University, USA Urban air pollution and feedbacks,<br />
New York plume study<br />
Work Package Leaders<br />
A number of work packages combine the expertise of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> partners across different research areas.<br />
For example WP6 integrates regional with global chemical transport modelling. To ensure that the leadership<br />
of each WP will be able to cover all scientific aspects of the WP we have decided to have more than one<br />
leading participant in most of the WPs. This will not only ensure the high quality of the corresponding<br />
scientific work, but will also ensure the faster communication between WP leaders (e.g., during periods<br />
when one of the leaders is not available). The coordinators will not lead any WP so that they can focus on the<br />
overall project and the links among the WPs.<br />
Table 2.3 <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Work Package Leaders<br />
WP No. Title Lead Participant(s)<br />
1 Emissions P. Builtjes<br />
64<br />
H. Denier van der Gon<br />
2 Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and S. Grimmond<br />
Effects<br />
I. Esau<br />
3 Megacity Plume Case Study M. Beekmann<br />
U. Baltensperger<br />
4 Megacity Air Quality N. Moussiopoulos<br />
5 Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition J. Kukkonen<br />
A. Stohl<br />
6 Regional and Global Climate Effects W. Collins<br />
F. Giorgii<br />
7 Integrated Tools and Implementation R. Sokhi<br />
H. Schlünzen<br />
8 Mitigation, Policy Options and Impact<br />
R. Friedrich<br />
Assessment<br />
D. van den Hout<br />
9 Dissemination and Coordination A. Baklanov<br />
S. Pandis<br />
M. Lawrence<br />
Management of Knowledge<br />
Internal communication and dissemination: The internal dissemination of knowledge will be managed by<br />
the Project Officers, who will boost the communication flow via internal project web pages and e-mail-
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Newsletter. The project reports and meeting minutes will be found in the project intranet. Project Partners<br />
will promote and disseminate project results on appropriate platforms under their normal process while the<br />
Consortium will organise annual project reviews and smaller workshops, throughout the project. A large<br />
part of the intra-project communication and during-the-project dissemination will be handled by the<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>-Portal website <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> mailing lists, which will be managed by the Project Office staff.<br />
External dissemination of results: The dissemination of results will be performed in three ways:<br />
1) Part of the annual <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> meetings will be devoted to the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> International Forum where<br />
the international collaborators of the project together with megacity local, national and international<br />
stakeholders will be invited to participate.<br />
2) The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>-website for the professional users,<br />
3) public web pages with communication plans including press releases and brochures,<br />
4) peer-reviewed publications and<br />
5) presentation in international conferences like Urban Air Quality, EGU, EAC, AGU, and IGAC.<br />
The Steering Group will ensure that the most urgent knowledge is immediately transferred to relevant end<br />
users.<br />
Dissemination and collaboration with sister project CityZen (see Task 9.9).<br />
The purpose of this task is to exploit possibilities of mutual benefit between <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> and its sister<br />
project CityZen. Coordinator meetings will identify tasks where the two projects can collaborate efficiently<br />
to facilitate scientific progress, e.g. by exchange of data and methods, and to check consistency of the results<br />
obtained in the two projects prior to publication.<br />
Coordinators of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> and CityZen (metno): Coordinators' meeting (4 to 6 months after start of the<br />
project period) to identify links between the consortium members and implement efficient collaboration.<br />
Organize one common project meeting of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> and CityZen (about halfway through the project<br />
period), and co-convene a session on megacities at an EGU meeting (towards the end of the project period),<br />
where results from <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> and CityZen are presented, alongside with research from outside the two<br />
consortia.<br />
Reporting to Commission: <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will delivery the standard EU-project reports to the Commission<br />
every 12-months: 1) Activity Reports, 2) Financial reports, 3) Updated Implementation Plans and associated<br />
financial plans.<br />
Addition of participants during the project: The full implementation plan and budget of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> and<br />
its participants are known from the beginning The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> consortium is open to having Associated<br />
Partners join at a latter stage; however, this will not impact the project finances. Addition of Associate<br />
Partners will be agreed first by the Steering Group, and will then be approved by the General Assembly.<br />
Finance Management<br />
The DMI Project Office will undertake the finance management of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>, i.e. transferring advance<br />
payments and final payments to the individual participants, after receiving payments from the EC. All<br />
individual cost statements will be collected and submitted to the EC. Financial audits will be organised<br />
according to the EC rules. All partners have strong financial control procedures. The Coordinating<br />
Organization DMI has a robust infrastructure and a set of procedures for managing and controlling the flow<br />
of finances. All its financial accounts are formally audited and reports are available for the EC if required.<br />
Conflict resolution<br />
The project management will endeavour to resolve any conflicts at the lowest possible level. That means, the<br />
conflict resolution process will start at WP component level. Here, and in general, it will first be attempted to<br />
reach a consensus, to be mediated by the respective WP leaders. Only if this fails will the conflict be<br />
discussed at Consortium level. Initially, this will be conducted through electronic negotiation and mediation<br />
(at a meeting of the Steering Committee). An extraordinary meeting may be convened to resolve extremely<br />
urgent and/or serious cases. Ultimately, the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> overall coordinator with the scientific coordinators<br />
will decide at either an ordinary or at this extraordinary meeting. All conflicts within the project will be<br />
reported to the overall and scientific coordinators.<br />
Risk Management<br />
The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> partnership and work programme has been comprehensively thought through and strong<br />
framework for implementing the Work Programme has been developed. However, over 3 years, some<br />
65
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
expected and unexpected situations may occur, that may have major influence on the successful outcome of<br />
the project. In order to reduce the overall risk to the project the following major steps have been taken:<br />
• A strong management organization has been established.<br />
• A contingency budget of 30k€ has been reserved if any additional resources are required to mitigate<br />
the risk.<br />
• Subcommittee of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> PMC have been set to monitor all major aspects of the project<br />
and its work programme. They will have a significant role in identifying any real risk.<br />
The overall coordinator and the scientific coordinators, assisted by PMC, will have an overriding<br />
responsibility to ensure that risks with low probability and/or low impact will be identified at an early stage,<br />
and that necessary countermeasures will be devised. The coordinators will continuously control the overall<br />
project plan, its milestones and critical paths. Moreover, the project's reporting structure will ensure that the<br />
management is aware of potential problems well in time. Thus, it will be possible to initiate counter<br />
measures before a problem will become critical. Such tight control will apply and all levels and will make<br />
sure that solutions will be available in time.<br />
B.2.2 Beneficiaries<br />
The consortium comprises 23 Partners (Beneficiaries) from 9 EU countries (Czech Republic, Denmark,<br />
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands and United Kingdom), and 2 non-EU countries<br />
(Norway and Switzerland).<br />
Non-EU (non-funded) partners/collaborators from USA, Canada, Russia, China, Japan, India, Turkey, Egypt and<br />
Chile are described in Section 2.3. All Partners represent internationally recognised universities, research<br />
institutions, or local authorities. Partners are listed in the Partners List (Table 1) and Partners Contribution Table<br />
(Section 2.3).<br />
Partner 1 (coord.): The Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
DMI is the national meteorological service for Denmark, Greenland and Faeroe Islands. DMI has a longlasting<br />
experience in atmospheric environment and climate modelling including development, running and<br />
analysing 3D atmospheric models for both operational use and research in weather forecast, climate change<br />
and long-range dispersion, transformation and deposition of pollutants. The Meteorological Research<br />
Division, MRD (HIRLAM and atmospheric pollution) and the Danish Climate Centre, DCC (HIRHAM) at<br />
DMI involves about 40 scientists. The DCC has extensive experience in climate modelling. The regional<br />
climate model HIRHAM which has been developed jointly by DMI and Max Planck Institute for<br />
Meteorology in Hamburg has been extensively employed in resolutions down to 12 km. DMI is furthermore<br />
involved in the regional model inter-comparison study PIRCS, under which extensive simulations using<br />
GCM boundary conditions from the Hadley Centre for present day climate and climate change simulations<br />
over USA have been conducted. The DCC has been involved in several international research projects on<br />
global and regional climate modelling funded by EU, including “Regionalization of Anthropogenic Climate<br />
Change”, RACCS; TUNDRA; “Global implications of Arctic climate processes and feedbacks”, GLIMPSE;<br />
“Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining EuropeaN Climate change risks and<br />
Effects”, PRUDENCE; and ENSEMBLES projects.<br />
The Air Quality Research Group, AQRG, of MRD has extensive experience in all forms of dispersion in the<br />
atmosphere of harmful substances or substances causing inconveniences. This includes air pollution<br />
modelling problems such as smog and ozone arising from emissions from industry, power plants, house<br />
warming, urban traffic, nuclear emergency, and pollen forecasting. The AQRG has been involved in several<br />
international research projects on atmospheric dispersion and chemistry relevant to the present application.<br />
Mostly these projects have been funded by EU, e.g. arctic surface ozone depletion (ARCTOC), DMS and<br />
aerosol impact on the climate (ELCID), forecasting of urban environment (FUMAPEX), Arctic Risk (AR-<br />
NARP), create a new European operational system for global monitoring of atmospheric chemistry and<br />
dynamics, and an operational system to produce improved medium-range and short-range air-chemistry<br />
forecasts (GEMS), and in several projects on nuclear emergency preparedness (ENSEMBLE, RODOS,<br />
RTMOD, ETEX).<br />
Role and contribution<br />
66
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Overall coordination of the project (WP9); improvement and evaluation of parameterization for the urbanregional<br />
meteorology (WP2); modelling the interaction between air-quality and meteorology/climate using<br />
on-line coupled model DMI-ENVIRO-HIRLAM (WP4); regional air quality and inverse (source<br />
determination) modelling using DMI-ENVIRO-HIRLAM/ CAC (WP5), regional climate modelling using<br />
HIRHAM (WP6); and will be one of the key-developer of the integrated urban-regional-global tool (WP7).<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Prof. Alexander Baklanov, Senior Scientist at MRD of DMI, vice-director of Danish strategic research<br />
centre for Energy, Environment and Heath (CEEH); has 20 years of experience in developing and applying<br />
numerical atmospheric dynamics and dispersion models at different scales: from local- to meso- and regional<br />
scales; modelling of atmospheric boundary layer, atmospheric aerosol dynamics and air pollution transport<br />
over complex terrain. He has published over 200 scientific-technical publications, including 10 books and<br />
more than 80 peer-reviewed papers. Has worked in Russia, Sweden, Austria and Denmark in international<br />
teams. Participated in EU-funded projects (RTMOD, SFINCS, ENSEMBLE, COST-715: Urban<br />
meteorology, INTAS), and was/is co-ordinator and principal investigator of several international projects,<br />
including the Arctic Risk, FUMAPEX and EnviroRISKS projects. Will be a co-ordinator of the Project.<br />
Dr. Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen has been employed at DMI since 1990 after taking his Ph.D. He is a<br />
senior scientist with a long experience in numerical climate research and in regional climate modelling<br />
(RCM). He started the RCM at DMI and participated in the construction and development of the HIRHAM<br />
model. He has been the PI for the DMI contribution to several international projects. He was a lead author on<br />
the IPCC 3 rd assessment report (WGI), Ch. 10 "Regional Climate Information – Evaluation and Projections",<br />
and a contributing author to the ACIA report, Ch. 4 " Future climate change: Modelling and Scenarios for the<br />
Arctic region" and he is currently one of the two co-ordinating lead authors on the IPCC 4th assessment<br />
report (WGI), Ch. 11 “Regional Projections”. Presently, he serves as a member of the CliC numerical exper.<br />
group under the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). He has been actively involved in several EU<br />
supported research projects, such as ESOP, ESOP2, TUNDRA, GLIMPSE; and PRUDENCE (overall<br />
coordinator). He is one of the key leading scientists in ENSEMBLES project.<br />
Dr. Allan Gross, is a Senior Scientist at MRD of DMI and Res. Ass. Prof. at the University of Copenhagen.<br />
He has research experience in modelling of stratospheric, tropospheric and atmos. boundary layer chemistry<br />
and transport, and experience with molecular-dynamic modelling and statistical methods used to calculate<br />
rate constant for atmospheric chemical reactions. Has published 40 scientific publications, including 15 peer<br />
reviewed papers. Participated in many EU-funded projects (e.g. EL CID, SAMORA, RAMAS, GEMS),<br />
international, and national projects, e.g. The Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research (CCAR).<br />
Selected relevant publications:<br />
Baklanov, A., A. Rasmussen, B. Fay, E. Berge, S. Finardi (2002): Potential and Shortcomings of Numerical Weather<br />
Prediction Models in Providing Meteorological Data for Urban Air Pollution Forecasting. Water, Air and Soil<br />
Poll.: Focus, 2(5-6): 43-60.<br />
Baklanov, A., O. Hänninen, L. H. Slørdal, J. Kukkonen, N. Bjergene, B. Fay, S. Finardi, S. C. Hoe, M. Jantunen, A.<br />
Karppinen, A. Rasmussen, A. Skouloudis, R. S. Sokhi, J. H. Sørensen, V. Ødegaard (2007): Integrated systems for<br />
forecasting urban meteorology, air pollution and population exposure. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 855-874.<br />
Christensen, J.H., O.B. Christensen, (2003): Severe Summer Flooding in Europe, Nature, 421, 805-806.<br />
Christensen J.H., J. Räisänen, T. Iversen, D. Bjørge, O.B. Christensen, M. Rummukainen, (2001): A synthesis of<br />
regional climate change simulations -A Scandinavian perspective. Geoph. Res. Lett., 28, 1003-1006.<br />
Chenevez, J., A. Baklanov, J. H. Sørensen, (2004): Pollutant Transport Schemes Integrated in a Numerical Weather<br />
Prediction Model: Model description and Verification Results. Meteorological Applications, 11(3), 265-275.<br />
Gross, A., Baklanov A., (2004): Modelling the influence of dimethyl sulphide on the aerosol production in the marine<br />
boundary layer, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 22(1/2): 51-71.<br />
Penenko, V., A. Baklanov, E. Tsvetova, (2002): Methods of sensitivity theory and inverse modelling for estimation of<br />
source term. Future Generation Computer Systems, 18: 661-671.<br />
Partner 2 (co-cord.): Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical<br />
Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (FORTH)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (ICE-HT) was established<br />
in 1984, and is one of the seven research institutes that constitute FORTH (FOundation for Research and<br />
Technology Hellas). Currently, ICE-HT runs 50 RTD projects in cooperation with numerous industrial<br />
enterprises, universities and research institutes from all over the world. ICE-HT has more than 115 staff<br />
members and Res. Assoc. (40 - PhD holders). The Institute has well-equipped laboratories that have been<br />
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used in a variety of research and technology problems involving physicochemical phenomena. ICE-HT is in<br />
close cooperation with the Department of Chemical Engineering in the University of Patras. The work in this<br />
project will be performed by the Air Quality Laboratory of ICE-HT. This team has approximately 20 years<br />
of experience in the study of urban, regional, and global air quality. Research in the area of sources,<br />
properties, chemistry, and removal of atmospheric aerosol is the major focus of the group. The team is<br />
currently participating in the EUCAARI project.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
FORTH will co-coordinate the project and will participate in WP 3, 4, 6 and 7 providing continuous<br />
measurements of the aerosol size/composition distribution and properties, and continuing the development<br />
and application of state-of-the-art Chemical Transport Models in urban, regional and global scales.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Prof. Spyros Pandis - Director of the Air Quality Laboratory in FORTH, Prof. in the University of Patras in<br />
Greece and the Elias Res. Prof. in Carnegie Mellon University (CMU, US). He has been PI for the Pittsburgh<br />
Supersite (one of the six Centres of Excellence for Atmospheric Aerosols funded by the US EPA) and the<br />
Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (funded by the US DoE) and more than ten additional projects funded by the<br />
US EPA, US NSF, US DoE, etc. He is the author of approximately 120 peer-reviewed papers (3 in Science<br />
and Nature), the vice-president of the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR), and the recipient<br />
of Whitby Award of AAAR, the Vaughn Lectureship by Caltech, and the Kun Li, Teare and Tallman Ladd<br />
awards by CMU.<br />
Recent and relevant publications<br />
Seinfeld J. H., Pandis S. N. (2006): Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2 nd<br />
edition, J. Wiley, New York.<br />
Gaydos T. M., R. Pinder, B. Koo, K. M. Fahey, G. Yarwood, S. N. Pandis (2006): Development and application of a<br />
three-dimensional aerosol chemical transport model, PMCAMx, Atmos. Environ.,<br />
doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.034.<br />
Dawson J. P., P. J. Adams, S. N. Pandis (2007): Sensitivity of ozone to summertime climate in the eastern US: A<br />
modelling case study, Atmos. Environ., In Press.<br />
Lane T. E., R. W. Pinder, M. Shrivastava, A. L. Robinson, S. N. Pandis (2007): Source contributions to primary<br />
organic aerosol: Comparison of the results of a source-resolved model and the Chemical Mass balance approach,<br />
Atmos. Environ., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.006.<br />
Robinson A. L., N. M. Donahue, M. K. Shrivastava, E. A. Wietkamp, A. M. Sage, A. P. Grieshop, T. E. Lane, S. N.<br />
Pandis, J. R. Pierce (2007): Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging,<br />
Science, 315, 1259-1262.<br />
Partner 3 (co-cord.): Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry was established in Mainz in 1949, and focuses on the chemistry of<br />
the atmosphere, particle chemistry, biogeochemistry, remote sensing for Earth systems sciences, and<br />
chemistry of the geosphere. Prof. Jos Lelieveld leads the atmospheric chemistry department. The modelling<br />
group, led by Dr. Mark Lawrence, has many years of experience in global tropospheric, stratospheric, and<br />
mesospheric chemistry modelling, chemistry-climate coupling, support and analysis of field campaigns, and<br />
satellite data analysis.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
MPIC will co-coordinate the project and will participate in WP 1, 5, 6 and 8, providing global model<br />
simulations of the impacts of megacities on atmospheric composition and climate, collaborating on the<br />
development of emissions datasets for sensitivity and scenario studies, and on the interpretation of scenario<br />
runs for evaluating mitigation strategies, as well as working actively towards the dissemination of the results<br />
to the scientific community and stakeholders (public and policy makers).<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Dr. Mark Lawrence, who will act as the PI for <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>, received his Ph.D. in Earth and Atmospheric<br />
Sciences in 1996 from the Georgia Institute of Technology (main thesis advisor: Prof. Paul J. Crutzen). From<br />
2000-2005 he led an independent junior research group at the MPIC, funded by the German Ministry<br />
(BMBF), which focused on modelling studies of tropical tropospheric photochemistry. Since 2006 he has led<br />
the modelling group of the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry. Dr. Lawrence has several years of<br />
experience in the development of photochemical models, being one of the co-developers of the Model of<br />
Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH), and has also been involved in using models to plan and<br />
analyze field campaigns. He has over 80 (co)authored publications, including a couple recent papers on<br />
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aspects of pollution from megacities. A current postdoc in his group, Dr. Tim Butler, would perform most of<br />
the funded work within <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>.<br />
Prof. Jos Lelieveld graduated in the Netherlands at Leiden University from the Faculty of Mathematics and<br />
Natural Sciences (1984), and has a Ph.D. from the Faculty of Physics and Astronomy at Utrecht University<br />
(1990). He was a scientist at the MPIC from 1987-1993, a professor at Wageningen University from 1993-<br />
1996 and at Utrecht University from 1996-2000, and has been director at the MPIC since 2000. His research<br />
interests concentrate on the processes that control ozone and other photo-oxidants in the troposphere.<br />
Prof. Thomas Wagner led the satellite remote sensing group in the Institute for Environmental Physics at the<br />
University of Heidelberg until 2006, when he came to the MPIC to lead the newly formed satellite remote<br />
sensing group there. He has many years of experience in developing new retrieval algorithms for IR/Vis/UV<br />
satellite instruments, especially GOME and SCIAMACHY, and is the author of numerous papers applying<br />
these data to understand current issues in tropospheric pollution, such as the outflow from major urban<br />
regions, and trends in pollution levels.<br />
Prof. Stephan Borrmann is director of the Particle Chemistry Department of MPIC in Mainz, which has<br />
developed an extensive capability for making in-situ aerosol measurements, including a mobile laboratory.<br />
This group has expressed an interest in participating in the Paris plume field campaign on institute or<br />
national funding, if possible.<br />
Prof. Paul J. Crutzen (Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995) was director of the Atmospheric Chemistry<br />
Department of the MPIC in Mainz until summer 2000 and since then he is Prof. Emeritus at MPIC. He will<br />
be on the advisory board for the project.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Lawrence, M. G., T. M. Butler, J. Steinkamp, B. R. Gurjar, J. Lelieveld, (2006): Regional pollution potentials of<br />
megacities and other major population centers, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 13323-13366.<br />
Butler, T. M., M. G. Lawrence, B. Gurjar, J. van Aardenne, M. Schultz , J. Lelieveld, (2006): The representation of<br />
emissions from megacities in global emissions inventories, Atmos. Env., In Review.<br />
Lawrence, M. G., P. J. Crutzen, (1999): Influence of NOx emissions from ships on tropospheric photochemistry and<br />
climate, Nature, 402, 167-170.<br />
Beirle, S., U. Platt, M. Wenig, T. Wagner, (2003): Weekly cycle of NO2 by GOME measurements: A signature of<br />
anthropogenic sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2225-2232.<br />
Beirle, S., Platt, U.,Wenig, M., Wagner, T., (2004): Highly resolved global distribution of tropospheric NO2 using<br />
GOME narrow swath mode data, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 1913-1924.<br />
Partner 4: ARIANET (SME)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
ARIANET is an environmental consulting company based in Milan, founded in year 2000 by a group of<br />
scientists, experts in air pollution and meteorological modelling mostly coming from research centres<br />
(ENEL- former electricity board and universities). ARIANET activities include: applied meteorological and<br />
air quality modelling from to local scale; air quality forecasting; real-time pollution control for industrial<br />
sites; development of emission inventories; integration between simulation models and geographic<br />
information systems (GIS), reconstruction of traffic flows and evaluation of their impact on air quality.<br />
ARIANET recent activities include: 1) support to ENEA and Italian Environmental Ministry in the<br />
development of RAINS-Italy; 2) cooperation with Italian Regional and Local Environmental Agencies to<br />
implement air pollution modelling systems for yearly air quality assessment and management at regional and<br />
urban scale; 3) participation in EU FP5 project FUMAPEX, as WP leader, developing an urban air quality<br />
forecasting system for the Turin urban area.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
Multiscale emission modelling, integration of different emission inventories and up-scaling of high<br />
resolution regional and city scale emissions (WP1). Nested air quality modelling system applications to<br />
upscale megacities and hotspots pollution and evaluate their local to regional air quality impact (WP5 and<br />
WP7). Development, application and demonstration of prototype modelling system for case studies and<br />
scenarios evaluation on the Po-Valley urban conglomeration area and Mexico City (WP7 and WP8).<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Giuseppe Calori (Senior Scientist; Ph.: +39-02-27007255; Fax: +39-02-25708084, e-mail: g.calori@arianet.it)<br />
- Univ.Degree in Electronic Engineering and PhD in Automatica, both from Politecnico di Milano.<br />
Research scholar at IIASA (International Institute for Applied System Analysis) in 1995. Post-doc at<br />
Politecnico di Milano in 1995-96. Visiting scholar at CGRER – Univ. of Iowa (Center for Global and<br />
Regional Environmental Research) in 1999. Contributor and co-ordinator of R&D projects on air pollution<br />
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modelling and environmental impact assessment on various scales and regions; among the others: emission<br />
inventories and photochemical modelling in urban areas, acidification over the Italian region, present and<br />
future impacts of sulphur in Asian megacities, integrated assessment of acidification in Asia (World Bank),<br />
policies scenarios analysis through integrated modelling systems.<br />
Sandro Finardi (Senior Scientist; Ph.: +39-02-27007255; Fax: +39-02-25708084, e-mail: s.finardi@arianet.it)<br />
- Univ. Degree in Physics at the University of Milan in 1988. Experience on atmospheric dispersion<br />
modelling of industrial and civil sources emissions in the frame of environmental impact assessment. From<br />
1991 he has been working on meteorological models at local and meso-scale, applying diagnostic and<br />
prognostic techniques in urban environment and over complex terrain. Further activities regard atmospheric<br />
surface and boundary layer parameterisations. During the last years he worked on the development of<br />
deterministic air quality prediction systems. He has been involved in EU COST710 and COST715 and is<br />
presently invited expert of COST728 Action. He led WP5 of EU FP5 project FUMAPEX, dealing with<br />
interfaces between meteorological and air quality models.<br />
Camillo Silibello (Senior Scientist; Ph.: +39-02-27007255; Fax: +39-02-25708084, e-mail: c.silibello@arianet.it)<br />
- Univ. Degree in Physics at University of Milan in 1988. He works on the development and<br />
application of mathematical models in the fields of transport and diffusion of pollutant in the atmosphere.<br />
Visiting researcher at CGRER – Univ. of Iowa in 1996 where he started to work with STEM model under<br />
the supervision of Prof. G. Carmichael. Further activities regard deposition estimation over the Italian area,<br />
sensitivity studies of effects of chemical mechanisms in model applications, inclusion of aerosol processes in<br />
comprehensive air quality models and application of chemical transport model to different area in the Italian<br />
basin. In 2006 he has been nominated by the Italian Ministry for the Environment Land and Sea as a national<br />
expert for the preparation of the EMEP/TFMM Particulate Matter Assessment Report.<br />
Alessio D’Allura (Junior Scientist; Ph.: +39-02-27007255; Fax: +39-02-25708084, e-mail: a.dallura@arianet.it)<br />
- Univ. Degree in Environmental Science and PhD in Environmental Science focused on development<br />
and validation of Air Quality Forecast System, both from University of Milano Bicocca. Contributor of<br />
FUMAPEX project. Research Scholar at CGRER – Univ. of Iowa (Center for Global and Regional<br />
Environmental Research) in 2006. Involved in air quality forecast activities during the measurement<br />
campaigns INTEX-B (The Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment – Phase B ), MILAGRO<br />
(Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) and TexAQS (Texas Air Quality Study). He<br />
gained experience in set up, drive and validate a forecast modelling system including: meteorological nonhydrostatic<br />
models (such as RAMS or WRF) and local to mesoscale pollutant dispersion models.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Finardi S., De Maria R., D’Allura A., Calori G., Cascone C., Lollobrigida F. (2007): A Deterministic Air Quality<br />
Forecasting System For Torino Urban Area, Italy., Environ.Model. and Software, In Press.<br />
Baklanov, A., Hänninen, O., Slørdal, L. H., Kukkonen, J., Bjergene, N., Fay, B., Finardi, S., Hoe, S. C., Jantunen, M.,<br />
Karppinen, A., Rasmussen, A., Skouloudis, A., Sokhi, R. S., Sørensen, J. H., (2007): Integrated systems for<br />
forecasting urban meteorology, air pollution and population exposure. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 855–874.<br />
Tang Y., Charmichael G. R., Mena M., D'Allura A., Chai T., Pierce, R B, Al-Saadi, J A (2006): The Mexico City<br />
Outflow and Its Regional Influence: A Regional Model Study in INTEX- B/MIRAGE Field Experiment. AGU<br />
2006 Fall Meeting.<br />
Guttikunda S.K., Carmichael G.R., Calori G., Eck C., Woo J.H. (2003): The contribution of megacities to regional<br />
sulfur pollution in Asia. Atmos.Environ., 37, 11-22.<br />
Carmichael G.R., Streets D.G., Calori G., Amann M., Jacobson M. Z., Hansen J., Ueda H. (2002): Changing trends in<br />
sulfur emissions in Asia: implications for acid deposition, air pollution, and climate. Environ. Sci. and Tech.,<br />
36(22), 4707-4713.<br />
Partner 5: Aristotle University THessaloniki (AUTH)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering (LHTEE) belongs to the Energy Section of<br />
the Mechanical Engineering Department of AUTH. It has a long record of research and consulting activities,<br />
both at national and international level. Most of the research funds of the Laboratory originate from<br />
competitive programmes of the European Commission. In the last years, the total annual turnover of the<br />
Laboratory has been of the order of 1 million €. The Laboratory has significant experience and expertise in<br />
meteorological and air quality modelling and air quality assessment. The Laboratory’s research work focuses<br />
on the simulation of transport and chemical transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere with the use of<br />
advanced air quality models, with main focus lately on the urban air quality assessment. The Laboratory is<br />
also involved in Air Quality Management through the assessment of various measures for reducing air<br />
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pollution levels, and the analysis of the impact of industrial activities and major public works on air quality.<br />
The Laboratory also provides practical support to public authorities and the private sector within this area of<br />
activities through the development of integrated environmental assessment tools with the use of informatics<br />
technologies. In the frame of its consulting services, LHTEE is also significantly involved in the various<br />
activities of EEA's European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
AUTH will co-ordinate WP4 and will play a significant role in WP2 and WP7. In WP4, AUTH will lead the<br />
investigation and testing of advanced physical and chemical parameterisations developed in WP2, and will<br />
describe the dispersion, transformation and removal processes of the pollutants across the mesoscale and<br />
urban scales. The coupled MEMO/MARS modelling system will also be used to relate meteorological<br />
patterns to urban air pollution episodes and to identify and quantify the contribution of the main local<br />
emission sources to the urban air quality. In WP2, numerical RANS and LES CFD simulations will be<br />
performed by AUTH for the systematic study of small-scale features in the urban canopy and their effect on<br />
the air flow, as well as for the description of the urban energy balance. In WP7, simplified approaches for<br />
assessing megacities impact and climate impact on megacities will be suggested, through defining a<br />
hierarchy of model complexities that will be organised with respect to the necessary input data, based on the<br />
implementation of the model systems for different megacities.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Prof. Nicolas Moussiopoulos - Director of LHTEE, and a Full Prof. at AUTH; also an Honorary Prof. at the<br />
School of Mechanical Engineering (Universitaet Karlsruhe). His research focuses among others on the<br />
development of atmospheric wind and dispersion/chemistry models and their application at the local-toregional<br />
scales. He co-ordinated several large international research projects and is the author of more than<br />
300 scientific publications (more than 80 in peer-reviewed journals). He is currently actively involved in<br />
ACCENT, the European Network of Excellence on Atmospheric Composition Change, and in EU-funded<br />
projects such as CAIR4HEALTH and NEEDS. He is a member of the German Academy of Natural<br />
Scientists Leopoldina and in 2002 he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.<br />
Mr. John Douros is a Res. Assoc. within LHTEE. He studied Physics at AUTH and Environmental<br />
Technology at Imperial College of the University of London where he completed his MSc course on fugitive<br />
dust dispersion modelling. In 2001 he joined LHTEE where he is currently working on mesoscale<br />
meteorological modelling and photochemical dispersion modelling. He also participates in various EUfunded<br />
projects dealing with air pollution modelling and assessment, such as CAIR4HEALTH and NEEDS.<br />
Mr. Photios Barmpas graduated as an Aerospace Engineer in 1997 and received M.Sc in Applied<br />
Mathematics and Fluid Mechanics in 1999 from the University of Manchester. Since then he has held a<br />
research engineering positioning LHTEE, in the field of CFD and Heat Transfer where he has registered as a<br />
PhD student. He has worked on the optimisation of heat exchangers in future commercial airliners aeroengines<br />
through CFD analysis as well as on wind flow and dispersion of pollutants in built-up areas for<br />
various EU projects. At the moment he is working on the investigation of wind flow and the dispersion of<br />
pollutants in built up areas using wind tunnel modelling techniques.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Arvanitis A., Moussiopoulos N. (2005): Estimating long term urban exposure to particulate matter and ozone in<br />
Europe, Environ. Model.g and Software, In Press<br />
Moussiopoulos N. (1995): The MAC Zooming Model, a tool for local-to-regional air quality studies, Meteorology and<br />
Atmos. Phys., 57, 115-133.<br />
Moussiopoulos N., Douros I. (2003): Evaluation and sensitivity tests of MEMO using the ESCOMPTE pre-campaign<br />
dataset, Int. J. of Environ. and Pollution , 20, 55-63.<br />
Moussiopoulos N., Douros I. (2005) Efficient calculation of urban scale air pollutant dispersion and transformation<br />
using the OFIS model within the framework of CityDelta, Int. J. of Environ. and Pollution, 24, 64-74.<br />
Moussiopoulos N. Papagrigoriou S., Bartzis J.G., Nester K., Van den Bergh H., Theodoridis G. (2000): Forecasting air<br />
quality in the greater Athens area for the year 2004: An intercomparison of the results of four different dispersion<br />
models, Int. J. of Environ. and Pollution, 14, 343-353.<br />
Moussiopoulos N., Papalexiou S., Sahm P. (2005): Wind flow and photochemical air pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece,<br />
Part I: Simulations with the European Zooming Model, Environ. Sci. and Tech., In Press.<br />
Partner 6: Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)<br />
CNRS represents five Joint Research Units : LISA, LSCE, LAMP, GAME and LGGE.<br />
In addition SAFIRE / Méteo France will act as a subcontractor.<br />
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6.1: CNRS – LISA<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Laboratory Inter-universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA) is a joint research unit of the<br />
CNRS, the University of Paris 12 and the University of Paris 7. The laboratory activities cover six main<br />
research topics including desert aerosols, the oxyding capacity of the atmosphere, the local and continental<br />
pollution, the atmospheric impacts on ecosystems, the organic physico-chemistry of planetary environments,<br />
and atmospheric spectroscopy.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
Campaign planning and organization (dedicated campaign in Paris region WP3), Airborne gas phase<br />
measurements gas in WP3, Ground based gas phase measurements. Urban / regional / continental scale<br />
modelling with the CHIMERE model for several megacities.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Matthias Beekmann (Team leader; Ph.: +33-1-45171545; Fax: +33-1-45171564, e-mail:<br />
beekmann@lisa.univ-paris12.fr) - Senior Scientist at CNRS. Since more than 15 years, he is working on<br />
various aspects of the tropospheric ozone budget on the global, continental and regional/urban scale. His<br />
major field is regional scale pollution modelling. He initiated with colleagues the development of a<br />
continental and regional scale transport and chemistry model (CHIMERE), which is now operationally used<br />
for air quality forecast at INERIS (www.prevair.org). He is author or co-author of about 30 peer-reviewed<br />
publications. He participated as a PI to a large number of EU projects in the field, BOA (Budget of Ozone<br />
over the Atlantic), TACIA (Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclones), MAXOX (MAXimum<br />
OXidation rates in the free troposphere), NATAIR (Improving and Applying Methods for the Calculation of<br />
Natural and Biogenic Emissions and Assessment of Impacts on Air Quality), GEMS (Global and Regional<br />
Earth system Monitoring Using Satellite and in-situ Data) and GEOMON (Global Earth Observation and<br />
Monitoring).<br />
Agnès Borbon (CNRS Res. Scientist; Ph.: +33-1-45171519; e-mail: borbon@lisa.univ-paris12.fr) – is an<br />
atmospheric scientist at CNRS. Since 8 years, she has been working on various aspects of tropospheric<br />
chemistry and especially sources and fate of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and their implication on<br />
photooxidant budget. Her approach is based on field experimental work both on ground and airborne<br />
platforms and statistical data analysis. During her PhD, she developed an automated online system for VOC<br />
ozone precursor monitoring which is now the reference method of the French Monitoring Air Quality<br />
Network. At the LISA, she has been developing a new offline instrumentation for primary and secondary<br />
VOC airborne measurements. She collaborated to various French and EU projects (MERA/EMEP,<br />
ESCOMPTE (Expérience sur Site pour COntraindre les Modèles de Pollution atmosphérique et de Transport<br />
d’Emissions) and AMMA (Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine)).<br />
Aurélie Colomb (Assoc. Prof.; Ph.: +33-1-45171547; e-mail: colomb@lisa.univ-paris12.fr) - is Assoc. Prof.<br />
at the university Paris 12 (Creteil) and works in LISA since Sep 2006. Since 8 years, she is working on the<br />
measurement of organic compounds in the atmosphere and its relation to photochemical ozone production.<br />
Her major field is VOCs/NOx/O3 measurements during ground or airborne field campaigns. She participated<br />
to a large number of French/German/EU projects in the field, POVA (Pollution des Vallees Alpines),<br />
ESCOMPTE, UTOPIHAN-ACT (Upper Tropospheric Ozone: Processes Involving HOx and NOx -The<br />
Impact of Aviation and Convectively Transported Pollutants in the Tropopause Region), HOHPEX<br />
(Hohenpeissenberg OH-Intercomparison and Photochemistry Experiment), MANCHOT (Measurement of<br />
Anthropogenic and Natural Compound in the Southern Hemispheric Oceanic Troposphere), PEeCE III<br />
(Pelagic Ecosystem CO2 Enrichment Study), GABRIEL (Guyanas Atmosphere-Biosphere exchange and<br />
Radicals Intensive Experiment with the Learjet), and OOMPH (Organics over the Ocean Modifying Particles<br />
in both Hemisphere).<br />
Isabelle Coll (Assoc. Prof.; Ph.: +33-1-45171546; e-mail: icoll@lisa.univ-paris12.fr) - is Assoc. Prof. at the<br />
university Paris 12 (Creteil). Since about 10 years, she is working in the field of air quality model<br />
development and applications. She was deeply involved in the ESCOMPTE project. In particular, she was<br />
charge of a workpackage aiming at systematically evaluating the effect of different emission reductions<br />
scenarios on air quality in the Marseille region. She is member of many national projects dealing with<br />
regional scale photooxidant modelling and also of several EU projects EU/GEMS and ESA PROMOTE.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Beekmann M., A. Kerschbaumer, E. Reimer, R. Stern, D. Möller, (2007): PM measurement campaign HOVERT in the<br />
Greater Berlin area: model evaluation with chemically specified particulate matter observations for a one year<br />
period, Atmos. Phys. and Chem., 7, 55-68.<br />
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Konovalov, I. B., M. Beekmann, A. Richter, H. Nüß, and J. P. Burrows, (2006): Inverse modelling of spatial<br />
distributions of NOx emissions on a continental scale using satellite data, Atmos. Phys. and Chem., 6, 1747-1770.<br />
Colomb A., V. Jacob, P.Kaluzny, F.Tripoli and P.Baussand, (2006): Airborne measurements of trace organic species in<br />
the upper troposphere over Europe: the impact of deep convection, Environ. Chem., 3 (4) 244–259.<br />
Borbon A., H. Fontaine, N. Locoge, M. Veillerot, J.C. Galloo, (2003): Developing receptor-oriented methods for<br />
Non-Methane Hydrocarbon caracterisation in urban air. Part I: Source identification, Atmos. Environ., 37(29):<br />
4051-4064.<br />
Coll I., S. Pinceloup, P.E. Perros; G. Laverdet, G. Le Bras, (2005): 3D analysis of high ozone production rates observed<br />
during the ESCOMPTE campaign, Atm. Research, 477-505.<br />
6.2. CNRS – LSCE<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE) is a joint research unit of the<br />
CNRS, the CEA and the University of Versailles St-Quentin. The LSCE (staff 250) is part of the Institut<br />
Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL). The laboratory activities is divided into three main broad research topics<br />
including Climate, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Geochronology-Geochemistry. The experience and<br />
qualification of LSCE researchers relevant to <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>S comprise a unique expertise in air quality<br />
including measurements of trace gases with a focus on VOC compounds, and of aerosols with a focus on<br />
aerosol optical properties and size-resolved chemical composition. Expertise includes both ground-based and<br />
airborne measurements, and vertical profiling with lidar systems.<br />
The CEA will make available resources for the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Project, in terms of unfunded personal<br />
contributing to the project. CEA will be represented in this project by CNRS via clause 10.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
Ground based gas phase and aerosols measurements, airborne lidar measurements during the dedicated<br />
campaign in Paris region in WP3.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Jean Sciare (CNRS Res. Sci., Team Leader; Ph.: +33-1-69087967; Fax: +33-1-69087716, e-mail:<br />
jean.sciare@lsce.ipsl.fr) - is an atmospheric chemist CNRS, working now at LSCE on the experimental<br />
characterisation of tropospheric aerosols. Following his engineer diploma in chemistry in 1994, and a 14month<br />
period at Amsterdam Isl. (French Austral islands) as responsible for atmospheric monitoring<br />
activities, he received PhD (Univ. Paris VII) in 2000 at LSCE on the study of the formation of biogenic<br />
aerosols (DMS cycle) in the Austral Ocean. After a 1-year post-doc at MPI (biogeochemistry group, Resp.<br />
M.O. Andreae), he obtained a permanent CNRS position at LSCE in 2001. He has participated in many<br />
international field and oceanographic campaigns including BIOGEST, PAURII, MTPII-MATER,<br />
MARATHON, ELCID, LBA-CLAIRE, MINOS, OOMPH. His current activities are focussed on the study of<br />
urban aerosols in megacities (e.g. Beijing, Cairo, Paris) and the development of techniques to enable in-situ<br />
fast and artefact-free measurements of the main chemical components of sub(super) micron aerosols.<br />
Valérie Gros (CNRS Res. Sci.; Ph.: +33-1-69087967; e-mail: valerie.gros@lsce.ipsl.fr.) – is an atmospheric<br />
scientist at CNRS. She received her Ph.D. in 1998 at LSCE on the experimental study of ozone and carbon<br />
monoxide at Amsterdam Island (French austral island). Between 1999 and 2004, she worked at the Max<br />
Planck Institute for Chemistry in two different groups (isotope group and organic reactive species group).<br />
She has participated in many international field campaigns including AEROBIC, MINATROC,<br />
UTOPIHAN, HOHPEX, OOMPH and a summer campaign at Amsterdam Island. She is author or co-author<br />
of more than 20 peer-reviewed publications. She got a CNRS permanent position in 2004 and is now<br />
working at the LSCE studying volatile organic compounds and their impact on the oxidising capacity of the<br />
troposphere and on aerosol formation. She leads the French young researcher ANR program “AEROCOV”,<br />
on interaction of VOCs and secondary organic aerosols in megacities.<br />
Bernard Bonsang (Senior Sci.; Ph.: +33-1-69087888; e-mail: bernard.bonsang@lsce.ipsl.fr) - is researcher<br />
at CNRS, is working in the field of atmospheric chemistry since 1973. His research mainly concerns the<br />
study of the oxidising capacity of the atmosphere with emphasis on the role of VOCs and related species in<br />
the budget of ozone and oxidants. He is graduated from university of Paris VI (MSc, 1973, and PhD in<br />
Nuclear Chemistry, 1974; and French ‘thèse d’état’ in atmospheric chemistry of sulphur species, 1980), he<br />
has spent a 1 year post doctorate at NCAR (Boulder CO, USA) He has participated in more than 30 field<br />
campaigns over continental or marine areas. He has been coordinator of EC projects (FIELDVOC,<br />
AEROBIC) and PI of several other national, EU, and international projects (OCEANONOX,<br />
EUROTRAC/ASE, FOS/DECAFE, DYFAMED, TROPOZ, ASTEX/MAGE) in the field of tropospheric<br />
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chemistry. His current activities are focussed on the study of the sources and chemistry of VOCs and related<br />
compounds mainly in remote regions and also over forests and urban areas.<br />
Patrick Chazette (Senior Sci.; Ph.: +33-1-69089456; e-mail: Patrick.Chazette@cea.fr) - is a Res. Scientist at<br />
the LSCE laboratory since 1993. He has acquired his PhD in the Service d'Aéronomie with Gérard Mégie in<br />
1990, in the field of space borne lidar dedicated to atmospheric research. He co-signs more than 40<br />
publications in peer reviewed international journals and more than 100 presentations in International<br />
Symposia. He is in charge of multi-angular backscatter lidar development for the Commissariat à l’Energie<br />
Atomique (CEA). He is expert on the remote sensing science for CEA. He previously worked within space<br />
borne scientific studies related to ATLID (1988-1991), ALISSA (1990), BEST (1991-1992) and IASI (1991-<br />
1997) projects. He acted as PI in the international projects MEDUSE (EU project from 1996 to 1998) and<br />
INDOEX (1999). He was coordinator in the frame of various programs dedicated to air pollution as<br />
ESQUIF, POVA and LISAIR. He is also a member of this scientific French comity and of the “Terre Ocean<br />
Surface Continental Atmosphére” (TOSCA) program for spaceborne-Earth observing systems.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Gros V., J. Williams, J. van Aardenne, G. Salisbury, R. Hofmann, M. Lawrence, R. von Kuhlmann, J. Lelieveld, M.<br />
Krol, H. Berresheim, J. M. Lobert, E. Atlas, (2003): Origin of Anthropogenic Hydrocarbons and Halocarbons<br />
Measured in the Summertime European Outflow (on Crete in 2001), Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 3, 1223-1235.<br />
Chazette P., H. Randriamiarisoa, J. Sanak, P. Couvert, C. Flamant, (2005): Optical properties of urban aerosol from<br />
airborne and ground-based in situ measurements performed during the ESQUIF program, J. Geophys. Res, 110,<br />
(D2), D0220610.1029/2004JD004810, 2005.<br />
Randriamiarisoa H., P. Chazette, P. Couvert, J. Sanak, G. Mégie (2006): Relative humidity impact on aerosol<br />
parameters in a Paris suburban area, Atmos. Chem. and Phys. Discus., 1389-1407.<br />
Hodzic A., R. Vautard, P. Chazette et L. Menut (2006): Aerosol chemical and optical properties over the Paris area<br />
within ESQUIF project, Atmos. Chem. Phys.<br />
Lelieveld, J., N. Mihalopoulos, J. Sciare, and 30 co-authors, (2002): Global Air Pollution Crossroads over the<br />
Mediterranean, Science, 298, 794-799.<br />
Sciare, J., H. Cachier, R. Sarda-Estève, T. Yu, (2007): Semi-volatile aerosols in Beijing (R.P. China): Characterization<br />
and contribution to various PM2.5, J. Geophys. Res., In Press.<br />
6.3: CNRS – LaMP<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
LaMP (Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique) is a joint research unit of CNRS and Université Blaise Pascal.<br />
LaMP has a long-standing experience in the experimental and modelling studies of clouds and their<br />
interactions with solar radiation and atmospheric gaseous and particulate compounds. The main research<br />
activities deal with the role of aerosols and clouds in the oxidation capacity of the troposphere and the impact<br />
of iced and mixed-phase clouds on the Earth’s radiative budget. LaMP has developed new tools for<br />
characterising radiative and chemical properties of aerosols and cloud elements. It implements the cloud<br />
observation site of Puy-de-Dôme and manages activities for the French network of free-tropospheric research<br />
stations. In addition, LaMP has a long-standing experience with airborne characterization of cloud and<br />
aerosol optical, physical and chemical properties. LaMP has co-ordinated a number of EU projects within<br />
FP4 and FP5 and is present in the steering committees of several national and international programmes.<br />
LaMP is presently coordinating the EUSAAR FP6 Infrastructure program for monitoring of aerosol<br />
properties over Europe.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
Airborne aerosol measurements in WP3 (microphysics and chemistry).<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Paolo Laj (Senior Scientist; Ph.: +33-4-43407369; Fax: +33-4-73407382, e-mail: P.Laj@opgc.univbpclermont.fr)<br />
- he has published more than 50 papers in the field of aerosols and clouds and their<br />
interaction. He participated in 6 EU project and has procured more than 6 M€ of research income. He is<br />
leading the aerosol group at CNRS-LaMP and he is responsible for the French national aerosol program. He<br />
is a member of the SSC of the national program for atmospheric research and of the national agency<br />
committee for environment and health. He is the scientific coordinator of the EUSAAR I3 project and the<br />
coordinator of the action Access to infrastructures within NoE ACCENT.<br />
Karine Sellegri (CNRS Res. Scientist) - has integrated the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Physique (LaMP),<br />
France in October 2004 to study aerosol formation and its physico-chemical properties in natural<br />
environments. In the past, she has worked on new particle formation bursts in the Boreal forest (Hyytiälä) in<br />
the frame of the QUEST EU project and in the coastal marine environment (Mace Head) in the frame of the<br />
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BIOFLUX project. Actually, she is involved in EUCAARI and EUSAAR programs.<br />
Alfons Schwarzenboeck (Assoc. Prof. at Univ. of Clermont Ferrand) - he participated to the EU Programs<br />
ASTAR, AMMA, and EUCAARI and is involved with the properties of clouds and aerosols and their impact<br />
on the Earth radiative balance. He is specialized in airborne operations for sampling aerosols and clouds.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Sellegri K., P. Laj, F. Peron , R. Dupuy, M.Legrand, S.Preunkert, J-P.Putaud, H.Cachier, G.Ghermandi, (2003): Mass<br />
balance of free tropospheric aerosol at the Puy de Dôme (France) in winter, J. of Geophysi. Research, 108 (D11) .<br />
Sellegri K., P. Laj, R. Dupuy, M.Legrand, S.Preunkert, J-P.Putaud, H.Cachier, (2003): Size-dependent scavenging<br />
efficiencies of multi-component atmospheric aerosols in clouds”, J. of Geophys. Research, 108(D11).<br />
Sellegri K., M. Hanke, B. Umann, F. Arnold, M. Kulmala, (2005): Measurements of atmospheric Organic Gases during<br />
Nucleation Events in the Boreal Forest Atmosphere during QUEST, Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 5, 373-384.<br />
Ghermandi, G.; Cecchi, R.; Lusvarghi, L.; Laj, P.; Zappoli, S.; Ceccato, D. (2005): Internal/external mixing of aerosol<br />
particles elemental composition retrieved from microPIXE and PIXE , Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res., B 240,<br />
(1-2), 313-320.<br />
Marinoni, A. ; Laj, P. ; Deveau, P.A. ; Marino, F. ; Ghermandi, G. ; Aulagnier, F. ; Cachier, H. 2005 Physicochemical<br />
properties of fine aerosols at Plan d'Aups during ESCOMPTE. Atmos. Res., 74 , (1-4), 565-580.<br />
Putaud, J.-P. ; Raes, F. ; Van Dingenen, R. ; Brüggemann, E. ; Facchini, M.-C. ; Decesari, S. ; Fuzzi, S. ; Gehrig, R. ;<br />
Hüglin, C. ; Laj, P. ; Lorbeer, G. ; Maenhaut, W. ; Mihalopoulos, N. ; Müller, K. ; Querol, X. ; Rodriguez, S. ;<br />
Schneider, J. ; Spindler, G. ; ten Brink, H. ; Tørseth, K. ; Wiedensohler, A. (2004): A European aerosol<br />
phenomenology--2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in<br />
Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38 (16), 2579-2595.<br />
6.4: CNRS – GAME<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Groupe d'étude de l'Atmosphère Météorologique (GAME) is a joint research unit of the CNRS and the<br />
Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques of Meteo-France. The laboratory activities cover six main<br />
research topics including water cycle (processes, modelling, assimilation), climate and climate change,<br />
ocean-atmosphere exchange, physics and chemistry of the atmosphere, urban meteorology, modelling and<br />
instrumental development.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
Airborne aerosol measurements in WP3 (microphysics and chemistry).<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Laurent Gomes (Ph.D.; Ph.: +33-5-61079807; Fax: +33-5-61079627, e-mail: laurent.gomes@meteo.fr) - is<br />
senior scientist at CNRS. He is working more than 15 years on various aspects of tropospheric aerosols at<br />
regional/urban scale. His major field is now aerosol/clouds interactions; co-author of about 40 peer-reviewed<br />
publications in the field of measurements and modelling of physical and chemical properties of aerosols,<br />
their impact on cloud microphysics and their effects on air pollution and climate. He has participated to<br />
various EU projects over 10 years (WELSONS, STAAARTE, EUFAR, ACCENT, EUCAARI).<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Gomes L., J.L. Rajot, S.C. Alfaro, and A. Gaudichet, (2003): Validation of a Dust Production Model from<br />
measurements performed in semi-arid agricultural areas of Spain and Niger, Catena, 52, 257-271<br />
Rojas S., Gomes, L., Laj P., Fournol J.F., Marinoni A., Desboeuf K., Orsini D., Messerer A., Pöschl U., (2003):<br />
Experimental studies of CN/CCN interactions at Zugspitze during SCAVEX , J. Aerosol Sci., 34, , S675-S676,.<br />
Grini, A., P. Tulet, and L. Gomes (2006): Dusty weather forecasts using the MesoNH mesoscale atmospheric model, J.<br />
Geophys. Res., 111, D19205, doi:10.1029/2005JD007007.<br />
Gomes, L., Z. Veresoglou, S. Rojas, V. Pont, and M. Mallet, (2007): Evolution of the chemical, microphysical and<br />
optical properties of aerosol particles in the Toulouse urban layer during CAPITOUL. Meteor. and Atmos. Phys.<br />
Masson, V., L. Gomes, G. Pigeon, C. Liousse, J.-P. Lagouarde, J. Voogt, J. Salmond, T. Oke, D. Legain, O. Garrouste,<br />
(2007): The Canopy and Aerosol Particles Interactions in TOulouse Urban Layer (CAPITOUL) experiment.<br />
Meteor. and Atmos. Phys.<br />
6.5: CNRS – LGGE<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’ENvironnement (LGGE) is a joint research unit of the<br />
CNRS and Université Joseph Fourrier (Grenoble). The laboratory activities cover several topic including ice<br />
cores paleoclimatology, and atmospheric researches in polar and non-polar regions. In this last field over the<br />
last years, researches were developed for high altitudes characterisation of aerosols (CARBOSOL program)<br />
and evaluation of emission sources and impact in alpine valleys (POVA program).<br />
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Role and contribution<br />
Airborne aerosol measurements in WP3 (microphysics and chemistry).<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Jean-Luc Jaffrezo (Ph.D.; Ph.: +33-476824232; Fax: +33-476824201, e-mail: jaffrezo@lgge.obs.ujfgrenoble.fr)<br />
is senior scientist at CNRS. He worked for more than 15 years on various aspects of<br />
tropospheric aerosols at regional/urban scales. His major field is now chemical characterisation of the<br />
organic composition of aerosol in urban and remote areas ; co-author of over 50 peer-reviewed publications<br />
in the field of measurements of physical and chemical properties of aerosols, their impact on air quality and<br />
the determination of emission sources. He has participated to various EU and national projects over the last<br />
15 years.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Aymoz G, Jaffrezo JL, Jacob V, Colomb A, and George Ch (2004) Evolution of organic and inorganic components of<br />
aerosol during a Saharan dust episode observed in the French Alps. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2499-2512.<br />
Jaffrezo JL, Aymoz G, Delaval C, and Cozic J (2005a) Seasonal evolution of the soluble fraction of particulate organic<br />
carbon in Alpine Valleys. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2809-2821.<br />
Jaffrezo JL, Aymoz G, and Cozic J (2005b) Size distribution of EC and OC in Alpine valleys during summer and<br />
winter. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2915-2925.<br />
Greenwald R, Bergin MH, Jaffrezo JL, Aymoz G, and Bescombes JL (2006) Size-resolved, real-time measurement of<br />
water-insoluble aerosols in the Chamonix and Maurienne Valleys of alpine France. J. Geophys. Res., 111,<br />
D09307, doi:10.1029/2005JD006662.<br />
Aymoz G, Jaffrezo JL, Cozic J, Chapuis D, and Maenhaut W (2007) Seasonal variations of PM10 main constituents in<br />
two valleys of the French Alps. I : Carbonaceous fraction. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 661-675.<br />
Albinet A, Leoz-Garziandia E, Budzinski H, Villenave E, and Jaffrezo JL (2007a) Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives<br />
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys. Part 1: Concentrations,<br />
sources and gas/particle partitioning, Atm. Envir., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.009.<br />
Albinet A, Leoz-Garziandia E, Budzinski H, Villenave E, and Jaffrezo JL (2007b) Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives<br />
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys. Part 2: Particle size<br />
distribution. Atm. Envir, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.008.<br />
Marchand N, Aymoz G, Jaffrezo JL, and Besombes JL (2007) Biomass burning indicators in the aerosol of Alpine<br />
valleys. Submitted to Atmos. Env.<br />
Subcontractor Météo-France SAFIRE<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE, UMS<br />
2859) is a joint service unit of Météo-France, CNRS and CNES). It is providing several research aircraft<br />
including default measurement devices for several species.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
In this project, SAFIRE will run the French ATR-42 aircraft for flights in the Paris pollution plume during<br />
summer 2009 (24 flight hours in a 14 day period). Details of the work that will be provided by<br />
SAFIRE is described in the DoW (B.2.4 Ressources to be committed).<br />
Partner 7: Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The FMI (http://www.fmi.fi/en) has the mandate of producing reliable scientific information on the state of<br />
the atmosphere, with the aim of promoting safety and serving various needs of the public, industry and<br />
commerce, as well as contributing to scientific ends. FMI makes observations of the physical state of the<br />
atmosphere, its chemical composition, and electromagnetic phenomena. FMI also develops and applies<br />
numerical models in order to analyse and forecast various atmospheric physical and chemical processes. FMI<br />
employs about 550 people (240 involved in research). Scientists from the Air Quality Research and Earth<br />
Observation departments of the FMI will be involved in the project. The Air Quality research division has as<br />
its main task to investigate, monitor, model and report on air quality and its influencing factors. The Finnish<br />
government has designated FMI as the national air quality expert. FMI is involved in numerous international<br />
co-operative, research and assessment efforts. Current projects involve the following activities: monitoring<br />
of air quality and atmospheric composition (e.g., EMEP, HELCOM/EGAP, WMO/GAW, AMAP), research<br />
and development in air chemistry and aerosol physics (including in particular one National and two Nordic<br />
Centres of Excellence, ACCENT, EC/Environment), assessment and modelling of the dispersion,<br />
transformation and deposition of airborne pollutants from the local to continental scales (e.g., EU-funded<br />
SAPPHIRE, FUMAPEX, OSCAR, PAMCHAR, GEMS, CAIR4HEALTH).<br />
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Role and contribution<br />
The main contributions of the FMI are the following: co-coordination of WP5, lead of the task 1.2: Biogenic<br />
and natural global emission inventory, the task 2.1: The classification and database for urban surface and<br />
morphology, and the task 3.5: Exposure estimates.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Prof. Jaakko Kukkonen - is currently Res. Prof. and the Manager of Air Quality Research department (staff<br />
63 persons) at FMI. He is also Visiting Prof. at the University of Hertfordshire (UK) and Adjunct Prof.<br />
(Docent) of Physics at the University of Helsinki. He is an author of 309 scientific publications (69 - in<br />
refereed international journals). He has participated in more than 10 EU projects and has procured 4 – 5 M€<br />
in research income. He has worked in the field of atmospheric physics and chemistry, including especially<br />
the development, evaluation and application of mathematical models, the development of integrated<br />
modelling systems, model evaluation against experimental datasets, the modelling of the dispersion of<br />
particulate matter, the evaluation of population exposure, and the consequence analysis modelling of<br />
hazardous materials. He is currently the leader of the action ES0602 "Towards a European Network on<br />
Chemical Weather Forecasting and Information Systems (ENCWF)".<br />
Prof. Jarkko T. Koskinen - has a doctorate degree from Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) in<br />
electrical engineering. He is currently Res. Prof. and Head of Earth Observation programme at the FMI. He<br />
is a delegate to several international organizations (e.g., ESA, EU, Eumetsat and GEO). Previously he has<br />
worked in HUT, Finnish Environment Centre and Center for the Advancement of Technology (Tekes),<br />
where his responsibility was the co-ordination of national earth observation programme. He has also been<br />
visiting scientist in 1994-1995 at ESA-ESRIN and 1999-2000 at Jet Propulsion Laboratory of NASA. His<br />
research interests include microwave remote sensing of snow and boreal forest, and SAR interferometry. He<br />
has authored more than 70 international publications.<br />
Adjunct Prof. Ari Karppinen - is Doctor of Technology, and Adjunct Prof. (Docent) of Physics at the<br />
University of Helsinki. He is currently working as the Head of the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling group<br />
(17 persons) at the Air Quality Research Department. He is the author of approximately 200 scientific<br />
publications (35 - in refereed international journals). His expertise is on mathematical modelling,<br />
atmospheric physics and chemistry, particularly evaluation of urban air quality and population exposure, and<br />
model evaluation against experimental datasets.<br />
Adjunct Prof. Mikhail Sofiev - is senior scientist at Air Quality Research department of the FMI and an<br />
Adjunct Prof. at University of Helsinki. He started his career in 1992 in the computing centre of the UN-ECE<br />
LRTAP Convention, being responsible for the development and validation of mathematical models for longrange<br />
atmospheric dispersion. He has an extensive experience in development and application of air<br />
pollution models at various scales – from meso- to hemispheric scales – and for various compounds –<br />
acidifying, toxic, aerosol, radio-active accidental releases – and in related fields: model verification,<br />
statistical methodology, data analysis, computer experiments, etc. Currently he is responsible for<br />
development and application of the modelling system SILAM and a forecasting system for an allergenic<br />
pollution. Dr. Sofiev is an author of 92 scientific publications; over 30 of them have been published in<br />
refereed international and national journals and publication series.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Kousa, A., J. Kukkonen, A. Karppinen, P. Aarnio and T. Koskentalo, (2002): A model for evaluating the population<br />
exposure to ambient air pollution in an urban area. Atmos. Environ., 36, 2109-2119.<br />
Kukkonen, J., M. Pohjola, R.S. Sokhi, L. Luhana, N. Kitwiroon, M. Rantamäki, E.Berge, V. Oegaard, L.H. Slørdal, B.<br />
Denby, S.Finardi, (2005): Analysis and evaluation of selected local-scale PM10 air pollution episodes in four<br />
European cities: Helsinki, London, Milan and Oslo. Atmos. Environ., 39/15, 2759-2773.<br />
Sofiev M, P. Siljamo, I. Valkama, M. Ilvonen, J. Kukkonen, (2006): A dispersion modelling system SILAM and its<br />
evaluation against ETEX data. Atmos. Environ., 40, 674–685.<br />
Fisher, B., J. Kukkonen, M. Piringer, M.W. Rotach, M. Schatzmann, (2006): Meteorology applied to urban air<br />
pollution problems: Concepts from COST 715. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 555–564.<br />
Baklanov, A., O. Hänninen, L. H. Slørdal, J. Kukkonen, N. Bjergene, B. Fay, S. Finardi, S. C. Hoe, M. Jantunen, A.<br />
Karppinen, A. Rasmussen, A. Skouloudis, R. S. Sokhi, J. H. Sørensen, V. Ødegaard, (2007): Integrated systems<br />
for forecasting urban meteorology, air pollution and population exposure. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 855–874.<br />
Partner 8: Joint Research Center, Ispra (JRC)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Institute of Environment and Sustainability has long been involved in the study of atmospheric processes<br />
at all scale and in all their forms as well as air quality in Europe. More in particular the Transport and Air<br />
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Quality Unit has long been involved in the process of assisting the Commission in the definition of airquality<br />
related policies by providing scientific and technical advice.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
JRC will lead Task 5 in WP 2 that relates to the parameterization of sub grid scale emission to upper<br />
atmospheric concentration levels. The competences present in the team are going to be use extensively for<br />
carrying out the task. Coordination of the contribution to the activity from the University of Thessaloniki will<br />
also be carried out by the JRC team.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Dr. Stefano Galmarini is senior scientist in the Transport and Air Quality unit has a long experience in<br />
atmospheric dispersion modelling at all scales, in particular in boundary layer processes and chemistry. He<br />
got his PhD at the University of Utrecht in 1997 on atmospheric turbulence and chemistry interaction. He is<br />
working at JRC-Ispra since 1997 and he has been participating and promoting a number of EU-projects such<br />
as ETEX , BEMA, RTMOD, MESOCOM, ENSEMBLE, EURANOS, and PREVIEW.<br />
Selected publications<br />
Vinuesa J.F., Galmarini S., (2006): Characterization of the 222 Rn family turbulent transport in the convective<br />
atmospheric boundary layer, –Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 7 (3), 575-980<br />
Galmarini S., J.L. Attie (2000): Turbulent fluxes at the top of thermal internal boundary layer: wavelet analysis of<br />
aircraft measurements, Bound. Layer Meteorol., 94, 175–196.<br />
Galmarini S., Beets C., Duynkerke, P.G., J. Vilà -Guerau de Arellano, (1998): Stable nocturnal boundary layer: a<br />
comparison of one-dimensional and Large-Eddy models, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 88, 181-210.<br />
Galmarini S., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J., Duyzer J., (1997): Fluxes of chemically reactive species inferred from mean<br />
concentration measurements, Atmos. Environ, 31, 15, 2371-2374.<br />
Galmarini S., Duynkerke P.G., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J., (1997): Evolution of nitrogen oxides in the stable nocturnal<br />
boundary layer, J. Appl. Meteor., 36, 7, 943-957.<br />
Galmarini S., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J., Duynkerke P.G., (1997): Scaling the turbulent transport of chemically<br />
reactive species in the surface-layer under neutral and stratified conditions, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123,<br />
536, 223-242.<br />
Partner 9: The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
Founded in 1964 by Abdus Salam (Nobel Laureate), the ICTP operates under the aegis of two United<br />
Nations Agencies: UNESCO (United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture) and IAEA<br />
(International Atomic Energy Agency), and is regularized by a seat agreement with the Government of Italy,<br />
which provides the major part of the Centre's funding. The main aim of the ICTP is to foster the growth of<br />
advanced studies and research in physical and mathematical sciences, especially in developing countries.<br />
ICTP acts as an international forum for scientific contacts between scientists from all countries. It provides<br />
facilities to conduct original research to its visitors, Assoc.s and fellows. On average, ICTP welcomes 3600<br />
scientists a year. Over 50% of the scientists who have attended the ICTP activities since 1964 came from<br />
developing countries; until now, 150 nations and 45 international organizations have been represented. The<br />
main research fields of interest at ICTP are: Mathematics, Physics of Condensed Matter, Physics of High and<br />
Intermediate Energies, Earth System Physics, Physics of the Living State, Digital Communications and<br />
Computer Networking. The Earth System Physics section (ESP) was established in 2005 and conducts<br />
research on regional climate modelling, anthropogenic climate change, natural climate variability, chemistryclimate<br />
interactions, biosphere-atmosphere interactions, seismology, physics of the lithosphere, earthquake<br />
prediction. The ESP maintains and develops a state-of-the-art regional climate model (RegCM). This model<br />
was developed during the last decade and has been used for a wide variety of applications, from paleo<br />
climate to possible future climate simulations at the regional scale. The RegCM has been applied to a wide<br />
range of regions in the globe (Europe and Mediterranean Basin, US, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central, East and<br />
South Asia, South America) and has been run at horizontal grid intervals of 20-100 km. It has capability of<br />
interactive coupling to an aerosol model and to a one dimensional lake model. The RegCM is currently used<br />
by a wide range of users, including many from developing countries. The ESP is currently participating in<br />
EU projects (ENSEMBLES, CECILIA, WATCH) and is involved in projects proposed for the Italian<br />
National Climate Research Program. The ESP has access to the supercomputing facilities of CINECA.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
ICTP will use RegCM3 (Regional Climate Model Version 3) coupled with aerosol module. The top-ofatmosphere<br />
radiative direct and indirect forcings and related climatic effects will be calculated online by<br />
RegCM3. The analysis of climate effects will include variables such as temperature, clouds, precipitation,<br />
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circulation and the surface hydrological cycle, as well as radiation-aerosol interactions and cloud-aerosol<br />
interactions. The regional model simulations will focus on the European region and one extra-European<br />
domain, either Asia or Central America. Sets of regional simulations are planned, each of 10-20 years length,<br />
and the simulation period will include the special observing period planned in WP5. Each set will include<br />
three simulations, one without aerosol effects (control run), and the others including aerosol effects in<br />
uncoupled and coupled mode. Lateral chemical boundary conditions will be obtained from corresponding<br />
global model simulations (WP5 and WP6).<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Dr. Filippo Giorgi (Prof.; Ph: +39 040 2240 425; Fax: +39-040–2240449, e-mail: giorgi@ictp.it) - is<br />
currently a senior scientist in ICTP and head of ESP, which he joined in May 1998. He obtained a Ph.D. in<br />
atmospheric sciences from the Georgia Insititutte of Technology in June of 1986, and worked as a scientist at<br />
NCAR (Boulder, CO, USA) from 1986 to 1998. He co-authored over 140 refereed publications and was an<br />
investigator in over 20 research grants in the U.S. and Europe. He pioneered the field of regional climate<br />
modelling, for which he has over 20 years of working experience. Other research experience and interests<br />
include global climate, mesoscale and aerosol modelling, biosphere-atmosphere and chemistry-climate<br />
interactions, climate change and variability (focus on the regional scale.)<br />
Dr. Ashraf Zakey (PhD; Ph:+39-040-2240-385, Fax: +39-040–2240449, e-mail:azakey@ictp.it and<br />
zakeyash@gmail.com) - is director of air pollution department, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo-<br />
Egypt, currently he is visiting scientist researcher in ICTP. Since 1992 he worked as a scientist at the<br />
Egyptian Meteorological Authority(EMA). He obtained a Ph.D. in atmospheric sciences from the Cairo<br />
University in September of 2001. He has long experience with Air pollution modelling and climate related<br />
issues. He implemented the desert dust and sea-salt nature aerosols in regional Climate model (RegCM) and<br />
their feedback on climate. Also, he has experiences in the multiphase chemistry – Heterogeneous chemistry<br />
and secondary organic aerosols. He got two post doctoral research periods at Environment Canada ( Air<br />
Quality Branch ) and Gothenburg University-Sweden.<br />
Recent and relevant publications<br />
Giorgi, F. Bi, X., Qian, Y, Direct radiative forcing and regional climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols over East<br />
Asia: Aregional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model study. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4439,<br />
doi:10.1029/2001JD001066.<br />
Giorgi, F., Bi, X. Q., Qian, Y. (2003): Indirect vs. direct effects of anthropogenic sulfate on the climate of east Asia as<br />
simulated with a regional Coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model, Climatic Change, 58, 345-376.<br />
Solmon, F., Giorgi, F., Liousse, C., (2006): Aerosol modelling for regional climate studies: Application to<br />
anthropogenic particles and evaluation over a European/African domain, Tellus B, 15 58(1), 51–72..<br />
Zakey, A. S., F. Solmon, F. Giorgi, (2006): Implementation and testing of a desert dust module in a regional climate<br />
model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4687-4704.<br />
Partner 10: King's College London (KCL)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
King’s College London (KCL) is England’s fourth-oldest university institution and is renowned for<br />
excellence in both research and teaching. A multi-faculty university college based in the heart of London,<br />
King’s has 19,300 students, of whom more than 6,200 are postgraduates. KCL is dedicated to the<br />
advancement of knowledge, learning & understanding in the service of society. KCL has nine schools of<br />
study; Biomedical & Health Sciences; Dental Institute; Humanities; Law; Medicine; Florence Nightingale<br />
School of Nursing & Midwifery; Physical Sciences & Engineering; Institute of Psychiatry; Social Science &<br />
Public Policy. The two groups contributing to this project are from the Environmental Monitoring and<br />
Modelling Group (EMM), Department of Geography and the Environmental Research Group (ERG), School<br />
of Biomedical and Health Sciences. The London Air Quality Network is housed in the ERG. EMM has<br />
expertise in thermal remotes sensing, GIS, monitoring and modelling.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
KCL will coordinate WP2 and participate in WP1, involved in urban processes parameterisations and urban<br />
surface energy budget modelling, studies for the megacity of London.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Prof. Sue Grimmond - graduated from the Univ. of Otago (New Zealand) with a BSc (Hons). She received<br />
her MSc and PhD from Univ. of British Columbia (Canada) DSc (h.c.) Göteborg University. She is an<br />
elected Fellow of American Meteorological Society. Prior to coming to the UK in December 2006 she was a<br />
Assis./Assoc./Full Prof. at Indiana University (USA). She currently is Prof. and Chair of Physical Geography<br />
at King’s College London. She has carried out urban flux measurements in 8 countries (North America:<br />
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Canada, Mexico, US; Europe: France, Poland, Sweden, UK, Africa: Burkina Faso) to support her numerical<br />
modelling work (energy and water exchanges in urban areas). She is currently the lead expert for the World<br />
Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expert Team on ‘Urban and Building Climatology’. She is Past-<br />
President of the International Association for Urban Climate.<br />
Prof. Martin Wooster - joined the Department of Geography in 1998 on a lectureship funded by the NERC<br />
Earth Observation Science Initiative (one of four such lectureships awarded nationally in the UK). In 2005<br />
he was appointed Prof. at KCL, where he currently heads the Environmental Monitoring and Modelling<br />
Research Group, consisting of ten full time academic staff and associated researchers. He holds a BSc in<br />
Physics (Bristol) and an MSc in Remote Sensing (University of London), with a PhD in Earth Sciences<br />
(Open University) that concentrated on the thermal remote sensing of active volcanoes. Prior to joining KCL<br />
Martin worked at the Natural Resources Institute, at that time part of the UK Department for International<br />
Development (DfID), where his work focused on the development of Earth Observation as part of the suite<br />
of methods used for environmental monitoring in developing countries. This area of work remains a<br />
particular interest, as does the use of infrared and thermal remote sensing approaches and their application to<br />
a wide variety of environmental investigations. He has published in excess of 40 papers in peer-reviewed<br />
journals on these subjects and sits on steering committees of the NERC Field Spectroscopy Facility and the<br />
NERC Airborne Remote Sensing Facility. Recent work in collaboration with others at KCL includes the<br />
determination of sensible heat flux and other related parameters in urban areas from hyper spectral remote<br />
sensing data.<br />
Prof. Frank Kelly - holds the chair in Environmental Health at King’s College London and is Director of the<br />
Environmental Research Group. For the last 10 years he has addressed the mechanisms underlying air<br />
pollution related lung injury focusing on events occurring within the respiratory tract lining fluid<br />
compartment of the lung. He is involved with a number of EU projects including HEPMEAP and until<br />
earlier this year coordinated a MRC Cooperative Group investigating the mechanistic basis of particulate air<br />
pollution toxicity. In addition to his research activity he is an active in a number of scientific bodies. He is<br />
recent past President of the Society for Free Radical Research (Europe) for which he also served as Treasurer<br />
for 6 years. He is currently a trustee and Board member of International Society for Free Radical Research, a<br />
member of ESCODD (European Standardisation Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage) and EUROFEDA<br />
(European Research on Functional Effects of Dietary Antioxidants. In addition to his academic work Prof.<br />
Kelly has been involved in providing policy support advice to a number of expert bodies. He has advised the<br />
World Health Organization Air Pollution Advisory Board on PM10, O3 and NO2 and participated in the<br />
WHO air quality guideline global update in 2005. He is a member of EPAQS – the UK Expert Panel on Air<br />
Quality Standards and he chairs the Air Pollution Research in London (APRIL) Health committee.<br />
Sean Beevers - graduated with an engineering degree (Trent Polytechnic) and an MSc, in Atmospheric<br />
Sciences (Univ. of East Anglia), and is currently studying for a PhD at King’s College London. Sean has<br />
more than 10 years experience with air pollution measurement, emissions and air pollution modelling in<br />
London and currently manages key London projects including: London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory<br />
(LAEI) for the Greater London Authority; Congestion Charging Impacts assessment for Transport for<br />
London; impacts of the Western Extension to the CZ and most recently the phased assessment of the<br />
proposed London Low Emission Zone. Sean has submitted evidence to the Greater London Assembly, been<br />
a member of the research committee looking at air pollution predictions of NOX and NO2 for DEFRA and<br />
was a member of the Department for Transport project for the Sustainable Development of Heathrow.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Beevers, S. D., Carslaw, D. C., (2005): The impact of congestion charging on vehicle speed and its implications for<br />
assessing vehicle emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 6875-6884.<br />
Beevers, S. D., Carslaw, D. C., (2005): The impact of congestion charging on vehicle emissions in London.<br />
Atmospheric Environment, 39, 1-5.<br />
Grimmond CSB, TR Oke (2002): Turbulent heat fluxes in urban areas: Observations and local-scale urban<br />
meteorological parameterization scheme (LUMPS). J. of Applied Meteorology, 41, 792-810.<br />
Offerle B, CSB Grimmond, K Fortuniak, W. Pawlak (2006): Intra-urban differences of surface energy fluxes in a<br />
central European city. J. of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 125–136.<br />
Offerle B, CSB Grimmond, K Fortuniak, K Kłysik, TR Oke (2006): Temporal variations in heat fluxes over a central<br />
European city centre. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 84,103-116.<br />
Partner 11: Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC)<br />
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Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
NERSC is an independent non-profit research institute affiliated with the University of Bergen, Norway.<br />
NERSC conducts basic and applied environmental research funded by governmental agencies, research<br />
councils and industry. NERSC's research strategy is to integrate the use of remote sensing and field<br />
observations with local-, regional- and global-scale numerical modelling. NERSC staff teaches university<br />
courses and hosts graduate students and postdoctoral fellows from several nations. Faculty members at the<br />
Univ. of Bergen and senior staff at Nansen Center hold adjunct positions at the two institutions. NERSC is<br />
organized in 5 scientific units: Special Projects; Mohn-Sverdrup Center for Global Ocean Studies and<br />
Operational Oceanography; Coastal and Ocean Remote Sensing; Polar and Environ. Remote Sensing; G.C.<br />
Rieber Climate Institute. NERSC is a head institution of the Nansen Group, which includes establishments in<br />
Russia (Nansen Centre in S.-Petersburg), China (Nansen-Zhu Centre), India, South America and Africa to<br />
provide an impetus for globally-oriented research in support of sustainable development of the earths<br />
resources. In 2005, NERSC was awarded the prestigious European Descartes Prize for the best integrated<br />
research.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
In this project NERSC will be the co-leader of WP2 and the leader of its Task 4 – urban atmospheric<br />
boundary layer features, simulation, and parameterization. The primarily tools in operation will be<br />
turbulence-resolving models, namely, the NERSC LES code and parallelized LES code of the<br />
Meteorological Institute at Hannover University. With these tools, NERSC will contribute in understanding<br />
and simulations of the Paris plume (WP3) and the development of improved UABL parameterizations for<br />
WP4-6. Ultimate contribution will aim at representation of the urban climate and pollution through a 3D<br />
visualization of urban atmospheric dynamics in WP7.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Dr. Igor Esau – is a staff member of NERSC since 2003. He has graduated Tomsk University with honour<br />
degree in 1992 and defended two Ph.Ds.: one in the area of numerical mathematics in 1996 at the Russian<br />
Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Moscow; and another in the area of turbulence modelling in<br />
meteorology in 2003 in Swedish Uppsala University, Uppsala. Dr. Esau is currently working in the area of<br />
application of the turbulence-resolving modelling to studies of local climate forming processes, especially<br />
over heterogeneous surfaces similar to urban heat islands. This project is just a natural continuation of his<br />
long-term research priorities and sevrbulence-resolving modelling. He is currently supervising 2 Ph.D.<br />
programmes. He has published 21 peer-review articles, of which 16 during the last 5 years.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Esau, I., Zilitinkevich, S.S., (2006): Universal Dependences between Turbulent and Mean Flow Parameters in Stably<br />
and Neutrally Stratified Planetary Boundary Layers, Nonlinear Processes in Geophys., 13, 122-144.<br />
Beare, R. J., I. Esau, and 15 co-authors, (2006): An intercomparison of large-eddy simulations of the stable boundary<br />
layer, Boundary Layer Meteorology, 118(2), 2, 247-272.<br />
Esau, I., (2006): An improved parameterization of turbulent exchange coefficients accounting for the non-local effect<br />
of large eddies, Annales Geophysicae, 22, 3353-3362.<br />
Esau, I., (2006): Simulation of Ekman boundary layers by large eddy model with dynamic mixed subfilter closure,<br />
Journal of Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 4, 273-303.<br />
Esau, I., Lyons T. J., (2002): Effect of sharp vegetation boundary on the convective atmospheric boundary layer,<br />
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 114(1-2), 3-13.<br />
Partner 12: Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The NILU is an independent research foundation specialising in air pollution research from global to local<br />
problems and today is one of the largest European institutes in this field. NILU is the Chemical Coordinating<br />
Centre for EMEP and coordinates the work under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary<br />
Air Pollution on particulate matter. NILU is a member of the European Environment Agency’s Topic Centre<br />
on Air Quality and Climate Change. NILU has 30 years experience in ambient trace gas measurements.<br />
NILU has been involved in several recent or current EC-research projects relevant to the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
proposal, such as EUCAARI, EUSAAR, CREATE, EARLINET-ASOS, Retro, SCOUT-O3, GMES-GATO,<br />
FORMAT, ASSET, FUMAPEX, Air4EU and ACCENT. NILU is also a member of the Nordic Centre of<br />
Excellence CBACCI (Biosphere – Atmosphere - Clouds – Climate – Interactions).<br />
Role and contribution<br />
Implementation and application of subgrid emission parameterisations for selected megacities for use in air<br />
quality and exposure assessment. Participation in urban scale ensemble model analysis using the AirQUIS-<br />
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EPISODE model. Application of the FLEXPART model at the global scale to compute the dispersion of<br />
emission tracers from megacities to study their transport characteristics and to discriminate between surface<br />
and upper tropospheric effects. Impact of North American megacity plumes, in particular from the New York<br />
megalopolis, onto European atmospheric composition by evaluation using the existing measurement data<br />
from European background stations (e.g., EMEP stations) and previous airborne campaigns combined with<br />
FLEXPART simulations to identify periods influenced by transport from North American megacities. The<br />
frequency and impact of such episodes on European air quality and chemical composition will be studied.<br />
NILU will co-ordinate WP5 and participate in WP2 and WP4<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Dr. Andreas Stohl (Senior scientist; Ph.: +47-63898000; Fax: +47-63898050, e-mail: ast@nilu.no) - is a<br />
senior researcher at NILU with more than 15 years of experience in the atmospheric sciences. His research<br />
focus is on the long-range transport of air pollution and he has worked extensively on intercontinental air<br />
pollution transport. He is author or co-author of 123 peer-reviewed publications and has edited a book about<br />
intercontinental air pollution transport. He was coordinator and/or PI in a large number of national and EU<br />
projects and currently co-ordinates the International Polar Year core project POLARCAT, with more than<br />
100 partner institutions.<br />
Dr. Bruce Denby (Senior scientist; Ph.: +47-63898164; Fax: +47-63898050, e-mail: bde@nilu.no) - is a<br />
senior researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU). He is chiefly involved in air quality<br />
modelling and assessment and coordinates model development and data assimilation activities within the<br />
department of Urban Environment and Industry. He participates in research and application related projects<br />
including recent EU projects such as Air4EU, CITYDELTA, FUMAPEX and EMECAP and is actively<br />
involved in a number of ETC/ACC tasks related to modelling and air quality assessment. He has experience<br />
in meteorological, atmospheric boundary layer, turbulence, chemical and also energy balance modelling.<br />
Recent and relevant publications<br />
Law, K. S., A. Stohl (2007): Arctic air pollution: Origins and impacts. Science 315, 1537-1540.<br />
Stohl, A. et al. (2007): Aircraft measurements over Europe of an air pollution plume from Southeast Asia – aerosol and<br />
chemical characterization. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 913-937.<br />
Stohl, A. et al. (2007): Arctic smoke – record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in<br />
Eastern Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 511-534.<br />
Stohl, A. et al. (2006): Pan-Arctic enhancements of light absorbing aerosol concentrations due to North American<br />
boreal forest fires during summer 2004. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D22214, doi:10.1029/2006JD007216.<br />
Stohl, A. (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D11306,<br />
doi:10.1029/2005JD006888.<br />
Kukkonen, J., M. Pohjola, R.Sokhi, L. Luhana, N. Kitwiroon, L. Fragkou, M. Rantamäki, E. Berge, V. Odegaard, L.<br />
Håvard Slørdal, B. Denby, S. Finardi, 2005. Analysis and evaluation of selected local-scale PM10 air pollution<br />
episodes in four European cities: Helsinki, London, Milan and Oslo. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2759–2773.<br />
Partner 13: Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
PSI in Switzerland is a centre for multi-disciplinary research and one of the world's leading user laboratories.<br />
With its 1200 employees it belongs as an autonomous institution to the Swiss ETH domain. The Laboratory<br />
of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC) at PSI consists of about 35 researchers, including 15 PhD students. It has<br />
in-depth experience with the design of experiments to characterize physical and chemical properties of<br />
aerosols and has a strong interest in the impact of aerosols on air quality and climate. The laboratory operates<br />
a chamber facility for atmospheric chemistry simulation, as well as a continuous aerosol programme at the<br />
high Alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)<br />
program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Additional activities include a mobile<br />
measuring van as well as a large number of other state of the art facilities for atmospheric chemistry<br />
research, both custom built and commercially available. CAM-x modelling is used for comparison with<br />
experimental data. The LAC is currently involved in 9 EC projects, including e.g. EUCAARI and EUSAAR.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
PSI will lead WP 3 together with partner 6 (CNRS). Measurements of a wide variety of aerosol variables,<br />
use of state of the art statistical tools for source apportionment.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Urs Baltensperger is Head of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry at PSI and Prof. at ETH Zurich. His<br />
research concerns the formation of secondary organic aerosol from gaseous precursors in a simulation<br />
chamber, as well as the physical and chemical characterisation of atmospheric aerosols and their impact on<br />
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climate. He is Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Group for Aerosols within the Global Atmosphere Watch<br />
programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and is President of the Commission of<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences. He is author of more than<br />
140 peer-reviewed papers. He is the recipient of the 18th Prof. Dr. Vilho Vaisala Award of the WMO.<br />
André Prévôt is Head of the Gasphase and Aerosol Chemistry Group at PSI and lecturer at ETH Zurich. His<br />
research deals with the characterisation of the chemical composition of aerosols and trace gases and their<br />
transformation in the lower troposphere. Advanced methods like aerosol mass spectrometry, 14 C-analyses,<br />
synchrotron x-ray fluorescence are used as input for source apportionment studies. Spatial gradients of the<br />
chemical composition and physical properties are assessed with our mobile laboratory including fast<br />
response instrumentation. The transformation of selected pollutants is investigated in the PSI smog chamber.<br />
Finally, a 3-dimensional Eulerian model is used to integrate the atmospheric processes on a larger scale. He<br />
is author of more than 60 peer-reviewed papers.<br />
Recent and relevant publications<br />
Bukowiecki, N., R. Gehrig, M. Hill, P. Lienemann, C.N. Zwicky, B. Buchmann, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger<br />
(2007): Iron, manganese and copper emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zürich (Switzerland): Size-segregated<br />
mass concentrations in ambient air, Atmos. Environ., 41, 878-889,<br />
Kalberer, M., D. Paulsen, M. Sax, M. Steinbacher, J. Dommen, A.S.H. Prévôt, R. Fisseha, E. Weingartner, V.<br />
Frankevich, R. Zenobi, U. Baltensperger (2004): Identification of polymers as major components of atmospheric<br />
organic aerosols, Science, 303, 1659-1662,<br />
Lanz, V.A., M.R. Alfarra, U. Baltensperger, B. Buchmann, C. Hueglin, A.S.H. Prévôt (2007): Source apportionment<br />
of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem.<br />
Phys., 7, 1503-1522.<br />
Szidat, S., A. S. H. Prévôt, J. Sanradewi, M. R. Alfarra, H. A. Synal, L. Wacker, U. Baltensperger (2007): Dominant<br />
impact of residential wood burning on particulate matter in alpine valleys during winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,<br />
doi:10.1029/2006GL028325,<br />
Szidat, S., T.M. Jenk, H.-A. Synal, M. Kalberer, L. Wacker, I. Hajdas, A. Kasper-Giebl, U. Baltensperger (2006):<br />
Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zurich as traced<br />
by 14 C, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10-1029/2005JD006590.<br />
Partner 14: TNO- Built Environment and Geosciences (TNO)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
TNO, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, is one of Europe's leading independent<br />
research and development organizations. As of January 1 st , 2005 TNO has a new organizational shape, with<br />
five large entities replacing the fifteen former TNO Institutes. One of these, TNO Built Environment and<br />
Geosciences (TNO-BEG) contributes to <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. The Business unit Environment, Health and Safety of<br />
TNO-BEG is an expert centre and contract research unit for industry and government in the field of<br />
sustainable development and environmental research. It has a long lasting experience in compilation of<br />
emission inventories to air for priority pollutants, GHG’s, particulate matter (TSP, PM10, PM2.5) heavy<br />
metals (HM) and persistent organic pollutants (POP) at international level on various scales and supporting<br />
national experts in reporting emission data to e.g., the EU and EMEP programme. under the UNECE<br />
Convention on Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants (CLRTAP);<br />
Role and contribution<br />
TNO will lead the WP on emissions (WP1) and provide high resolution gridded emission data at various<br />
scales to the modelling and mitigation WPs. Speciation of relevant fractions of pollutants (e.g. carbonaceous<br />
particulate matter) will be given to better estimate the climate forcing and adverse health impacts of these<br />
pollutants. To be able to focus on megacities and their impact on (local) climate and air quality high<br />
resolution data will be needed. TNO will work on improving the spatial resolution of the gridded emission<br />
data to the level of detail needed in WP5 and WP6. TNO will bring its expertise on regional air quality<br />
modelling into WP5 using its LOTOS-EUROS model.<br />
Staff involved<br />
Peter Builtjes has been working in atmospheric chemistry modelling for the last 30 years, and has written<br />
over 40 double refereed papers. He is working at TNO, and part-time ( 20 %) at the Free Univ. Berlin as<br />
honorary Prof. in Atmospheric Chemistry. He has coordinated several EU-DG Research Projects, most<br />
recently the AIR4EU- 6 FP project.<br />
Hugo Denier van der Gon is Senior Emission Inventory Expert at TNO and provides emission inventories to<br />
modelling groups and / or policy advising bodies such as the UNECE Task Forces on HM and POP, MSC-<br />
EAST, EU IP GEMS, German Umwelt Bundesambt (UBA) and Dutch Institutes (RIVM, MNP). He has<br />
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authored ~ 30 peer-reviewed articles on mechanisms, emission and mitigation of non-CO2 greenhouse gases,<br />
particulate matter, heavy metals and POP and participated in 3 EU projects. (FP-5, FP-6). He is a reviewer<br />
for the IPCC guidelines (2006) and contributor to IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty<br />
Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000)<br />
Dick van den Hout is a senior scientist at TNO and has been responsible for improving the user orientation<br />
of research in several FP research projects and networks, e.g. the Integaire network on urban air pollution<br />
mitigation. Since 1993 he has been the Commission’s primary consultant on the development and<br />
implementation of air pollution policies and legislation. He has participated in many international working<br />
groups, of which several dealt with abatement strategies. He has been the head of the European Topic Centre<br />
on Air Quality and is a visiting Prof. at the University of Hertfordshire, UK.<br />
Recent and relevant publications<br />
Schaap M., H.A..C. Denier van der Gon, (2007): On the variability of Black Smoke and carbonaceous aerosols in the<br />
Netherlands, Atmospheric Environment, In Press.<br />
Schaap, M.; Denier Van Der Gon, H. A. C; Dentener, F. J.; Visschedijk, A. J. H.; Van Loon, M.; ten Brink, H. M.;<br />
Putaud, J.-P.; Guillaume, B.; Liousse, C.; Builtjes, P. J. H. (2004): Anthropogenic black carbon and fine aerosol<br />
distribution over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 109 (D18), D18207,10.1029/2003JD004330.<br />
Denier van der Gon H.A.C., A. Bleeker, (2005): Indirect N2O emission due to atmospheric N deposition for the<br />
Netherlands, Atmospheric Environment, 39, 5827–5838.<br />
Denier van der Gon, H.A.C., M.J. Kropff N. van Breemen, R. Wassmann, R.S. Lantin, E. Aduna, T. M. Corton , H.H.<br />
van Laar, (2002): Optimizing grain yields reduces CH4 emissions from rice paddy fields, Proceedings National<br />
Academy of Sciences (PNAS) USA, 99 (19), 12021-12024.<br />
Schaap M., F. Sauter, R.M.A. Timmermans, M. Roemer, G. Velders, J. Beck, P.J.H. Builtjes (2007): The LOTOS-<br />
EUROS model: description, validation and latest developments, Int. J. of Environmental Pollution, In Press.<br />
Partner 15: UK MetOffice (MetO)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Met Office has well over 20 years of world-leading expertise in climate modelling. Currently 150<br />
scientists research climate science in the Met Office’s Hadley Centre for Climate Change. The fields<br />
represented include climate monitoring, climate modelling, climate variability, quantifying uncertainty,<br />
understanding climate change, and climate-chemistry-ecosystem feedbacks. Research on atmospheric<br />
composition and climate includes global modelling of aerosol and gas-phase reactive chemical constituents.<br />
The focus here is on the direct and indirect radiative and climate impacts of these constituents through their<br />
interactions with clouds, terrestrial and ocean ecosystems and the land surface. The atmospheric composition<br />
team are currently participating in the EU projects EUCAARI, ACCENT and GEMS.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
The Met Office will co-lead WP6 and will contribute significantly to WP5. In WP6 the Met Office will lead<br />
the work on global climate effects of megacities and will contribute with its HadGEM2 climate model which<br />
includes the UKCA package of interactive aerosols and reactive gases. In WP5 the Met Office will<br />
contribute to tasks 5.5 and 5.6.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Dr. William Collins<br />
Graduated from the University of Cambridge with a degree in Natural Sciences and a PhD in Particle<br />
Physics. He holds an MSc in Weather and Climate from the University of Reading. He has worked in the<br />
Met Office for since 1993 and with others built the Met Office tropospheric chemistry transport model. He is<br />
involved in the EU EUCAARI project and has previously been involved in STACCATO. He has contributed<br />
as a co-author to the IPCC third assessment report, and as an expert reviewer to the IPCC forth assessment<br />
report. He has authored, or co-authored over 40 peer-reviewed papers.<br />
Dr. Olivier Boucher<br />
Olivier Boucher gained a PhD in Physics in 1995 and an Habilitation in Physics in 2003. He was a junior<br />
scientist at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) from 1996 to 2005. He is now a senior<br />
scientist at the CNRS on secondment to the Met Office which he joined in 2005 as Head of the “Climate,<br />
Chemistry, Ecosystems” team. His main speciality is the study of the climatic effects of aerosols in relation<br />
to radiation and clouds. Olivier has been a lead author in the IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the<br />
Global Atmosphere and the IPCC Working Group I Third Assessment Report.<br />
Dr. Michael Sanderson,<br />
D.Phil in Atmospheric Chemistry (1994) has published over 20 articles in peer-reviewed literature in the<br />
field of atmospheric chemistry. Research work has included, modelling of global trace gas concentrations,<br />
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and atmosphere-biosphere interactions. The impact of climate change on these processes is also a major<br />
feature of his research work. Has participated in several international projects, ACCENT Photocomp, TF<br />
HTAP and Greencycles. Has also worked on contracts with the UK Defra, using various model experiments<br />
to answer policy-relevant questions concerning possible emission changes and related air quality changes.<br />
M. Shekar Reddy<br />
Areas of interest include the emissions inventory development, and modelling of atmospheric transport of<br />
aerosols and their climate impacts from regional to global scales. He has expertise in development<br />
technology of based emissions inventories for the south Asian region and regional climate impacts. He is a<br />
contributor to international aerosol intercomparison project.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Boucher, O., et al., DMS atmospheric concentrations and sulphate aerosol indirect radiative forcing: a sensitivity study<br />
to the DMS source representation and oxidation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 49-65, 2003.<br />
Collins, W.J., M.G. Sanderson, C.E. Johnson, (2007) Impact of increasing ship emissions on air quality and deposition<br />
over Europe by 2030. (submitted to Meterol. Z.)<br />
Collins, W.J., Stevenson, D.S., Johnson, C.E. and Derwent, R.G., (2000).The European regional ozone distribution and<br />
its links with the global scale for the years 1992 and 2015, Atmos. Environ., 34, 255-267.<br />
Reddy, M. S., O. Boucher, N. Bellouin, M. Schulz, Y. Balkanski, J.-L. Dufresne and M. Pham, Estimates of global<br />
multi-component aerosol optical depth and direct radiative perturbation in the Laboratoire de Meteorologie<br />
Dynamique general circulation model, J. Geophys Res 110, D10S16, doi:10.1029/2004JD004757, 2005.<br />
Reddy, M. S., and O. Boucher, (2007) Climate Impact of Black Carbon emitted from Energy Consumption in the<br />
World’s Regions, Geophysical Research Letters, In press.<br />
Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Johnson, C. E., and Derwent, R. G., 2006: Present and future acid deposition to<br />
ecosystems: The effect of climate change. Atmos. Environ., 40, 1275-1283.<br />
Partner 16: University of Hamburg (UHam)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The UHam (appx. 40000 students) is Germany's 5 th largest university. Structured in six faculties, the Faculty<br />
of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences is one of the largest and includes the Earth Sciences<br />
Department with the Meteorological Institute (MI) and Institute for Geography (IfGeogr). MI has several<br />
decades of experience in studies on weather and climate as well as on atmospheric dispersion and air<br />
pollution. MI has developed, validated and applied global to local scale numerical models, including the<br />
model system M-SYS that allows investigations of pollution transport and meteorology from the mesoscale<br />
down to the building-resolving micro-scale. The models are public and simplified versions of the developed<br />
models are used by consultants. MI is part of the Centre for Marine and Atmos. Sciences (ZMAW), where<br />
300 researchers and PhD students jointly work in marine, climate and earth system research. Institute<br />
members collaborate in more than 100 national and international projects, and contribute to or coordinate<br />
several EU projects and COST actions. IGeogr covers all fields of geography including economic and social<br />
effects (e.g. regional accounts of environmental risks). Since the early nineties IGeogr is involved in<br />
elaborating indicators of sustainable urban development, planning strategies and scenarios for urban<br />
restructuring. More recently basic and applied research on urban growth strategies has been included within<br />
a frame of concepts of ecological modernization in urban governance. Currently IGeogr is involved in<br />
projects of recent trends of re-urbanisation and a new meaning of compact city strategies. The empirical<br />
work is based on GIS technologies.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
MI will improve an existing parameterisation for sub-grid-scale urban effects (WP 2), implement it in the<br />
mesoscale meteorology and air quality model system M-SYS and validate it for the Rhine-Ruhr. M-SYS will<br />
be applied for the Paris case, which will also include an evaluation on different grids (WP5). The evaluated<br />
M-SYS will be implemented for Shanghai and studies on the Shanghai impact on the surrounding AQ will be<br />
performed (WP7). MI will co-lead WP7 and additionally contribute to WP7 by leading task 7.3, developing a<br />
joint evaluation method for the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project and apply it to the different models and applications<br />
(WP 7). IGeopgr will develop scenarios of possible evolutions of megacities (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr,<br />
Shanghai, Mexico City, Shanghai) by qualitative descriptions of the possible development of settlement<br />
structure and infrastructure and advice in developing assumptions about the effect of these scenarios on<br />
transport, energy supply and emissions of air pollutants (WP 8).<br />
Dr. Heinke Schluenzen (Prof.; Ph.: +49-428385082; Fax: +49-428385452, e-mail:<br />
heinke.schluenzen@zmaw.de) - is head of mesoscale/microscale modelling group at MI. She has long<br />
experience in model development, investigation of boundary layer and lower troposphere processes,<br />
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including chemistry, tracer and pollen transport as well as pollen and aerosol formation from the building<br />
and forest resolving scale towards the European scale. She coordinates the development of the M-SYS<br />
community model system, initiated model evaluation efforts, participated in several EU projects (e.g.<br />
ANICE, SATURN) and is involved in the model evaluation tasks of current COST actions for mesoscale<br />
(COST728, vice chair) and microscale (COST732) atmospheric modelling.<br />
Dr. Juergen Ossenbruegge (Prof.; Ph.: +49-428384909; Fax: +4928384967, e-mail:<br />
ossenbruegge@geowiss.uni-hamburg.de) - is head of the Department of Geography and leading a working<br />
group on economic and social restructuring of urban areas. He has long experience in theoretical and<br />
empirical research about spatial change and its environmental impact which includes pioneering research on<br />
issues of sustainable development, innovation and regional development as well as quantitative and<br />
qualitative concepts in order to evaluate risk perception and the effects of environmental policies for spatial<br />
development. This work has resulted in various academic projects and policy advices for regional bodies in<br />
the research areas which are related to sustainable urban development<br />
Recent and relevant publications<br />
Schluenzen K.H., Katzfey J.J. (2003) : Relevance of sub-grid-scale land-use effects for mesoscale models. Tellus, 55A,<br />
232-246.<br />
Schluenzen K.H., Meyer E.M.I. (2007): Impacts of meteorological situations and chemical reactions on daily dry<br />
deposition of nitrogen into the Southern North Sea. Atmospheric Environment, 41(2), 289-302.<br />
Trukenmüller A., Grawe D., Schluenzen K.H. (2004): A model system for the assessment of ambient air quality<br />
conforming to EC directives. Meteorol. Zeitschrift, 13 (5),387-394.<br />
von Salzen K., Schlünzen K.H. (1999): Simulation of the dynamics and composition of secondary and marine<br />
inorganic aerosols in the coastal atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D 23) , 30201-30217.<br />
Heeg, S., Klagge, B. Ossenbruegge. J. (2003): Metropolitan cooperation in Europe: Theoretical issues and perspectives<br />
for urban networking. In: European Planning Studies, 11 (2), S. 139-153.<br />
Partner 17: University of Helsinki (UHel)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Department of Physical Sciences at the UHel has over 25 years tradition in atmospheric research. 60<br />
scientists and doctoral students are currently engaged in this area. The main research subjects are aerosol<br />
dynamics (nucleation, condensation, coagulation, deposition), formation and growth of atmospheric aerosol<br />
particles and cloud droplets, atmospheric chemistry, urban aerosols, forest-atmosphere interactions (fluxes,<br />
photosynthesis, water transport), aerosol-cloud-climate interactions, atmospheric boundary-layer theory,<br />
modelling and parameterization. The basic theoretical resources consist of detailed computer codes<br />
describing basic phenomena such as multi-component nucleation and condensation, photosynthesis, and of<br />
extensive model for aerosol dynamics, atmospheric chemistry and cloud microphysics. The basic<br />
experimental resources consist of three field stations (SMEAR : I, II, Urban) and a state-of-art aerosol<br />
laboratory. In the field stations e.g. aerosol dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, micrometeorology, gas<br />
exchange between forest and atmosphere, soil chemistry and forest growth are measured continuously.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
UHel is responsible for the aerosol science aspects including aerosol-climate interaction, ground based<br />
observations and remote sensing, and for development of improved parameterization of the turbulent and<br />
mean structures of UABLs for use in climate and air quality models.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Prof. Markku Kulmala - has published more than 300 articles on aerosols, clouds, nucleation and biosphereatmosphere<br />
interactions; has participated in 21 EU projects and has procured 24 M€ in research income<br />
(PGD-30). He acts as a Research Unit leader in the Research Unit on Physics, Chemistry and Biology of<br />
Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change (Centre of Excellence, Academy of Finland). He is also the<br />
coordinator of 6FP IP EUCAARI, head of one Nordic centre of Excellence (Research Unit on Biosphere -<br />
Aerosol - Cloud - Climate Interactions) as well as the corresponding NorFa Graduate school (Carbon -<br />
Biosphere - Aerosol - Cloud - Climate Interactions). He has received the Smoluchovski Award in 1997; the<br />
World Cultural Council, Honorary Member, Helsinki 2003; the Finnish Science Award, Helsinki 2003; the<br />
International Aerosol Fellow Award, Budapest 2004; the Wilhelm Bjerknes Medal of the European<br />
Geoscience Union 2007.<br />
Prof. Gerrit de Leeuw - he has published ca. 65 peer reviewed articles in the fields of aerosols, remote<br />
sensing and ocean-atmosphere interaction. He has participated in 15(3) EU projects and has procured 5-6 M€<br />
in research income. Chair Programme Committee for Remote Sensing of the Netherlands National Research<br />
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Foundation NWO-ALW, member SOLAS International SSC, WCRP Working Group on Surface Fluxes,<br />
SOLAS IMP2 SC, EC FP6 NoE ACCENT AT2 and Aerosols SSC’s, Assoc. Editor of JGR-Atmospheres.<br />
Prof. Sergej S. Zilitinkevich - graduated from Dept. Theoretical Physics, Leningrad Uni. (1959). Degrees:<br />
PhD (1961), Dr Sci (1970), Prof. Geophysics (Acad Sci USSR, 1972), Prof. Meteorology (Uppsala Uni.,<br />
1997). In 1966 established Leningrad Division of Institute of Oceanology Acad. Sci. Since 1991 in Western<br />
Europe: 1991 Denmark, 1992-98 Germany, 1998-2003 Chair of Meteorology at Uppsala Uni., Sweden; since<br />
2004 Marie Curie Chair holder at Uni. of Helsinki, Finland. Projects coordinated: LAND-3 (1.5 million $),<br />
two INTAS, EU TEMPUS (0.5 million EUR), etc. 8 books and 160 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 3-4<br />
invited lectures per year. Wilhelm Bjerknes Medal of EGU (2000). Member of Academia Europaea.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Kulmala, M., A. Laaksonen, R.J. Charlson, P. Korhonen, (1997), Clouds without supersaturation. Nature, 388, 336-<br />
337.<br />
Kulmala M., L. Pirjola, J. M. Mäkelä, (2000), Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles. Nature,<br />
404, 66-69.<br />
Kulmala M., Vehkamäki H., Petäjä T., Dal Maso M., Lauri A., Kerminen V.-M., Birmili W., McMurry P.H., (2004),<br />
Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmos. particles: A review of observations. J. Aeros. Sci., 35, 143-176.<br />
Kulmala M, (2003), How Particles Nucleate and Grow. Science 302, 1000-1001.<br />
Zilitinkevich, S.S., (1991): Turbulent Penetrative Convection, Avebury Technical, Aldershot, 180 p.<br />
Zilitinkevich S. S., Esau I. N., (2005): Resistance and heat/mass transfer laws for neutral and stable planetary boundary<br />
layers: old theory advanced and re-evaluated. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 131, 1863-1892.<br />
Zilitinkevich, S., Esau, I., Baklanov, A., (2007): Further comments on the equilibrium height of neutral and stable<br />
planetary boundary layers. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 133, 265-271.<br />
Partner 18: University of Hertfordshire (UH-CAIR)<br />
Expertise and experience of the organization<br />
The Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR) is a part of the Science and Technology<br />
Research Institute (STRI) at the University. STRI consists of over 70 researchers and PhD students and<br />
manages in excess of national and international 40 projects. It has an integral IPR and Contracts unit and<br />
works closely with the Business Partnership Office and the Research Contracts Office of the University.<br />
Research within CAIR focuses on measurement and characterisation of aerosols and meteorological and air<br />
pollution modelling from local to regional scales. A range of measurement and modelling techniques are<br />
employed to study the processes and dynamics of air pollutants under different meteorological conditions.<br />
CAIR is involved in several EU funded projects, including OSCAR (coordinator), REVEAL, SAPPHIRE,<br />
FUMAPEX, AIR4EU and the Cluster of European Air Quality Research (CLEAR). CAIR has also<br />
participated in COST 715 and is currently involved in COST 728 (Enhancing Mesoscale Modelling<br />
Capability for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications).<br />
Role and contribution<br />
Integration of UK higher resolution emissions inventories into regional emission inventory and the influence<br />
of up-scaling of megacity emission to regional/global scales. Use of UM and WRF with CMAQ to improve<br />
the treatment of downscaling processes for megacities from regional to urban scales and finer and evaluate<br />
their local to regional air quality impact. Application and demonstration of prototype modelling system for<br />
case studies and scenarios evaluation on London and Paris urban conglomeration area. Synthesis of project<br />
outcomes to develop a framework approach for integrating models and apply the integrated approaches to<br />
quantify the impacts on and of megacities over regional to global scales.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Dr. Ranjeet S Sokhi (Prof.; Tel: +44 (0) 1707 284520; Fax: +44 (0) 1707 284208; Email:<br />
r.s.sokhi@herts.ac.uk) - Prof. of Atmospheric Science and head of Atmospheric Dynamic and Air Quality.<br />
Development and running of research programmes in urban air quality, measurement of air pollutants (e.g.<br />
particles, inorganic and organic), modelling of meteorological processes and air quality from local to<br />
mesoscales and computational systems for air pollution assessment. He has been involved in various national<br />
and international projects funded through a range of national and European sources such as a Dti/NERC<br />
project with Casella CEL (New particle Instrument), EPSRC/BRE (Personal exposure), Framework 5<br />
(PARTICULATE, OSCAR, SAPPHIRE, FUMAPEX, REVEAL), INERIS, France (VOCs), FP6 (AIR4EU)<br />
and the British Council (source apportionment of particles). He is the coordinator of the Cluster of European<br />
Air Quality Research (CLEAR) consisting of 11 EU funded projects. He is the chair of COST 728 on<br />
Enhancing European Mesoscale Modelling Capabilities for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications.<br />
Dr. Ye YU (Res. Fellow) - PhD in Atmospheric Environment. Her research involves advanced<br />
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meteorological and air quality modelling studies; air pollution meteorology; regional ozone chemistry;<br />
boundary layer meteorology. She worked on several EU funded projects, including FUMAPEX (Integrated<br />
Systems for Forecasting Urban Meteorology, Air Pollution and Population Exposure) and AIR4EU (Air<br />
Quality Assessment for Europe: from local to continental scale), as well as the Environment Agency funded<br />
project “Atmospheric chemistry and regional ozone”. All of these projects involve the use of comprehensive<br />
atmospheric numerical models, including the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5) and the Models-<br />
3/Community Multiscale Air Quality Modelling System (CMAQ). Adapted the Sparse Matrix Operational<br />
Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) processing system for Europe and UK applications.<br />
Dr. Charles Chemel (Res. Fellow) - his current research interests lie in studying environmental fluid<br />
mechanics, flow over complex terrain, urban air quality, boundary-layer physics, transport and mixing<br />
processes, turbulence in fluids, using observation as well as numerical simulation. Participation in, support of<br />
the management and further development of a range of international and national research programmes<br />
especially in relation to urban meteorological modelling, with emphasis on applications such as climate and<br />
air quality. He act as investigator in project POVA( POllution in Alpine Valleys) and task leader in WG 1 of<br />
COST728.<br />
Dr. Nutthida Kitwiroon (Res. Fellow) - participate further development of national and international<br />
research programmes especially in relation to emissions processing for atmospheric modelling (developing<br />
of a Fortran code for emission processing for both area and biogenic sources, including application of<br />
SMOKE), treatment of surface boundary layer parameters for meteorological and air quality models from<br />
local to mesoscales (PEARL and Models-3(MM5/CMAQ)), and applications of remote sensing & GIS<br />
(ArcView/ArcGIS and MapInfo) to air pollution modelling in urban areas. She has been involved in several<br />
national and international projects funded through a range of national and European sources such as Ozone<br />
project (investigated the effect of large point sources in UK on air quality at mesoscale), Framework 5<br />
(OSCAR, FUMAPEX) and FP6 (AIR4EU).<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Sokhi R S, San José R, Kitwiroon N, Fragkou E, Pérez J, Middleton D. R., (2006): Prediction of ozone levels in<br />
London using the MM5-CMAQ modelling system, Environmental Modelling and Software, 21, 567-577.<br />
Kukkonen J, Pohjola M, Sokhi R S, Luhana L et al, (2005): Analysis and evaluation of selected PM10 air pollution<br />
episodes affecting four European cities: Helsinki, London, Milan and Oslo. Atmos. Environment., 39, 2759-2774.<br />
Kitwiroon N, Sokhi R S, Luhana L., Teeuw R M (2002): Improvements in Air Quality Modelling by Using Surface<br />
Boundary Layer Parameters Derived from Satellite Land Cover Data, Water, Air & Soil Pollution: Focus, 2, 29-41.<br />
Ye Yu, Xiaoming Cai, (2006): Structure and dynamics of katabatic flow jumps: idealised simulations. Boundary-Layer<br />
Meteorol., 118, 527–555.<br />
Chemel C and J.-P. Chollet. (2006): Observations of the daytime boundary layer in deep alpine valleys. Boundary-<br />
Layer Meteorol., 119, 239–262.<br />
Brulfert G., C. Chemel, E. Chaxel, J.-P. Chollet, B. Jouve, H. Villard, (2006): Assessment of 2010 air quality in two<br />
alpine valleys from modelling: weather type and emission scenarios. Atm. Environ., 40, 7893–7907.<br />
Partner 19: University of Stuttgart (USTUTT)<br />
Expertise of the organization<br />
USTUTT (http://www.ier.uni-stuttgart.de) has been engaged in research work in the fields of air pollution<br />
and air pollution control, environmental economy and energy and environment for many years. Research on<br />
the evaluation of technical systems with regard to major policy issues, including costs, risks, environmental<br />
pollution and its impacts, has addressed e.g. the calculation of emission inventories, identification of<br />
emission reduction strategies, comparative risk assessment, life-cycle analysis of energy and transport<br />
systems, health and environmental impacts, assessment of social costs from energy and transport systems.<br />
Research on ‘Air Pollution Control’ and ‘Technology Assessment’ has focused on generation of emission<br />
inventories, identification of emission reduction strategies, technology assessment, environmental<br />
economics, quantification and assessment of environmental damage and risks to human health and<br />
estimation of external costs of energy and transport systems. USTUTT is involved, as co-ordinator or<br />
participant, in a wide range of EU research projects and has a long experience in international research cooperation<br />
within the EU and also with Eastern European countries and developing countries. Results of<br />
USTUTT’s research have been actively disseminated through close links to public institutions, politicians,<br />
industry and private households. The areas of interest are the development and application of methods and<br />
models for the calculation of anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and preparation of emission scenarios<br />
for future years, theoretical and experimental determination of uncertainties of calculated emission data,<br />
identification of efficient strategies for the reduction of emissions and ambient concentrations of air<br />
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pollutants and integrated assessment model development, damage assessment modelling, risk assessment and<br />
water-soil modelling.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
WP 8 leader, Participant in WP 1 and 7. Regional emission modelling, compilation of baseline scenarios,<br />
processing the emission data for Rhine-Ruhr-area and interaction with the administration of the Rhine-Ruhrarea,<br />
mitigation and policy options, Applying of a methodology and tool for impact assessment.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich - who will lead the research work, is deputy director of USTUTT and heads<br />
the department of Technology Assessment and Environment. His major research areas cover generation of<br />
emission inventories, the identification of emission reduction strategies, technology assessment,<br />
environmental economics, quantification and assessment of environmental damage and risks to human health<br />
and estimation of external costs of energy and transport systems. He was a member of the Scientific Steering<br />
Committee of EUROTRAC-II, a large EU research project studying the chemical transformation and<br />
transport of pollution over Europe, and also co-ordinator of the EUROTRAC subproject GENEMIS<br />
(Generation and Evaluation of Emission Data,. He has extensive experience in co-ordinating international<br />
research projects, e.g. HEATCO, MERLIN, NewExt, ESPREME, NATAIR.<br />
Dr.-Ing. Jochen Theloke - is head of the air pollution research group. His major research areas cover<br />
generation of emission inventories, the identification of emission reduction strategies and the assessment of<br />
mitigation costs. He has been involved in multinational work with the UNECE Task Force Emission<br />
Inventories and Projection (TFEIP), GENEMIS, EMEP. He has been working in several international<br />
research projects, e.g. MERLIN, ESPREME, DROPS, NATAIR<br />
Dr.-Ing. Peter Bickel - who leads the working group "Technology Assessment", was significantly involved<br />
in design, implementation and application of the ExternE transport methodology, and he was in charge of the<br />
technical coordination of the projects ExternE Transport and ExternE Core/Transport.<br />
Dipl.-Geoökol. Ulrike Kummer - works at USTUTT since 2004 on calculation of emissions from mobile<br />
sources, the generation of emissions inventories and the identification of emission reduction strategies and<br />
the assessment of mitigation costs..<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Friedrich R., P. Blank, S. Emeis, W. Engewald, D. Hassel, H. Hoffmann, J. Kühlwein, H. Michael, A. Obermeier,<br />
K. Schäfer, A. Sedlmaier, T. Schmitz, M. Stockhause, J. Theloke, F.-J. Weber, B. Wickert, (2002): Development<br />
of Emission Models and Improvement of Emission Data for Germany and Europe, Atmospheric Chemistry.<br />
Kühlwein J., B. Wickert, A. Trukenmüller, J. Theloke, R. Friedrich, (2002): Emission modelling in high spatial and<br />
temporal resolution and calculation of pollutant concentrations for comparisons with measured concentrations,<br />
Atmospheric Environment, 36 (S1), 7-18,<br />
Vautard R., J. Theloke, R. Friedrich et al. (2003): Paris emission inventory diagnostics from ESQUIF airborne<br />
measurements and a chemistry transport model, Geophysical Research, 108 (D17).<br />
Friedrich R., Reis S (Eds.) (2004): Emission of Air Pollutants - Measurements, Calculation and Uncertainties. (Final<br />
Report GENEMIS), VDI Springer Verlag.<br />
Kühlwein J, Friedrich R., (2005): Traffic measurements and high performance modelling of motorway emission rates,<br />
Atmospheric Environment, 39 (31).<br />
Theloke T., R. Friedrich (2007): Compilation of a data base on the composition of anthropogenic VOC emissions for<br />
atmospheric modelling, Atmospheric Environment, In Review.<br />
Partner 20: World Meteorological Organization (WMO)<br />
Expertise and experience of the Organization<br />
WMO is a specialized United Nations (UN) Organization that has the mandate for weather, climate,<br />
operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences within the UN system. It is the UN system’s<br />
authorative voice on the state and behaviour of the atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it<br />
produces, and the resulting distribution of water resources. WMO plays a leading role in international efforts<br />
to monitor and protect the environment through its Programmes and is instrumental in providing advice and<br />
assessments to governments on matters related to these issues and in contributing towards ensuring the<br />
sustainable development and well-being of nations.<br />
The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) of the Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme (AREP)<br />
department is the only global long-term atmospheric chemistry and air pollution programme. The<br />
measurement variables of GAW include greenhouse gases, stratospheric and tropospheric ozone, aerosols,<br />
UV radiation, reactive gases, and precipitation chemistry. The principal goal of GAW implementation is to<br />
contribute to efforts in reducing environmental risks to society and meeting the requirements of<br />
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environmental conventions; to strengthen capabilities to predict climate, weather and air quality; and to<br />
contribute to scientific assessments in support of environmental policy; through maintaining and applying<br />
global, long-term observations of the chemical composition and selected physical characteristics of the<br />
atmosphere; emphasizing quality assurance and quality control; and through delivering integrated products<br />
and services to users.<br />
The GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment (GURME) was established in 1999, it is the<br />
GAW activity most closely focused on air quality. This project bridges over a wide variety of Organizations<br />
and authorities, including environmental agencies, that collaborate under the WMO GURME umbrella in<br />
order to improve their citizens’ environment. GURME addresses the end-to-end aspects of air quality that<br />
link observational issues, data assimilation techniques, numerical models, dissemination methods, and<br />
capacity building. GURME is on one hand applying the latest research and developments in modelling,<br />
forming good collaboration between research and operational communities, and on the other building<br />
capacity in developing countries, for instance through pilot projects.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
WMO will provide the link to megacities outside of Europe and developing countries through GURME.<br />
WMO will participate in WP 8 as a Task Leader.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Dr. Liisa Jalkanen, Acting Chief/Environment Division/AREP leads the WMO GAW and GURME<br />
programmes. An important part of this job is to initiate, coordinate and catalyze global, regional and subregional<br />
cooperation and action for GAW and GURME and in response to environmental problems and<br />
emergencies. The main tasks are to support atmospheric research and to assist developing countries in<br />
implementing atmospheric chemistry activities through GAW and GURME. This includes keeping abreast of<br />
developments in, and new observational requirements for, atmospheric radiation, changes in the chemical<br />
composition, and physical characteristics of the atmosphere. GAW publishes guidelines and<br />
recommendations for instruments, observations and their dissemination. She is responsible in WMO for<br />
environmental activities in Europe, specifically she continues to co-chair, now for six years, the Task Force<br />
on Measurements and Modelling (TFMM) of the EMEP programme, under UN ECE. She is the WMO focal<br />
point for COST actions and specifically the representative in COST-726, -728 and -732. She collaborates<br />
with many UN agencies, these address health, environment, economics and disaster issues. She has managed<br />
the WMO/GAW GURME project since its establishment in 1999. In addition to above mentioned GURME<br />
activities, the GURME Training Team with international participation has developed a comprehensive<br />
training course on air quality forecasting that is delivered in different regions of the world. Dr Jalkanen was<br />
employed by the Air Quality Department of FMI (1983-1996), when she joined WMO.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Jalkanen, L., (2007): Air Quality, in Elements for Life, Tudor Rose, WMO.<br />
Jalkanen, L., Mäkinen, A., Häsänen, E., Juhanoja, J., (2000): The effect of large anthropogenic particulate emissions<br />
on atmos. aerosols, deposition and bioindicators in the eastern Gulf of Finland region. Sci Tot Env. 262 (2000) 123.<br />
Swietlicki, E., Kemp, K., Wåhlin, P., Bartnicki, J., Jalkanen, L., Krejci, R., (1999): Source-receptor relationships for<br />
heavy metals in the European atmosphere, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. In Phys. Res., B 150, 322.<br />
Baltensberger, U., Jalkanen, L., (1998): Aerosol studies in the WMO’s Global Atmosphere Watch Programme, Journal<br />
of Aerosol Science, 29, S165.<br />
Jalkanen, L., Virkkula, A., (1995): The effect of emissions from Estonia and the St. Petersburg area on air quality on<br />
the southeast coast of Finland, Paper 282. In: Anttila, P. et al. (ed.), Proc. of the 10th World Clean Air Congress,<br />
Espoo, Finland, May 28 - June 2, 1995, Vol. 2. The Finnish Air Pollution Prevention Society, Helsinki, Finland.<br />
Partner 21: Charles University (CUNI)<br />
Expertise and experience of the Organization<br />
The team from Dept. of Meteorology and Environment Protection of Charles University in Prague have<br />
expertise in a range of climate-related research topics including regional climate modelling and statistical<br />
evaluation of the reliability, sensitivity and uncertainty of model results comparing both with gridded<br />
climatology and station data. One of the main experience of the team is in air-quality studies as well, mainly<br />
working on air-pollution modelling. CUNI has participated and coordinated in several EU, international and<br />
national projects, respectively. In addition, it has provided numerous consultations to local and national<br />
governmental authorities and Organizations in its field of expertise. In relation to this proposal mainly<br />
participation in FP6 Project ENSEMBLES, QUANTIFY and coordination of project CECILIA will provide<br />
benefits for the progress in this study.<br />
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Role and contribution<br />
In this project, participating in WP6, CUNI will share the expertise in regional climate modelling in high<br />
resolution, impact of land use changes as well as the skill with coupling of air-quality CTM model to the<br />
regional climate model.<br />
Key persons:<br />
Dr. Tomas Halenka, CSc., (Assoc. Prof., deputy head of the Department) has RNDr. degree in Meteorology<br />
(NWP), Charles University in Prague, 1984, postgraduate study, researcher on Dept. of Meteorology and<br />
Geophysics, CSc. Degree in Meteorology, 1994, Assis. Prof. on Dept. of Meteorology and Environment<br />
Protection, Fac. of Math. and Physics, Charles University, till 2004, Assoc. Prof. there from 2006 till now.<br />
Experience and expertise in numerical modelling of the atmosphere, regional climate modelling, air quality<br />
modelling in local and regional scales, ozone, reading lectures on NWP, Dynamic Meteorology,<br />
Meteorological Instruments and Observation, Dynamics of the System Ocean-Atmosphere, supervisor of<br />
many diploma and doctoral student. Participation and coordination in several EU, international and national<br />
projects, respectively, coordinator of EC FP6 project CECILIA, participating in project FP6 EC<br />
ENSEMBLES, member of steering committee in project FP6 EC QUANTIFY, FP6 EC ATTICA, project<br />
FP5 EC SOLICE. Regular Assoc. of ICTP, chairman of Prague local chapter and Scientific Secretary of<br />
Czech Meteorological Society, Vice-President and Treasurer of European Meteorological Society, chairman<br />
of educational committee of EMS.<br />
Dr. Josef Brechler, CSc. (Assoc. Prof., Head of the Department) - has long expertise and research in airquality<br />
modelling and modelling of flow in microscale complex terrain and urban areas. Lectures in<br />
Boundary Layer Meteorology, Computation Systems, Interpretation of NWP Results. Participation and<br />
coordination in several EU, international and national projects, respectively.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Bednar, J., J. Brechler, T. Halenka (2002): Photochemical smog modelling in Prague. International Journal on<br />
Environment and Air Pollution, 16, 264-273.<br />
Kalvova, J., T. Halenka, K. Bezpalcova, I. Nemesova (2003): Koppen climate types in observed and simulated<br />
climates, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 47, 185-202.<br />
Huth, R., Mladek, R., Metelka, L., Sedlak, P., Huthova, Z., Kliegrova, S., Kysely, J., Pokorna, L., Janousek, M.,<br />
Halenka, T. (2003): On the integrability of limited-area numerical weather prediction model ALADIN over<br />
extended time periods. Studia geoph. geod., 47, 863-873.<br />
Halenka, T., J. Brechler, J. Bednar (2004): Modelling activity in the framework of the national project -<br />
Transformation of Air-Pollution, Modelling Its Transport and Dispersion, In: Air Pollution Modeling and Its<br />
Application XVI, C. Borrego, S. Incecik (Eds.), Klewer Academic/Plenum Publisher, 629-632.<br />
Halenka T., J. Kalvova, Z. Chladova, A. Demeterova, K. Zemankova, M. Belda, (2006): On the capability of RegCM<br />
to capture extremes in long term regional climate simulation – comparison with the observations for Czech<br />
Republic, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 86, 125-145.<br />
Partner 22: Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT)<br />
Expertise and Experience<br />
The IfTis engaged in investigations concerning the physics, chemistry, and modelling of the troposphere.<br />
Focus of the scientific research are the physical and chemical properties of aerosol particles and their<br />
interactions with clouds and radiation; transformations of trace substances in the vicinity of their sources,<br />
and exchange of energy and matter at internal and external boundaries of the troposphere.<br />
In all three foci research at IfT is concentrating increasingly on condensed trace substances in the form of<br />
aerosol particles and cloud elements. Besides their physical and chemical characterization, processes<br />
affecting the exchange between atmospheric reservoirs and the atmospheric effects of the condensed phase<br />
are being investigated by the institute. The institute employs approximately 50 scientists in 3 departments.<br />
IFT participates in the following current EC projects: EARLINET, AEROTOOLS, ACCENT, UFIPOLNET,<br />
EUSAAR, EUCAARI.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
IfT is involved in the characterization of the aerosol emission study in Paris, France. A full determination of<br />
physical aerosol properties at the ground (in-situ measurements), the vertical aerosol profile (Raman lidar),<br />
and the chemical characterization (mass spectroscopy) will be performed in the centre of Paris.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
Prof Dr. Alfred Wiedensohler - is the deputy head of the physics section at IFT and is scientifically involved<br />
in the ‘Tropospheric Aerosol’ group. The ‘Tropospheric Aerosol’ group consists of several scientists,<br />
doctoral students, undergraduate students, and two technicians engaged in atmospheric science. The main<br />
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subjects are dynamics of ultrafine and fine aerosols, optical and hygroscopic properties, and their<br />
climatology. The research methods are both experimental and theoretical. He was or is involved in several<br />
International field projects such as EUROTRAC-GCE, International Arctic Ocean Expedition 1991, ACE-1<br />
and ACE-2, INDOEX, and ACE-Asia. He is head of the World Calibration Centre for Physical Aerosol<br />
Properties within the WMO-GAW program and member of the Scientific Advisory group within WMO-<br />
GAW. His expertise is in aerosol physics, aerosol instrumentation, and physical properties of atmospheric<br />
aerosols. He is author and co-author of more than 130 peer-reviewed publications.<br />
Selected relevant publications<br />
Massling, A., Stock, M., Wiedensohler, A. (2005): Diurnal, Weekly, and Seasonal Variation of Hygroscopic Properties<br />
of Submicrometer Urban Aerosol Particles. Atmos. Environ., 39, 3911-3922.<br />
Wehner, B., Petäjä, T., Boy, M., Engler, C., Birmili, W., Tuch, T., Wiedensohler, A., Kulmala, M. (2005): The<br />
contribution of sulfuric acid and non-volatile polymer-like organics on the growth of freshly formed atmospheric<br />
aerosols. Geophs. Res. Let., 32, L17810.<br />
Wehner, B., Wiedensohler, A., T.M., T., Wu, Z. J., Hu, M., Slanina, J., Kiang, C. S. (2004). Variability of the aerosol<br />
number size distribution in Beijing, China: new particle formation, dust storms, and high continental background.<br />
Geophs. Res. Let., 31, L22108.<br />
Ansmann, A., D. Müller, (2005): Lidar and atmospheric aerosol particles, in Lidar. Range-Resolved Optical Remote<br />
Sensing of the Atmosphere, Ed. C. Weitkamp, Springer (Singapore), 105-141.<br />
Müller, D., U. Wandinger, A. Ansmann, (1999): Microphysical particle parameters from extinction and backscatter<br />
lidar data by inversion with regularization: Theory, Appl. Opt., 38, 2346-2357..<br />
Veselovskii, I., A. Kolgotin, V. Griaznov, D. Müller, K. Franke, D. N. Whiteman, (2004): Inversion of multiwavelength<br />
Raman lidar data for retrieval of bimodal aerosol size distribution, Appl. Opt., 43, 1180-1195.<br />
Partner 23: Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge (UCAM)<br />
Expertise and experience of the Organization<br />
The Centre for Atmospheric Science (CAS) at the University of Cambridge pursues fundamental research<br />
into the chemical and physical processes controlling the structure and composition of the Earth's atmosphere.<br />
The research programme comprises laboratory studies, field measurements, modelling and theoretical<br />
analysis, and a major strength of CAS is in the strong interactions between these various disciplines.<br />
Researchers at the Centre for Atmospheric Science have been actively developing and applying a range of<br />
chemistry-transport models and chemistry-climate models to numerical studies of the troposphere and<br />
stratosphere for more than 20 years, and have particular expertise in the areas of tropospheric oxidation<br />
processes, long-range transport, stratosphere-troposphere coupling, chemistry-climate feedbacks,<br />
stratospheric ozone hole development and recovery, and evaluation of models against atmospheric<br />
measurements. CAS has been a major contributor to national, European and international research projects,<br />
recently including ACTO, EXPORT, ITOP, MOZAIC, POET, RETRO, THALOZ, TRADEOFF, ACCENT,<br />
HTAP, AMMA, ACTIVE and SCOUT-O3.<br />
Role and contribution<br />
The principal contribution will be application of a high resolution (40-60 km) global chemistry-climate<br />
model (a nudged version of the UK Met Office Unified Model together with the recently-developed UKCA<br />
chemistry-aerosol model) to explore the regional and global effects of megacity emissions on atmospheric<br />
composition and climate. Application of this model to case studies of megacity plumes and long-range<br />
transport will provide an improved understanding of the global impacts of megacity emissions on ozone and<br />
other oxidants, and comparison with regional model studies will allow a better assessment of uncertainty in<br />
the representation of export processes and fast chemistry in global models, providing an important<br />
contribution to WP5. The relatively high resolution of this global model will provide additional insight by<br />
effectively bridging the gap between regional and global model studies, allowing the impacts of model<br />
resolution to be quantified, and providing an improved understanding of the effects of megacities over<br />
continental and global scales.<br />
Principal personnel involved<br />
John Pyle, Prof., FRS, Director of CAS, is the head of Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.<br />
He has more than 30 years experience in the development and application of models of atmospheric<br />
chemistry and has worked extensively on stratospheric ozone and on atmospheric chemistry-climate<br />
interactions. He has been coordinator and PI on a large number of national and EU projects, most recently<br />
including QUAAC, UKCA and SCOUT-O3.<br />
Oliver Wild, Dr., Res. Assoc., works at CAS; has extensive experience over the past 15 years in the<br />
development and application of tropospheric chemistry models to study the intercontinental transport of<br />
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oxidants, the evolution of tropospheric oxidation, the links between air quality and climate change, and<br />
quantification of model uncertainty through detailed comparisons between model results and atmospheric<br />
measurements. He has participated in a number of international projects, including NARE, TRACE-P,<br />
ACCENT and HTAP and has contributed to assessment reports by WMO and IPCC.<br />
Maria Russo, Dr., Res. Assoc., works at CAS; responsible for developing the high-resolution and mesoscale<br />
versions of the UKCA model, and is involved in providing modelling support to a number of measurement<br />
campaigns related to EU projects (ACTIVE, SCOUT-O3, AMMA).<br />
Recent and relevant publications<br />
Wild, O., M.J. Prather (2006): Global tropospheric ozone modelling: Quantifying errors due to grid resolution, J.<br />
Geophys. Res., 111, D11305, doi:10.1029/2005JD006605.<br />
Zeng, G., J.A. Pyle (2005), Influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation on stratosphere/troposphere exchange and the<br />
global tropospheric ozone budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2004GL021353.<br />
Wild. O., P. Pochanart, H. Akimoto (2004): Trans-Eurasian transport of ozone and its precursors, J. Geophys. Res.,<br />
109, D11302, doi:10.1029/2003JD004501.<br />
Wild, O., et al. (2004): CTM ozone simulations for spring 2001 over the Western Pacific: Regional ozone production<br />
and its global impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S02, doi:10.1029/2003JD004041.<br />
B.2.3 Consortium as a whole<br />
Description of the consortium<br />
The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> consortium consists of funded participants, non-funded international participants and end<br />
users/stakeholders.<br />
Overview of the Consortium and Commitment<br />
The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> consortium consists of 23 full partners from 11 European countries, 12 international<br />
research non-funded partners from USA, Canada, Mexico, India, Chile and Thailand, and 9 end<br />
users/stakeholders. Figures 8 and 9 show the geographical location of all the consortium partners and<br />
collaborators. All organizations are highly regarded internationally in their respective field. Collectively and<br />
uniquely, <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> represents a true integration of capacity from hitherto disparate fields, namely, the<br />
climate change and air quality communities, from the megacity- to regional and global scales, including both<br />
measurement and modelling groups. The number of partners reflects the expertise that is required to<br />
undertake the work programme and benefits from partners having complementary roles. A balanced<br />
consortium was chosen to assemble all knowledge, research facilities, models and experiences together to do<br />
the research, needed to meet the objectives of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. The key research groups are distributed across<br />
many parts of Europe, bringing together the necessary know-how in the necessary fields including<br />
atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, urban, regional and global scale modelling, megacity<br />
features, emissions and ground-based, laboratory, aircraft and satellite measurement groups. The scientific<br />
nature of urban aerosol induced climate forcing and urban-regional air quality requires this broad based<br />
expertise and skill level. Over the duration of the project <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will mobilise in excess of 150<br />
international scientists. Although there is an emphasis on research, strong interaction will exist with users,<br />
megacities administrations and external experts through the Project Advisory Board, user workshops and the<br />
Global Stakeholder forum.<br />
All participants are fully committed to the project and its aims and the work programme is an essential part<br />
of their organization's long-terms strategies demonstrating a high level commitment from all participants.<br />
The complementary roles for each partner are summarised in Table 2.3.<br />
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UK<br />
MetO<br />
KCL<br />
UCam<br />
UH - CAIR<br />
CLA<br />
NO<br />
NILU<br />
NERSC<br />
DK<br />
DMI<br />
DE<br />
MPIC<br />
UHam<br />
NL<br />
TNO<br />
IfT CZ<br />
UStut<br />
FR<br />
CUNI<br />
GKSS<br />
CNRS CH<br />
AIRPARIF PSI<br />
DEEE WMO<br />
IT<br />
ARIANET GR<br />
JRC FORTH<br />
ICTP AUTH<br />
Figure 8: <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> European main partners (blue – funded, green – non-funded) and endusers/stakeholders<br />
(red).<br />
Figure 9: <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> non-funded international partners (green) and end-users/stakeholders (red).<br />
94<br />
FI<br />
UHel<br />
FMI<br />
UKR<br />
KMSA<br />
TUR<br />
ITU<br />
RU<br />
MSU<br />
HRCRF<br />
RSHMU
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Table 2.3. Main partners and their roles<br />
(WPL: Work Package Leader, TL: Task Leader, DL, WP: Deputy Leader, PI; Principal Investigator)<br />
# Partner PIs Coordination<br />
role<br />
1 DMI Alexander Overall<br />
Baklanov, Jens H. coordinator,<br />
Christensen, WP9 L,<br />
Allan Gross TL:2.2, 4.3,<br />
5.5.1, 7.2,<br />
2 FORTH Spyros Pandis Sci. cocoordinator,<br />
WP9 L, TL-<br />
4.2, 5.2<br />
3 MPIC Mark Lawrence,<br />
Thomas Wagner<br />
Sci. cocoordinator,<br />
WP9 L, TL-<br />
5.1, 5.4.2,<br />
Scientific role and competence<br />
Urban and regional scale atmospheric and pollution modelling; Urban<br />
parameterisations; Regional-scale climate modelling;<br />
Inverse modelling for source-term estimation; Integrated urbanregional-global<br />
system/tools development<br />
Urban, regional, global air quality,<br />
3D Chemical Transport Modelling;<br />
Case Studies for Mexico city and North American megacities;<br />
Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development<br />
Global-scale pollution and climate modelling,<br />
Satellite remote sensing of pollutants and urban areas;<br />
Chemistry-climate coupling and modelling;<br />
Global pollution from megacities;<br />
Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development<br />
4 ARIANET Sandro Finardi SME Urban, regional pollution and emission modelling;<br />
Nested air quality modelling system;<br />
Application and demonstration of prototype model system for P-Valley<br />
5 AUTH Nicolas<br />
Moussiopoulos<br />
6<br />
CNRS/LISA<br />
CNRS/LAMP<br />
CNRS/LSCE<br />
CNRS/GAME<br />
CNRS/LGGE<br />
Matthias<br />
Beekmann,<br />
Paolo Laj,<br />
Valérie Gros,<br />
Laurent Gomes,<br />
Jean-Luc Jaffrezo<br />
7 FMI Jaakko Kukkonen,<br />
Jarkko Koskinen,<br />
Mikhail Sofiev,<br />
Ari Karppinen<br />
WP4 L, TL-<br />
4.1, 4.4,<br />
WP3 L, TL:<br />
2.1<br />
WP5 L,<br />
TL 2.1, 4.5,<br />
5.3, 5.4.1<br />
and Mexico city<br />
Advanced physical and chemical parameterizations;<br />
Integrated environmental assessment tools;<br />
Urban, regional scale pollution modelling;<br />
RANS and LES CFD simulations<br />
Paris Urban Plume Study;<br />
Campaign planning and Organization;<br />
Airborne and ground based gas and aerosols measurements;<br />
Urban, regional pollution modelling<br />
Biogenic and natural global emissions;<br />
Urban surface and morphology classification and database;<br />
Exposure assessment and estimates;<br />
Urban, regional scale pollution modelling<br />
8 JRC Stefano Galmarini TL-2.5 Parameterization of subgrid scale emissions;<br />
Urban, regional, global scale air quality modelling<br />
9 ICTP Filippo Giorgi WP6 L, Regional climate modelling coupled with aerosol module;<br />
T6.1, 6.4 Effect of climate change on regional pollution and feedback;<br />
Regional simulations for Europe, Asia and Central America<br />
10 KCL Sue Grimmond, WP2 L, Urban processes and parameterizations and energy budget;<br />
Martin Wooster, TL-1.4, 1.5, Urban, regional scale modelling;<br />
Frank Kelly 2.3<br />
Physical measurements - Studies for London<br />
11 NERSC Igor Esau, Ola M. WP2 DL, Urban ABL parameterizations and simulations;<br />
Johannessen TL-2.4 Turbulence resolving and urban-scale LES modelling<br />
12 NILU Andreas Stohl, WP5 L, Subgrid emission parameterization;<br />
Bruce Denby TL-5.4.3, Air quality and exposure assessment;<br />
5.5.2, Global scale dispersion of emission tracers from megacities;<br />
Impact of North American megacities;<br />
Web-based transport model tools<br />
Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development<br />
13 PSI Urs Baltensperger WP3 DL, Design of experiments for aerosols;<br />
TL 3.2; Aerosols, gas, and meteo measurements;<br />
Impact of aerosols on air quality and climate;<br />
Statistical tools for source apportionment<br />
14 TNO Peter Builtjes, WP1 L, TL- High resolution gridded emissions at different scales;<br />
Dick van den 1.1, 1.2, 1.6, Regional scale air quality modelling<br />
Hout, Hugo D. van WP8 DL, Policy issues, mitigation and cost-benefit analysis<br />
der Gon<br />
TL-8.1<br />
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15 MetO W. Collins,<br />
Michael Sanderson<br />
16 UHam Heinke<br />
Schluenzen,<br />
Juergen<br />
Ossenbruegge<br />
17 UHel Markku Kulmala,<br />
Gerrit de Leeuw,<br />
Sergey Zilitinkevich<br />
WP6 L, TL-<br />
6.1, 6.2, 6.4<br />
WP7 DL,<br />
TL-7.3<br />
EUCAARI<br />
cord.,<br />
TL-2.4<br />
18 UH-CAIR Ranjeet Sokhi WP7 L, TL-<br />
7.1, 7.5<br />
19 UStutt Rainer Friedrich WP8 L,<br />
TL-8.1, 8.3<br />
20 WMO Liisa Jalkanen GURME<br />
coord., TL-<br />
7.4<br />
21 CUNI Tomas Halenka CECILIA<br />
cord., -<br />
22 IfT Alfred<br />
Wiedensholer<br />
23 UCAM John Pyle,<br />
Oliver Wild,<br />
Maria Russo<br />
Climate-chemistry-ecosystem feedbacks;<br />
Regional scale pollution modelling,<br />
Global, regional scale climate modelling and megacity effects<br />
Parameterization for subgrid scale urban effects;<br />
Implement air quality model system for Rhine-Ruhr;<br />
Urban, regional scale modelling;<br />
Scenarios for possible megacities evolution;<br />
Aerosol climate interaction;<br />
Ground based observations and remote sensing;<br />
Improved parameterization of turbulent urban ABL;<br />
Urban, regional scale pollution modelling<br />
Integration UK high resolution emission inventories;<br />
Urban, regional scale atmospheric and pollution modelling;<br />
Prototype system and scenarios for London and Paris;<br />
Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development<br />
Emission data for Rhine-Ruhr and baseline scenarios;<br />
Regional emission modelling;<br />
Application and tool for impact assessment;<br />
Mitigation, cost-benefit and policy analysis<br />
Mitigation strategy and policy options;<br />
Scenarios for megacities in developing countries<br />
(link with GURME)<br />
Regional scale air pollution and climate change modelling;<br />
Impact f land use changes;<br />
Coupling of air quality CTM to regional climate model;<br />
TL;3.3 Paris and Beijing Urban Plume Studies;<br />
Aerosols, gas-phase and meteo- measurements<br />
- Global and regional scale pollution and climate modelling;<br />
Global and regional effects of megacities emissions on atmospheric<br />
composition and climate<br />
Role of Users and SMEs<br />
Although this particular call is highly scientific in nature, it still has strong user relevance in relation to<br />
policy and public interest. The call and hence the project also address a highly topical area and there will be<br />
considerable wider stakeholder interest, including from the megacities organizations, public, industry,<br />
regulatory bodies and business and commerce including SMEs and national and local government officials.<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will encourage the participation of users and other stakeholders through the Global Forum,<br />
ISPP and dissemination tasks (see Appendix 3 and Table 2.5). For example, for the Rhine-Ruhr area, contact<br />
has been established with the Landesamt fuer Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz NRW, Germany, which<br />
is responsible for air pollution control in the area (contact person Dr. Peter Bruckmann). The LANUV is<br />
willing to support the project e.g. by providing data (e.g. emission data) and information.<br />
In addition, <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> has reserved a significant budget (See Section 2.4) to include the formal<br />
participation of users in the project as it develops. Hence we expect the user involvement to increase<br />
throughout the project. This will be implemented through discussions within the ISPP, Project Steering<br />
Committee and with the European Commission. Mechanisms for user involvements include the ISPP,<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Global Stakeholder Forum and Task 2, WP8.<br />
Two SME are involved into <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> as partners. The Partner 4: ARIANET Consulting is a SME from<br />
Italy. They are responsible for application and demonstration of prototype model system for the Po Valley<br />
Megacity agglomeration, Italy (a regional ‘hot spot’). The Partner 11: NERSC is a Norwegian (with branches<br />
in China and Russia) SME in environmental and Remote Sensing research and applications.<br />
Subcontractors<br />
Two partners of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> (P6 and P23) will employ subcontractors based on the current budget from the<br />
EC.<br />
Partner 6: Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) involves SAFIRE (Service des Avions<br />
Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement), which is a common Météo-France,<br />
CNRS and CNES laboratory based at Toulouse, France (http://www.safire.fr), as a subcontractor. In the<br />
project SAFIRE will run the French ATR-42 aircraft for flights in the Paris pollution plume during summer<br />
2009 (80 000 Euro; see tasks specifications on pages 76 and 101).<br />
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Partner 23: University of Cambridge (UCam) includes the audit cost (which is ~1000 Euro/year) as a<br />
subcontract.<br />
International Cooperation<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will particularly benefit from the participation of non-European international collaborators who<br />
are playing a key role in this field (letter of commitments are included in Appendix 3). These scientists are<br />
part of existing collaborative projects with <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> partners, stated in parenthesis below. The roles are<br />
summarised below and provide significant added value for Europe (see Table 2.4 and Table 2.5).<br />
Table 2.4: <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> (non-funded by EC) non-European international scientific<br />
collaborators/partners.<br />
# Institute PIs Role Contribution<br />
I1 UI-CGER Greg<br />
Research WP1, (TNO, emissions modelling), WP7 links to<br />
(USA) 1<br />
I2 USEPA-AMD<br />
(USA) 2<br />
I3 YU-amDAL<br />
(Canada) 3<br />
Carmichael<br />
Jason Ching,<br />
Kenneth<br />
Schere<br />
Jacek<br />
Kaminiski,<br />
John C.<br />
McConnell<br />
97<br />
non-European megacities and GURME, and WP8<br />
Research Via collaboration with the CIRAQ project managed<br />
by USEPA and NOAA (Regional climate and air<br />
quality over N America) as part of WP2, within<br />
emission inventories (WP1), megacity morphology<br />
databases (WP2) and measurements (WP3).<br />
Research Megacity plume case study (WP3), megacity air<br />
quality (WP4), and regional and global atmospheric<br />
composition and climate (WPs45and 6).<br />
I4 MCE2 (USA) 4 Luisa Molina Research Contribute with emission inventories (WP1) and<br />
measurements (WP3) , and air pollution assessment<br />
I5 SJSU (USA) 5 Robert D.<br />
Bornstein<br />
I6 ASU (USA) 6 H.J.S.<br />
Fernando<br />
and mitigation (WP8) for Mexico City,<br />
Research Urban coastal climate; Urban impact on regional<br />
climate; Concurring: global warming and local<br />
cooling in coastal environment (WP6); Air pollution<br />
in coastal urban environment; Heat islands. (WP2)<br />
Research Urban climate in a valley (ventilation due to slope<br />
winds), socio economical aspects, problems of<br />
rapidly growing Megacity (WP2)<br />
I7 NSoEES<br />
(USA) 7<br />
Gabriel Katul Research Responsibilities / interests: A theoretical model and<br />
observations of turbulence in urban canopy (WP2).<br />
I8 UoC-ESRL<br />
(USA) 8<br />
Georg Grell Research Regional and global modelling using WRF/Chem<br />
(WP5)<br />
I9 IIT (India) 9<br />
Bhola R. Research Emissions (WP1) and megacity air quality modelling<br />
Gurjar<br />
(WP4) for Indian megacities.<br />
I10 GKSS<br />
(Germany) 10<br />
Volker Research Detailed ship emissions (WP1) and regional PAH<br />
Matthias<br />
modelling (WP5)<br />
I11 USEPA-AR<br />
(USA) 11<br />
Terry K. Research Contribute with emissions (WP1) and monitoring for<br />
Keating<br />
(WP3) USA.<br />
I12 AIT<br />
(Thailand) 12<br />
Nguyen Thi Research Modeling (WP4) and measurements (WP3) for Asian<br />
Kim Oanh<br />
cities (e.q. the 6 cities included in AIRPET)<br />
I13 IIT-B (India) 13 Verindra Sethi Research Air pollution control, Implementation case study<br />
(WP7)<br />
1. UI-CGER: University of Iowa, Centre for global and regional Environmental Research<br />
2. USEPA-AMD: US-Environmental Projection Agency, Atmospheric Model Development Branch<br />
3. YU-amDAL: York University-Atmos. Mod. & Data Assimilation Laboratory<br />
4. MCE2: Moline Center for Energy and the Environment.<br />
5. SJSU: San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology.<br />
6. ASU: Arizona State University, Depart. of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Environ. Fluid Dynamics Program.<br />
7. NSoEES: Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University.<br />
8. UoC-ESRL: University of Colerado, Earth Systems Research Systems (CIRES)<br />
9. IIT: Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering<br />
10. GKSS: GKSS-Research Centre, Institute for Coastal Research
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
11. USEPA-AR: US-Environmental Projection Agency, Air and Radiation.<br />
12. AIT: Asian Institute of Technology<br />
13. IIT-B: Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay<br />
Table 2.5: End-users involved in the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> (letters of commitments are included in Appendix 3)<br />
# Institute PIs Role Contribution<br />
EI1 MSU (Russia) 1 N. Kasimov End User Provide data for case studies (WP3), and air pollution<br />
V. Bondur<br />
assessment and forecasting strategies (WP8) for<br />
Moscow (WP8).<br />
E2 SRMC<br />
(China) 2<br />
Tang Xu End User Monitoring, modelling and impact assessment,<br />
integrated tools and implementation for Shanghai<br />
(WP7)<br />
E3 ITU (Turkey) 3 Selahattin End User Provide data for Istanbul (WP3), integrated tools<br />
Incecik<br />
applications (WP7), and incorporate in improved<br />
methodology from <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>S into their studies.<br />
E4 GLA (UK) 4 Sarah Legge End User Make emission inventories for London (WP1), air<br />
quality mitigation, policy options and assessment for<br />
London (WP8).<br />
E5 HRCRF<br />
(Russia) 5<br />
Roman End User Provide data for case studies to improve UAQIS<br />
Vilfand<br />
(WP3), and air pollution assessment and forecasting<br />
strategies (WP7-8) for Moscow and other cities.<br />
E6 KMSA<br />
(Ukraine) 6<br />
Eugine Gayev End User Air pollution mitigation, policy options and impact<br />
assessment for the fast growing city Kiev (WP8)<br />
E7 AIRPARIF<br />
(France) 7<br />
Philippe End User Emission inventory (WP1) and measurements (WP3)<br />
Lameloise<br />
for Greater Paris region.<br />
E8 CU (Egypt) 8 M.M. Abdel End User Measurements from Cairo city (WP3), use the results<br />
Wahib<br />
from <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> in air pollution assessment,<br />
prediction and mitigation strategies for Cairo.<br />
E9 DEEEE<br />
(France) 9<br />
Eric<br />
End User Air pollution mitigation, policy options (WP8) and<br />
Vindimian<br />
impact assessment for Paris (WP3)<br />
E10 PUCC<br />
(Chile) 10<br />
H. Jorquera End User Air pollution mitigation, policy options, modelling<br />
(WP8) and impact assessment for Santiago de Chile<br />
E11 RSHU<br />
(Russia) 11<br />
L. Karlin End User Case studies (WP3), and air pollution assessment and<br />
forecasting strategies (WP8) for St.Petersburg<br />
1. MSU: Moscow State University, the Geographical Faculty<br />
2. SRMC: Shandhai Regional Meteorological Center<br />
3. ITU: Istanbul Technical University<br />
4. GLA: Greater London Authority<br />
5. HRCRF: Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation<br />
6. KMSA: Kiev’s Municipal State Administration, Department of Environment<br />
7. AIRPARIF: Association de Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air en Ile de France<br />
8. CU: Cairo University-Astronomy and Meteorology Department<br />
9. DEEEE: Direction des Etudes Economiques et de l’Evaluation Environmentale<br />
10. PUCC: P. Universidad Catolica de Chile<br />
11. RSHU: Russian State Hydro-Meteorological University<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will closely collaborate with and takes advantage of many other supplementing European,<br />
International and national projects, networks and programs. Some of them are listed in Table 2.6.<br />
Table 2.6: List of some major EU and other projects/networks relevant to <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
Important Monitoring Networks and Programmes<br />
AERONET/PHOTON, EARLINET, EMEP, GEOSS, GEMS, GMES, GURME, IGACO, PROMOTE, WMO/GAW, INSPIRE<br />
Projects Partners involved Relevance/Title<br />
ACCENT 3, 5, 6, 12, 14, 18 NOE, joint research programmes<br />
AEROCOM 1, 3 Global Aerosol Model Intercomparison<br />
COST 728 5, 12, 14, 16, 18 Mesoscale meteorological modelling for air pollution<br />
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COST 729 12 Nitrogen fluxes in atmosphere-biosphere<br />
COSMOS 1, 7 Global scale models, Earth modelling system<br />
Earlinet-ASOS 3, 12, 14 Aerosol research Lidar network<br />
EUCAARI 3, 6, 7, 12, 14, 17 EU IP on aerosol, cloud, climate, air quality interactions<br />
EUFAR 15 Coordinating the operations of instrumented aircraft<br />
Envirorisks 1, 3 Climate change and environmental effects/feedbacks<br />
ENSEMBLES 1, 3, 7, 15, 19 Ensemble prediction system for climate change<br />
ESPREME 12, 19 Heavy metal emissions and concentrations over Europe<br />
EUSAAR 6, 7, 12, 14 European super sites for aerosol research<br />
HEIMTSA 8, 19 Health and environment integrated methodology and toolbox for scenario<br />
GEMS 1, 3, 6, 7, 19, Global and regional Earth-system Monitoring using Satellite and in-situ data<br />
NTARESE 12, 19 Integrated assessment of health risk of environmental stressors in Europe<br />
NEEDS 5, 19 Hemispheric emissions and air pollution modelling<br />
NitroEurope 12 Nitrogen fluxes and environmental impacts<br />
PRISM II 1, 3, 19 Program for Integrated Earth System Modelling<br />
QUANTIFY 16 Quantifying the climate impact of transport<br />
SCOUT-O3 1, 7, 12, 19 Ozone and chemistry/climate system<br />
Projects that have or soon will finish where Partners are involved<br />
FUMAPEX, Air4EU, ASSET, BOND, CARBOSOL, CLEAR, COSMOS, CREATE, DAEDALUS, EVERGREEN, FUMAPEX,<br />
GMES-GATO, MEDUSE, NATAIR, PRUDENCE, RETRO<br />
Close collaboration with the sister project CityZen is also expected (see Task 9.9 and B.2.1).<br />
B.2.4 Resources to be committed<br />
Project resources justification<br />
The main categories of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> budget are as follows:<br />
RTD Activities € 4 948 757.04<br />
Management and Other costs € 145 750.00<br />
Total <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Project Budget<br />
Including:<br />
€ 5 094 507.64<br />
Total requested budget for <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> € 3 398 989.27<br />
The effort and budget forms per WP by Partners are presented in Section 1.2 (Table 1.3d) and the<br />
justification of the requested costs is given in A3.1 tables and in Overall A3.2 Table. The budget for users<br />
and for contingency has been added to the RTD budget for DMI and partly for MPIC.<br />
Project Effort Form<br />
Table 1.3d shows the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Effort form (person months) for the whole duration of the project per<br />
partner for each WP. WP 3 demands considerable resources as comprehensive measurements are planned<br />
(see justification below in this Section).<br />
Budget for user/stakeholder/PAB participation<br />
A separate budget has been reserved for users, stakeholders and PAB expenses (mainly travel and<br />
subsistence). This budget of ~€63k has been added to the DMI (~€53k) and MPIC (~€10k)<br />
RTD/Management budget. This budget will be used mainly to encourage the participation of users in the<br />
later stages of the project although planning will start earlier. There may also be a case that a specific<br />
additional partner may be required for example from the policy, pollution regulation sector or from new<br />
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member states. In this case some budget will be allocated from this source with the approval of the PMC and<br />
the EC.<br />
Contingency budget<br />
Similarly, a contingency budget of ~€29k has been reserved and included in the DMI RTD/Other budget. In<br />
any large project there may be the possibility of unforeseen costs, for example, equipment replacement, the<br />
need to repeat modelling runs, to undertake additional sample analysis or additional meetings. In this event<br />
budget will be allocated to the appropriate partner with the approval of the coordinators.<br />
Justification of costs for RTD Activities<br />
Travel and subsistence has been allocated to all main partners to attend 2 project meetings per year and<br />
further technical meetings (€6-10k for partner). There is no allocation of budget for groups from USA,<br />
Canada, etc. as they will fund their involvement in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> from their own national resources.<br />
Despite that the main idea is using maximally all existing available data from previous international and<br />
national measurement campaigns, the consortium is planning some own measurements, required specific<br />
costs for equipments etc., mostly for the Paris megacity plume study.<br />
Justification of costs and Implementation plan for the Paris field study:<br />
Specific measurement campaigns will be set up in the Paris region during 2009: a ground based segment<br />
with observations at an urban and a suburban site during one summer and winter month and an airborne<br />
segment with dedicated flights with the French ATR-42 aircraft in the Paris plume during one summer<br />
month.<br />
Ground based segment<br />
The following three ground based sites will be operated, the first two being funded by <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>:<br />
• Urban background super-site (roof platform of the LHVP laboratory). This site is part of the<br />
AIRPARIF network. Located at 20m height, at the doors of the Monsouris Park, 200m from “Place<br />
d’Italie”. Preliminary field campaigns have shown that this site is representative of the city<br />
background atmosphere.<br />
• Suburban site (Plateau de Saclay, 30km south-west of Paris; roof platform of the LSCE laboratory).<br />
This site is a permanent monitoring station for Greenhouse gases (RAMCES network) located on the<br />
Plateau de Saclay (30km south-west of Paris).<br />
• Downwind site at a greater distance from the Paris centre, at about 60 – 100 km. If additional<br />
funding is obtained, mobile laboratories (e.g. from LISA, PSI, and MPIC, see below) will be placed<br />
in the expected sector of the plume (at one of the eight rural AIRPARIF sites), based on forecast<br />
with the CHIMERE model.<br />
• Puy de Dome. This altitude site (at 1200 m height) is located at 400 km in the south of the Paris.<br />
This site represents an aged aerosol, which will allow for a general comparison of fresh and aged<br />
aerosol.<br />
The first two sites will be equipped by <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> partners CNRS-LISA, CNRS-LSCE, FORTH, IfT, PSI,<br />
UHEL with high quality instruments allowing for aerosol chemical, and size distribution speciation,<br />
measurement of aerosol optical and hygroscopic measurements and related precursor gas measurements (see<br />
table Appendix 1). Lidar measurements will be available at three km from the Saclay site at the SIRTA<br />
station (LIDAR monitoring site, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau). Each group has foreseen costs for<br />
instrument housing (on the LVHM or LSCE roof) on its own budget. A sum of 20 k€ is provisioned for<br />
additional logistic costs. The extent of operation at the downwind site depends on the amount of national<br />
funding. The operation of the Puy de Dome site is fully covered by national funding as well as the EC project<br />
EUSAAR, such that no funding from <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> is required here. In addition, groups from outside the<br />
project (S. Borrmann, MPIC) showed interest to participate on their own funding with a fully equipped<br />
mobile laboratory for measurements of the spatial distribution of aerosol parameters or at a site downwind of<br />
the Paris plume.<br />
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Airborne segment<br />
Airborne measurements within the Paris pollution plume will be performed with the French Research<br />
Aircraft ATR42. This aircraft is run by SAFIRE (Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la<br />
Recherche en Environnement), which is a common Météo-France, CNRS and CNES laboratory based at<br />
Toulouse, France (http://www.safire.fr). This research aircraft has been successfully flown during AMMA<br />
campaign during summer 2006 for extensive measurements of aerosol and gaseous species properties.<br />
The following table resumes the major characteristics of the ATR-42 aircraft :<br />
Scientific payload 2500 kg<br />
Maximum endurance 6 h<br />
Maximum distance ~2100 km<br />
Usual cruise speed 100 m / s<br />
Min. altitude 100 m above ground<br />
Max. altitude 7500 m asl.<br />
Instruments to be flown on the aircraft are listed in table of Appendix 1 and include high quality<br />
measurements for speciation of chemical, optical and hygroscopic aerosol properties, gaseous species<br />
measurements and an airborne backscatter lidar. Most of the instruments will be set-up by CNRS<br />
laboratories LaMP, GAME, LGGE LGGE and LISA, the rest being by default on board of the aircraft<br />
(directly set-up by SAFIRE). Within the project budget, funding for six flights with a 4 h duration, within a<br />
two weeks period, are foreseen.<br />
Provisional budget for flight operations asked from the commission:<br />
Flight hours 6 * 4 = 24 Fee per hour : 1 kE 24 kE<br />
Immobilisation period 14 days Fee per day : 2 kE 28kE<br />
Mission costs for the flight + Fee per day : 1 KE<br />
18 KE<br />
ground crew (10 persons) + travel costs Paris / Toulouse<br />
(300 E/person)<br />
Location of flight logistics Flight hangar in Paris region,<br />
office with internet link for<br />
crew<br />
10 kE<br />
Total asked from commission: 80 kE<br />
Additional national funding will be seeked, to have a total number of 12 flights within a one month period.<br />
It is evident that the charged air craft costs only cover a small fraction of the real costs, so that there is a<br />
strong implicit CNRS contribution to the project through allowing use of the aircraft.<br />
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B3 Expected impacts of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
B.3.1 Strategic impact<br />
B.3.1.1 Wider Impacts related to the FP7 Environment work programme<br />
The project will contribute to the strategic goal of promoting sustainable management of the<br />
environment and its resources. It will do this by advancing our knowledge on the interactions<br />
between air quality, climate and human activities related to large urban centres and hotspots.<br />
Megacities, constitute major sources of anthropogenic air pollution and hence affect the lives of<br />
hundreds of millions of people in the world directly by the quality of air that they breathe and<br />
through complex interactions resulting in climate change. Research within the project will lead to<br />
improved modelling and assessment tools. In particular, <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will formulate a European<br />
methodology for integrated air quality and climate assessment over multiple scales (urban to<br />
global).<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will place particular emphasis on the interactions between air quality and climate<br />
change impacts resulting from megacities on regional to global scales and potential mitigation<br />
options. It will further lead to an integrated methodology and corresponding tools to assess these<br />
impacts both in Europe but also elsewhere.<br />
B.3.1.2 Scientific Impacts<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will lead to significant scientific innovations including:<br />
(i) Integration of the interactions and processes affecting air quality and climate change on<br />
regional to global scales coupled with the capability of estimating the human, ecosystem and<br />
economic impact of air pollution resulting from megacities;<br />
(ii) Development of an integrated European methodology and tools to assess the impacts within<br />
and from megacities on city to global scales;<br />
(iii) Integration of ground-based, aircraft and satellite technologies with state-of-the-art<br />
modelling tools<br />
(iv) Integrated approaches for addressing the feedbacks and interlinkages between climate<br />
change and regional air quality related to megacities<br />
(v) Integration of knowledge and practical implementation of improved tools according to level<br />
of complexity to a range of megacities and hotspots<br />
(vi) Improved current and future emission estimates for natural and anthropogenic sources of air<br />
pollutants;<br />
(vii) Development of an integrated assessment methodology for supporting EU and global policy<br />
frameworks. This will be achieved through the assessment of mitigation options and the<br />
quantification of impacts from polluted air-masses on larger scale atmospheric dynamics.<br />
(viii) Examination of the important feedbacks among air quality, climate and climate change.<br />
(ix) A robust, global information dissemination gateway on air quality, climate change and<br />
mitigation and policy options for European stakeholders strengthening the European<br />
Research Area (ERA).<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will significantly extend the current state-of-the-art in the assessment capabilities<br />
within Europe by developing and implementing reliable integrated tools on multiple scales and for<br />
multiple pollutants. These will be applied to assess directly the impact of the largest urban centres<br />
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and hotspots in Europe and globally by employing highly advanced as well as simpler tools. The<br />
project will bring together current off-line approaches as well as new on-line methods enabling<br />
feedbacks to be quantified on multiple scales enabling mitigation options to be examined more<br />
effectively.<br />
B.3.1.3 Policy orientated impacts<br />
Air quality and climate change are influenced to a large extent by different anthropogenic activities<br />
such as energy production, industry, transport, waste disposal and household activities. These<br />
effects are especially pronounced in major urban centers. Improved knowledge on the importance of<br />
multiscale transport processes from outside Europe and its importance on air quality and influence<br />
on environmental quality is vital to assess the effectiveness of policy options on a European scale.<br />
Such knowledge is expected to be used in the revision of the thematic strategies on air pollution and<br />
on urban development. . The results are also designed to support ongoing work in an international<br />
context such as the UNECE convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution 1 .<br />
With current air quality legislation in the EU focusing mostly on the definition of ambient levels for<br />
specific pollutants in different defined spatial and temporal domains, one of the main questions for<br />
the proposed project will be to quantify the present and future contributions of megacities to these<br />
ambient levels under different scenarios. The Air Quality Framework Directive (Directive<br />
96/62/EC) in particular is designed to provide a framework for setting limit values for a range of<br />
pollutants in specific Daughter Directives, for assessing their concentrations and for managing air<br />
quality to avoid and prevent any exceedances of these limit values.<br />
All megacities have currently large difficulties in meeting the thresholds for PM10 and NO2 (from<br />
2010). Thus there is a great interest for the cities in sharing experiences with mitigation and<br />
abatement measures and in finding out which options exist to come closer to meeting the air quality<br />
standards. Therefore, in the project we will provide guidance and disseminate information about the<br />
effectiveness of different abatement measures.<br />
A key outcome of the project will be the support for European and global policy frameworks and<br />
strategies. This will be achieved by working together with other large, similar projects including<br />
EUCAARI and ACCENT. The project outcomes will be relevant to the following policies and<br />
initiatives:<br />
• UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)<br />
• Convention on Combating Desertification, International Strategy for Natural Disaster<br />
Reduction<br />
• Kyoto and Montreal protocols<br />
• World Summit on Sustainable Development, Global Earth Observation System of System<br />
initiative (GEOSS)<br />
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)<br />
• European Climate Change Programme II<br />
• Thematic strategies on air pollution, urban environment and sustainable management of<br />
resources<br />
• Clean Air for Europe (CAFÉ)<br />
• Environment and Health Action Plan (EHAP)<br />
• Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP)<br />
1 http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/welcome.html<br />
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The scientific knowledge that will be generated from the project will be relevant to the EHAP<br />
strategy (e.g. pollutant characteristics and distributions) and health-related projects including<br />
INTARESE, HEIMSTA, ENVIRISK, CAIR4HEALTH and HENVINET.<br />
In addition to being relevant to global environmental policies such as Kyoto and Göteborg 2001 and<br />
the future developments of the European Sustainable Development strategy, the project outcomes<br />
will provide the basic scientific underpinning for potential future changes in the European air<br />
quality directives. A new PM2.5 limit value has been proposed though the CAFÉ process to<br />
strengthen the current PM10 limit value (COM(2005) 446 final). Such important changes to limit<br />
values rely on a sound understanding of emissions of aerosols and precursors as well as atmospheric<br />
processes over a range of scales. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will reduce uncertainties in emissions relevant to<br />
regional and global air quality and climate change (e.g. through improved emissions from WP1). It<br />
will improve the treatment of urban features (WP2) in models leading to improvements in the<br />
parameterisation of meteorological and transformation processes (WP2 and 4). Targeted<br />
measurements will be undertaken and will be used to evaluate the performance of models for<br />
implementation to megacities (WP7). Model improvements, including how megacities emissions<br />
can be up-scaled in regional and global models, will be conducted in WP5 and 6. These advances<br />
will be important both for climate change and air quality policy and regulation. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will<br />
engage with policy and decision makers, for example through urban and regional authorities,<br />
CAFÉ, CLRTAP and ECCP, for example through the participation in the project board (WP9) and<br />
through implementation of integrated tools to case study cities. Such tools will help to understand<br />
the long term impacts of megacities on climate chance and of climate change on urban air quality.<br />
Hence other frameworks such as IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) and UNFCCC<br />
(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) will also benefit from the<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> results.<br />
B.3.1.4 Community and societal impacts<br />
The EU strategy on sustainable development (SD) underpins all policies (COM(2001)264 final and<br />
COM(2005) 37 final). SD principles have implications for European air quality limit values, risk<br />
and exposure to climate induced hazards, urbanization and changes in demography and other social<br />
patterns that affect climate or are affected by it. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will provide practical information<br />
(through improved assessment tools) on how European citizens will be affected by air pollution<br />
resulting from megacities. WP4 will lead to fine-scale air quality models for risk assessment, WP5<br />
will produced improved regional and global air quality models and WP6 will consider models to<br />
predict the impact of climate as a result of emissions from megacities and large hotspots. Coupled<br />
with a global dissemination strategy the project will act as an information gateway for the public<br />
and other interested stakeholders including city authorities. WP8 will develop mitigation scenarios<br />
which will be tested with regional and global models. <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will also consider human and<br />
ecosystem impact assessment as part of WP8 as well as quantify the resulting economic damage.<br />
Consequently, through WP8, the project will support the Environment and Health Action Plan as<br />
well as the thematic strategy on air pollution and the thematic strategy on urban Environment.<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> tools and knowledge (e.g. mitigation options) will support the wider European policy<br />
process in its objective to decouple economic growth and environmental degradation and to help<br />
promote sustainable production.<br />
B.3.1.5 Coordination with other research and monitoring activities<br />
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Project partners are already engaged in several major European and international projects and<br />
networks and hence will mobilize a global-wide research community to support the aims of the<br />
project. In particular, interaction and information exchange will take place on scientific advances in<br />
modelling techniques, new air pollutant measurement techniques, expansion of datasets for<br />
megacities across the world, etc. The project will benefit from cooperation with EUSAAR which is<br />
an important infrastructure project of aerosol supersites in Europe and is closely linked to EMEP<br />
and WMO/GAW. Direct interaction with GEOSS, INSPIRE and EUCAARI will be undertaken<br />
through the corresponding WPs. These networks/projects, together with EARLINET and<br />
AERONET/PHOTON and targeted measurements in Paris, will be essential ground pillars of<br />
measurements to be used within <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. In addition there will be close links to GMES-related<br />
projects like GEMS and PROMOTE in which satellite retrievals play a large role. Partners also<br />
contribute significantly to the scientific research and co-operation under the LRTAP Convention, in<br />
particular under the EMEP programme (NILU is a host of an EMEP centre). On the national level<br />
project members will cooperate with various groups; for example, the Natural Environment<br />
Research Council (NERC) National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) in the UK and<br />
programmes of the Nordic Society for Aerosol Research (NSAR).<br />
B.3.1.6 European approach and international cooperation<br />
A project such as <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> demands a European approach coupled with global dialogue and<br />
cooperation. This is necessary as the problems of megacities are not constrained by national<br />
boundaries. The outflow of pollution from large urban centres and hotspots can travel thousands of<br />
kilometres and can remain in the atmosphere for long periods of time. It is only through<br />
international cooperation that impacts from megacities can be mitigated and appropriate policies<br />
developed. Similarly, international scientific cooperation is required to pool together expertise on<br />
modelling, technology, measurements, local information, coordination and logistical support and<br />
implementation of tools. Such a wider range of expertise and capacity cannot be met through<br />
national initiatives. It is also critical to work with global partners and city representatives to provide<br />
the direct access to information necessary to undertake local assessment of air quality and<br />
associated risks in a diverse but important set of cities the locations of which span most of the<br />
continents.<br />
The consortium partners provide a wide European representation encouraging a dynamic flow of<br />
information and knowledge amongst the countries and organizations. As most of the largest<br />
megacities are outside the European Union <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> has established direct links with local<br />
teams local in the non-EU (e.g. Cairo, Delhi, Mumbai, Shanghai, Santiago, Mexico City, Bangkok,<br />
Tokyo, New York, Moscow, Istanbul, etc.). Through the project, therefore, Europe will benefit<br />
from the global partnership established with international experts from USA, China, India, Chile,<br />
Mexico, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Canada, Thailand and Egypt facilitating global cooperation on<br />
important questions regarding the role of megacities in determining regional and global air quality<br />
and climate. Cooperation with WMO (one of the core partners) will be pivotal with some of cities<br />
through the GAW/GURME programme.<br />
B.3.2 Plan for the use and dissemination and/or exploitation of foreground<br />
B.3.2.1 Increased competitiveness through exploitation and dissemination<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> will follow a robust dissemination and exploitation strategy to help increase the<br />
competitiveness of Europe. Project teams will pool the expertise and intellectual resources from<br />
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European and other international scientific groups and adopt a multidisciplinary approach to widen<br />
the existing knowledge base in the field of climate change and air quality. The multi-layered<br />
strategy of stakeholder interaction, exploitation and dissemination (WP9) of the knowledge and<br />
information generated during the project will benefit industry (including SMEs such as ARIANET),<br />
regulators, research and academic institutions and city/national authorities. In particular, several<br />
improved models (tools) will be developed within the lifetime of the project. As part of WP9, the<br />
exploitation potential of these improved models will be assessed. Current market opportunities and<br />
their orientation in the future as a result of changes in climate and air quality will be identified in<br />
areas such as environmental assessment (modelling and monitoring) and protection, industry,<br />
systems engineering, IT, Earth observation, computing and telecommunications. In addition,<br />
participation of key groups from USA, China and India will strengthen international collaboration<br />
and help to increase European competitiveness.<br />
B.3.2.2 Plan for using and disseminating knowledge<br />
All participants of this project are institutions with a strong background in environmental research,<br />
with the ability to use the results of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> and allow for mutual benefits due to collaboration<br />
with other ongoing research projects. With the strong rationale of assessment and modelling within<br />
the project, synergies with current research activities in connection with the EC CAFÉ programme<br />
and the ongoing review of EC directives and UNECE protocols will be taken into account to make<br />
sure of an efficient use of resources and to harmonise the projects’ results with other findings.<br />
The overall dissemination plan will include): web portal, stakeholder meetings, newsletters, email<br />
network and the creation of a Global Stakeholder Forum. In addition, research findings will be<br />
published in peer-reviewed international journals as well as being utilised in state-of-the art<br />
teaching in the field of environmental protection and modelling. Additional details can be found in<br />
the WP9 description.<br />
Throughout the whole project, information technologies will be applied to provide up-to-date<br />
information on the progress of the project, intermediate results and other data on a web-based<br />
platform, consisting of a dedicated website and a data-exchange platform. Users and the public will<br />
have easy access to the relevant project findings and will be able to interactively participate by<br />
discussion lists and online evaluation of datasets for invited expert groups.<br />
B.3.2.3 Raising public participation and awareness<br />
At each stage of the project, publications both in scientific literature and official media of the EC<br />
will be used to reach out to a more scientific and general audience to both promote the findings of<br />
the project and to invite public participation via the project web site. Furthermore, the coordinator<br />
and most contractors are directly involved in academic teaching and professional education on<br />
professional level. Through these links, project findings will be communicated, for instance in<br />
teaching in environmental protection curricula for domestic students and in international graduate<br />
degree courses for a variety of students from all over the world. The website will be a major portal<br />
for information on megacities, air quality and climate. Where possible the consortium will<br />
collaborate with other networks and projects (such as ACCENT and EUCAARI) to establish a<br />
global dissemination strategy.<br />
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B.3.2.4 Stakeholder involvement<br />
The project results should be directly usable by the stakeholders in the corresponding megacities<br />
and to support the environmental policy of the Commission. DG Environment and Megacities<br />
administrations will be invited to project meetings to give them the possibility to explain their<br />
requirements and data needs and to get feedback from them. DG Research will be one of the main<br />
stakeholders regarding scientific knowledge and tools generated by the project.<br />
With the use of the website and links with organizations such as the International Union of Air<br />
Pollution Prevention Associations (IUAPPA) and Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum, the<br />
outcomes of the project will be communicated and disseminated to a wider public, including policy<br />
and regulatory authorities. The Project Board/Steering Committee will also involve external experts<br />
(WP9) and will ensure that there is dialogue between both "research to policy" aspects and<br />
"science-society" actors.<br />
B.3.2.5 Information and Knowledge Management<br />
It is vital to ensure the smooth flow of information and knowledge within the project and with<br />
outside stakeholders. This is also closely related to monitoring progress within the project.<br />
Quarterly progress reports, produced by WP Leaders, will be used to monitor progress according to<br />
the project Gantt chart. Any change to the work plan will be agreed by the Project Steering Group<br />
and implemented by the co-ordinators and WP Leaders. If issues of a strategic or political nature<br />
need to be addressed, or changes to the work plan need to be made, these will also be discussed by<br />
the Advisory Board. All deliverables will be subject to internal peer review by the WP leaders and<br />
then at the consortium level.<br />
Internal communication will be conducted electronically wherever possible, but these will be<br />
supplemented with project meetings and WP meetings and the Global Forum meetings. Email and<br />
the project website will be used for exchange and storage of documents (reports, minutes, workshop<br />
presentations), including those received from third parties (e.g., other projects or EC). More details<br />
on these aspects of management and dissemination activities are given in WP9 Description.<br />
B.3.2.6 Management of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)<br />
At this stage only the main procedures for IPR are stated but further details for the execution of these<br />
principles will be defined in the Consortium Agreement. The project partners will respect their individual<br />
Intellectual Property Rights. In the event of an invention being the work of a single party of the project and<br />
solely the result of this intrinsic skills rather than shared knowledge, this party will be the exclusive owner of<br />
the results, subject to granting access rights to the other participants where necessary for their execution of<br />
the project or to the utilisation of their own results. The conditions will be fixed in the Consortium<br />
Agreement. In cases the designated owner of the results waives its option to start registration proceedings the<br />
Consortium Agreement will outline a procedure to open other project partners the opportunity to obtain or<br />
maintain such protection.<br />
If, in the course of carrying out work on the project, a joint invention, design or work is made - and<br />
more than one Party is contributor to it - and if the features of such joint invention design or work<br />
are such that it is not possible to separate them for the purpose of applying for, obtaining and/or<br />
maintaining the relevant patent protection or any other Intellectual Property Right, the Parties<br />
concerned agree that they may jointly apply to obtain and/or maintain the relevant right together<br />
with any other parties. The Parties concerned will seek to agree amongst themselves arrangements<br />
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for applying, obtaining and/or maintaining such right on a case-by-case basis. As long as any such<br />
right is in force, each Party concerned shall be entitled to use and to license such right without<br />
consent of the other Parties. In case of licensing to third parties, appropriate financial compensation<br />
will be given to the other Parties concerned.<br />
Each Party has the right to exclude specific pre-existing know-how from the other Parties' access, as<br />
far as the restrictions are announced before the signature of the Funding Contract or before the<br />
effective joining of a new party. The procedure to handle these cases will be settled in the<br />
Consortium Agreement. Access rights granted needed for the project execution according to the<br />
agreed work-plan are granted on a non-exclusive basis, expressly exclude any rights to sub-license<br />
and shall be made free of any transfer costs. The procedure will be defined in the Consortium<br />
Agreement. A Party which, having received royalty-free access rights for use of the knowledge of<br />
another Party, and which over the period up to ten years after the end of the project has derived<br />
substantial commercial benefit from the exploitation of such access rights shall, without prejudice to<br />
the rights and obligations of the Parties concerned, make a payment or payments to the granting<br />
Party reflecting the royalties that would have been payable had the grant of access rights been on<br />
Preferential Conditions. Access-rights to software which is knowledge or pre-existing know-how,<br />
needed for the execution of the project shall be granted on the basis of royalty free limited source<br />
code access upon written request, specifying the scope and duration of their application particularly<br />
with respect to software which is pre-existing know-how.<br />
B.3.3 External Factors influencing the impact of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
Although a project of this nature is self-contained in terms of the core members and resources, it<br />
also relies on wider international cooperation. This is viewed as the key external factor that may<br />
influence the impact of the project. The risk is associated with one of the international partners<br />
defaulting and not providing the local support necessary to undertake the assessments (e.g. inWP7).<br />
It is for this reason that an extensive range of megacities has been selected as case studies. The ideal<br />
outcome would be to undertake the assessment in all cities, although some further prioritization<br />
may be necessary depending on the final contract negotiations. There is, however, sufficient,<br />
tolerance to accommodate if a few external collaborators were not able to proceed. Hence any<br />
probable risk to WP7 and 8 would be small. There would be little or no impact at all on the other<br />
WPs.<br />
All partners are well experienced and have a strong track record in their respective fields. For this<br />
reason we do not expect any difficulties within the core members.<br />
There could be a risk, that suitable meteorological conditions might not be encountered during the<br />
Paris experiment (Work package 3). However, in the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project, this risk is minimised by<br />
the fact, that a very wide range of meteorological measurements is suitable for measurements, that<br />
measurement periods are long, and that measurements are performed at different sites and by<br />
mobile aircraft. At the ground based sites, measurements can be performed for virtually all weather<br />
conditions. The aim is on measuring aerosol levels on climatological average conditions, ther is no<br />
focus on special meteorological conditions. The long measurement period of one month in winter<br />
and one month in summer makes it highly probable to sample a wide range of meteorological<br />
conditions. The aircraft measurements can be performed for all wind directions, because the aircraft<br />
can be directed, and the pollution plume be captured, in all directions of the Paris agglomeration.<br />
Access to measurement sites is not a problem, since partner CNRS/LSCE has already frequently run<br />
measurement programs at the urban site (LHVP). The suburban site is placed within the laboratory<br />
of partner CNRS/LSCE, so acces is also no problem at this site.<br />
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B4. Ethical Issues<br />
The Guide for proposers listing the legislations and ethical aspects has been checked to confirm that<br />
there are no ethical considerations relating to <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> or its Work Programme.<br />
ETHICAL ISSUES TABLE<br />
YES PAGE<br />
Informed Consent<br />
• Does the proposal involve children? NO<br />
• Does the proposal involve patients or persons not<br />
able to give consent?<br />
NO<br />
• Does the proposal involve adult healthy NO<br />
•<br />
volunteers?<br />
Does the proposal involve Human Genetic<br />
Material?<br />
NO<br />
• Does the proposal involve Human biological<br />
samples?<br />
NO<br />
• Does the proposal involve Human data collection? NO<br />
Research on Human embryo/foetus<br />
• Does the proposal involve Human Embryos? NO<br />
• Does the proposal involve Human Foetal Tissue /<br />
Cells?<br />
NO<br />
• Does the proposal involve Human Embryonic<br />
Stem Cells?<br />
NO<br />
Privacy<br />
• Does the proposal involve processing of genetic<br />
information or personal data (e.g. health, sexual<br />
lifestyle, ethnicity, political opinion, religious or<br />
philosophical conviction)<br />
NO<br />
• Does the proposal involve tracking the location or<br />
observation of people?<br />
NO<br />
Research on Animals<br />
• Does the proposal involve research on animals? NO<br />
• Are those animals transgenic small laboratory<br />
animals?<br />
NO<br />
• Are those animals transgenic farm animals? NO<br />
• Are those animals cloning farm animals? NO<br />
• Are those animals non-human primates? NO<br />
Research Involving Developing Countries<br />
• Use of local resources (genetic, animal, plant etc) NO<br />
• Benefit to local community (capacity building i.e.<br />
access to healthcare, education etc)<br />
NO<br />
Dual Use<br />
• Research having potential military / terrorist<br />
application<br />
NO<br />
I CONFIRM THAT NONE OF THE ABOVE ISSUES<br />
APPLY TO MY PROPOSAL<br />
NO<br />
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B5. Consideration of gender aspects<br />
B.5.1 Gender Action Plan to Promote Equality<br />
Many of the partners in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> have gender action plans at the institutional level as part of their<br />
commitment to gender equality. These include programmes to raise awareness of the issues involved in<br />
gender equality, commitments to family friendly work practices and career breaks, and provision of childcare<br />
facilities. Organizational initiatives to encourage gender equality enjoy high level backing within<br />
partner institutes. For example, the DMI, UH-CAIR, UHam and KCL have an active gender action plan,<br />
promoting women in high level positions. In addition UH-CAIR has been recognised for its positive and<br />
supportive programmes for staff development and equality through the Investors in People (IIP)<br />
accreditation.<br />
A Gender equality promotion action plan will be developed and will be implemented through Task 9.1. The<br />
plan will contain the following elements:<br />
a) Project Gender Subcommittee<br />
The gender subcommittee will actively promote the role of women at all levels within the Project. It will be<br />
responsible for ensuring that the gender plan is applied across the spectrum of research themes in the project,<br />
both in terms of internal communication of developments and progress via the project web-site, and<br />
communicating progress externally, via the annual gender action report. The committee will also be<br />
responsible for ensuring that the dissemination aspects of the project (WP 9) are female-friendly. The<br />
committee will consist of 3 members elected by all female project participants on an annual basis, with the<br />
possibility of re-election.<br />
b) Annual Gender Action Report<br />
The report will document the extent to which actions promoting gender equality have been performed at the<br />
Project level, and will chart the rates of female participation at all levels of the project.<br />
c) Recruitment of Female Researchers<br />
Recruitment of young, talented female researchers will be encouraged in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. Job advertisements<br />
will state the project’s commitment to equality and to a family-friendly working environment and will<br />
explicitly encourage women to apply. The gender subcommittee will liaise with national programmes in the<br />
production of suitable information material for educational institutes, and will encourage participation in<br />
events that raise awareness to the positive aspects of gender equality.<br />
d) Consortium Agreement<br />
The Consortium Agreement governing the operation of the integrated project will enforce the following<br />
minimum requirements on the participating institutions:<br />
• Encouragement of applications by female researchers in job advertisement.<br />
• Action to ensure that employees are properly informed about their parental rights and responsibilities.<br />
• Encouragement of female coaching and mentoring schemes, and project management.<br />
• Production of an annual report on the nature and utility/success of gender actions undertaken.<br />
e) Project Management Committee<br />
The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project management committee has been chosen to ensure that women are adequately<br />
represented at the highest organizational levels of the project. Within the management structure of<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> just over 20% of WP, Task and Team leaders are women. Whilst not approaching equality, this<br />
percentage is higher than that of women in senior positions in environmental science generally, and gives<br />
women a significant say in how the project is organised and run.<br />
B.5.2 Gender Issues in <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
The Commission report “Gender in Research” on the 5th Framework Programme (Environment and<br />
Sustainable Development sub-programme, Annex 1, Page 18) concluded that “the natural science oriented<br />
climate research turns out to be more or less gender neutral”. No gender issues relating to subject matter are<br />
expected in connection with this work, which covers the bulk of the work to be undertaken in this Project.<br />
However, gender issues, along with the necessary scientific experience, have been taken into account in<br />
establishing the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> consortium and the work programme and its management structures. In the<br />
current consortium just over 25% of the leaders and deputy leaders are women (KCL, UHam, CNRS,<br />
CASUS and WMO).<br />
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REFERENCES<br />
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Appendix 1: Specific measurement campaigns in the Paris megacity region<br />
Table: Specific measurement campaigns in the Paris megacity region<br />
Program for two campaigns, e.g. summer 2009 winter 2009/2010<br />
Parameter Instrument Time resolution Urban site SW Suburban site Downwind site Aircraft<br />
Aerosol<br />
LHVP laboratory Roof platform of LSCE Mobile laboratories<br />
number conc CPC (from integration) (from integration) Instruments LaMP/GAME/LGGE<br />
size distribution DMPS/SMPS 5 min IfT UHEL depending on LaMP/GAME/LGGE<br />
size distribution after TD V-DMPS/SMPS 5 min IfT FORTH national funding<br />
size distribution APS 5 min FORTH PSI<br />
Size distribution PCASP LaMP/GAME/LGGE<br />
size resolved chemistry AMS 5 min IfT PSI LaMP/GAME/LGGE<br />
size resolved chemistry 13 stage imp. Dekati ~1 day LSCE LSCE<br />
size resolved elements RDI / SRXFR 1 h PSI PSI<br />
Inorganic salts PILS-IC 30 min LSCE LSCE LaMP/GAME/LGGE filters<br />
EC-OC Sunset 30 min LSCE LSCE<br />
WSOC PILS-TOC 6 min LSCE<br />
WSOC Filters 2 h LSCE LaMP/GAME/LGGE filters<br />
Carbon-14 5 Filters 1 day PSI PSI<br />
Absorption coeff (BC) Aethalometer 5 min LSCE LSCE<br />
Absorption Coeff (BC) MAAP 1-5 min IfT PSI<br />
Light scattering coefficient TSI 1wavelength 5 min LSCE LSCE<br />
Light scattering coefficient TSI 3wavelength 5 min IfT PSI<br />
PM-10 TEOM-FDMS 6 min LSCE<br />
Hygroscopic growth factor HTDMA 5 min IfT PSI LAMP/GAME/LGGE fixed humidity<br />
CCN CCN counter 5 min FORTH PSI LaMP/GAME/LGGE<br />
Chemical speciation Filter sampling 1 day FORTH FORTH<br />
Vertical profile Raman lidar IfT at SIRTA (3 km away) LSCE Polarized backscatter lidar<br />
Gases<br />
Ozone UV 1 min Airparif LSCE LISA<br />
CO GC/IR 1-5 min LSCE LSCE LISA<br />
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NOx Chemiluminescence 1 s Airparif LISA LISA<br />
NMHC (C2-C12) GC-FID 30 min LISA LSCE<br />
VOC including SOA precursors GC-MS 1h LSCE LSCE<br />
VOC PTR-MS 1 min LISA<br />
OVOC HPLC/GC-MS 10 min LISA LISA LISA<br />
NOy Chemiluminescence 1 s LISA LISA<br />
NH3, HNO3, SO2 denuder PILS-IC 30 min LSCE<br />
CO2 IR LSCE<br />
Radon LSCE<br />
Meteo P, T, RH, Wind, Solar radiation<br />
From AIRPARIF (Air Quality) network<br />
Paris agglomeration and neighbouring rural areas (5 traffic, 31 urban and peri-urban, 10 rural sites)<br />
Hourly concentrations for NOx (39 sites), O3 (28 sites), SO2 (11 sites), PM10 (19 sites), PM2.5 (5 sites), and CO (5 sites).<br />
PM10 OK<br />
CO, SO2 Nox, Ozone OK<br />
météo OK<br />
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Appendix 2: List of abbreviations<br />
List of abbreviations in alphabet order<br />
3D Three dimensional<br />
4D-VAR Four dimensional variational data assimilation<br />
AAAR American Association for Aerosol Research<br />
AATSR Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer<br />
ABL Atmospheric Boundary Layer<br />
ACCENT Atmospheric Composition Change: an European NeTwork<br />
ACE Aerosol Characterisation Experiment<br />
ACIA the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee<br />
ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, a journal<br />
ADIOS Atmospheric Deposition and Impact of Pollutants<br />
ADNET Asian Dust Network<br />
AE Atmospheric Environment, a journal<br />
AEROCOM Aerosol Model Intercomparison Study<br />
AERONET Aerosol Robotic Network<br />
AGU American Geophysical Union<br />
AIDA Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere<br />
AIR4EU Air Quality Assessment For Europe: From Local To Continental Scale<br />
AIRES Automated Image Reconstruction using Expert Systems<br />
AIRPARIF Association de Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air en Ile de France<br />
AIRQUIS Air Quality Information System – a NILU project<br />
AIT Asian Institute of Thechnology<br />
AMMA Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine<br />
AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, see context<br />
AMS American Meteorological Society, see context<br />
ANICE Atmospheric Nitrogen Input into the Coastal Ecosystem; supported by the 4 th Framework Programme of<br />
the EC<br />
AOD Aerosol Optical Depth<br />
APS Aerodynamic Particle Sizer<br />
AQ Air Quality<br />
APRIL Air Pollution Research in London committee<br />
ARCSys Austrian Research Centre<br />
ARCTOC Arctic Surface Ozone Depletion project<br />
AREP Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme<br />
ARIANET Environmental consulting company founded in Monza (Milano, Italy), SME<br />
AR-NARP Atmospheric Transport Pathways, Vulnerability and Possible Accidental Consequences from the Nuclear<br />
Risk Sites in the European Arctic<br />
ASU Arizona State University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Environmental Fluid<br />
Dynamics Program<br />
ATR Avions de Transport Regional, France<br />
AUTH Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece<br />
AWMA Air and Waste Management Association<br />
BC Black Carbon<br />
BEP Building Effect Parameterisation<br />
BIOGEST Biogas transfer in estuaries, field campaign<br />
BMBF German Ministry for Education and Research<br />
BOA Budget of Ozone over the Atlantic<br />
BOND Biogenic aerosOls and air quality iN the meDiterranean area<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Bosnywash Boston/New York/Washington<br />
BUO-FMI Dispersion from strongly buoyant sources – Finnish Meteorological Institute<br />
CAC Chemical Aerosol Cloud model<br />
CAFÉ Clean Air for Europe<br />
CAIR4HEALTH Clean Air for Health<br />
CALIPSO Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation<br />
CAMx Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions<br />
CARBOSOL Present and retrospective state of organic versus inorganic aeroSOL over Europe: implication for climate<br />
CAR-FMI Gaussian finite line source model for the road network pollution<br />
CBACCI Nordic Centre of Excellence Biosphere – Atmosphere - Clouds – Climate – Interactions<br />
CCAR The Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Denmark<br />
CCM Chemistry Climate Model<br />
CCN Cloud Condensation Nuclei<br />
CECILIA Central and Eastern Europe Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability Assessment project<br />
CEEH Danish strategic research center for Energy, Environment and Heath<br />
CFC Choric Fluoric Carbons<br />
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics<br />
CGRER Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, the University of Iowa, USA<br />
CH4 Methane, chemical compound<br />
CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model developped at the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Paris, France<br />
CISLINET Commonwealth of Independent States LIDAR Network<br />
CLEAR Cluster of European Air Quality Research<br />
CliC Climate and Cryosphere<br />
CLRTAP Convention on Long Range Transport of Air Pollution<br />
CMAQ Community Multiscale Air Quality Model<br />
CMU Carnegie Mellon University<br />
CNRM Centre Nationale de Recherche Méteorologique, France<br />
CNRS Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, France<br />
CNRS-CNRM Service de recherche de Météo-France, le Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, France<br />
CNRS-LaMP CNRS- Laboratoire de Méteorologique et de Physique, France<br />
CNRS-LISA CNRS-Laboratoire Inter-universitaire des Systémes Atmosphériques, France<br />
CNRS-LSCE CNRS- Laboratoire des Science du Climat et de l’Environnement, France<br />
COx Carbon Oxides, chemical compounds<br />
CORINAIR CO-oRdinated INformation on the Environment in the European Community – AIR<br />
COSMOS COmmunity Earth Systems MOdelS<br />
COST European Co-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research, networking projects<br />
CPC Condensation Particle Counter<br />
CTM Chemical Transport Model<br />
CU Cairo Universoty-Astronomy and Meteorology Department<br />
CUNI Charles University in Prague, Check Republic<br />
Cx VOCs with x carbon atoms<br />
DAEDALUS Delivery of AErosol proDucts for Assimilation and environmentaL Use<br />
DALY Disability adjusted life years<br />
DCC Danish Climate Center<br />
DEEEE Direction des Etudes Economiques et de l’Evaluation Environmentale<br />
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, United Kingdom<br />
DEM Demonstration<br />
DERMA Danish Emergency Response Model of the Atmosphere<br />
DG DGs of European Commission<br />
DMAT Dispersion Model of Atmospheric Transport<br />
DMI Danish Meteorological Institute<br />
DMPS/SMPS Differential Mobility Particle Sizer / Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer<br />
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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
DMS Dimethyl sulphide<br />
DoW Description of Work<br />
EARLINET-ASOS European Aerosol Research LIDAR Network - Advanced Sustainable Observation System<br />
EC European commission, see context<br />
EC Elementary Carbon, see context<br />
EC-OC Elementary Carbon – Organic Carbon<br />
ECCP European Climate Change Programme<br />
ECHAM ECmwf model modified for climate simulations in HAMburg at different institutions<br />
ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts<br />
EDGAR Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research<br />
EEA European Environmental Agency<br />
EGU European Geophysical Union<br />
EHAP Environment and Health Action Plan<br />
EI Emission Inventory<br />
ELCID Aerosol Impact on the Climate project<br />
EMEP Programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long range transmission of air pollutants in Europe<br />
EMA Egyptian Meteorological Authority<br />
EMM Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Group at KCL, UK<br />
ENCWF Towards a European Network on Chemical Weather Forecasting and Information Systems<br />
ENEA Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia el'Ambiente, Italy<br />
ENSEMBLES ENSEMBLE-based Predictions of Climate Changes and their Impacts<br />
ENVIRISK Assessing the risks of environmental stressors research project<br />
Enviro-HIRLAM HIRLAM model with modified radiation and coupled CTM blocks<br />
EnviroRISKS Man-induced Environmental Risks: Monitoring, Management and Remediation of Man-made Changes in<br />
Siberia project<br />
EPAQS UK Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards<br />
EPER European Pollutant Emission Register<br />
ERA European Research Area<br />
ERA40 European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast reanalysis data for 40 years (1957-2002)<br />
ERG Department of Geography and the Environmental Research Group at KCL, UK<br />
ESCODD European Standardisation Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage<br />
ESCOMPTE Experience sur Site pour Contraindre les Modeles de Pollution atmospherique et de Transport d’Emissions<br />
ESOP Energy Systems Optimization Program<br />
ESMF Earth System Modelling Framework<br />
ESPREME Estimation of willingness-to-pay to reduce risks of exposure to heavy metals and cost- benefit analysis for<br />
reducing heavy metals occurrence in Europe<br />
ETAP Environmental Technologies Action Plan<br />
ETEX European Tracer Experiment<br />
EU European Union<br />
EUCAARI European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions<br />
EUFAR EUropean Fleet for Airborne Research – Transnational Access<br />
EU-IP European Union Integrated Project<br />
EUMETNET Network grouping 21 European National Meteorological Services<br />
EUROCHAMP European Simulation Chambers for Investigating Atmospheric Processes<br />
EUROCITIES Network of major European cities, founded in 1986, brings together the local governments of more than<br />
130 large cities in over 30 European countries.<br />
EUROSTAT European commission for statistics<br />
EUROTRAC European experiment on transport and transformation of environment<br />
EUSAAR European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research project<br />
EVERGREEN Global satellite observation of GHG Emissions (eniVisat for Environmental Regulation of GHG)<br />
FACE The Feldberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment<br />
FARM Flexible Air quality Regional Model<br />
120
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model for the long-range transport of pollutants in the atmosphere<br />
FMI Finnish Meteorological Institute<br />
FORTH Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, University of Patras<br />
FP European Framework Programme<br />
FUMAPEX Integrated systems for Forecasting Urban Meteorology, Air Pollution and population Exposure<br />
FUND Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution, integrated assessment model of climate<br />
change developed at UHam<br />
GABRIEL Guyanas Atmosphere-Biosphere exchange and Radicals Intensive Experiment with the Learjet<br />
GAW Global Atmosphere Watch<br />
GCM General Circulation Model<br />
GDP Gross Domestic Product<br />
GEIA Global Emissions Inventory Activity<br />
GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System<br />
GENEMIS GENeration and evaluation of EMISsions data<br />
GEO Group on Earth Observations, Switzerland<br />
GEOMON Global Earth Observation and Monitoring<br />
GEOSS The Global Earth Observation System of Systems<br />
GHG Green House Gases (CO 2, N 2O, CH 4, HCFC, etc.)<br />
GIS Geographical Information Systems<br />
GKSS Institute for Coastal Research, Germany<br />
GLA Greater London Authority<br />
GLIMPSE Global IMPlications of Arctic climate procesSEs and feedbacks<br />
GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security<br />
GMES-GATO Global Monitoring for Environment and Security - Global ATmospheric Observations<br />
GOME Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment<br />
GRIB The WMO format for the storage of weather information in gridded binary form<br />
GURME GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment project of WMO<br />
GWP Global Warming Potential<br />
HALO Harmonised coordination of Atmosphere, Land and Ocean<br />
HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon chemical compounds<br />
HEATCO Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment, project under 6 th FP<br />
HEIMTSA Health and environment integrated methodology and toolbox for scenario assessment project<br />
HENVINET Health and Environment Network under 6 th FP<br />
HIRHAM Intermediate resolution model based on HIRlam and ecHAM models<br />
HIRLAM HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model<br />
HNO3<br />
Nitric Acid, chemical compound<br />
HOA Hydrocarbon-like Organic Aerosol<br />
HOHPEX Hohenpeissenberg OH-Intercomparison and Photochemistry Experiment<br />
HRCRF Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation<br />
HTDMA Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer<br />
ICARTT International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation<br />
ICE-HT The Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, Greece<br />
ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics<br />
IfGeogr Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Germany<br />
IfT Institute of Tropospheric Research, Germany<br />
IGAC International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project<br />
IGACO Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observation System<br />
IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria<br />
IIT Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering<br />
INDOEX Indian Ocean Experiment<br />
INERIS Établissement Public à caractère Industriel et Commercial placé sous la tutelle du ministère de l’Ecologie<br />
et du Développement durable, France<br />
INTARESE Integrated Assessment of Health Risks of Environmental Stressors in Europe project<br />
121
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INTAS The International Association for the Promotion of Co-operation with Scientists from the New<br />
Independent States of the Former Soviet Union<br />
INTEGAIRE Integrated Urban Governance and Air Quality Management in Europe project<br />
INTEX-B International Chemical Transport Experiment – Phase B<br />
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<br />
IPCC SRES IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios<br />
IPR Intellectual Property Rights<br />
IPSL Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, France<br />
ISPP International Science and Policy Panel<br />
IT Information Technologies<br />
ITM International Technical Meeting<br />
ITU Istanbul Technical University<br />
IUAPPA International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations<br />
JRC Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy<br />
KCL King's College London, United Kingdom<br />
KMSA Kiev’s Municipal State Administration, Department of Environment<br />
KNMI hét Nationale data- en Kenniscentrum voor Weer, Klimaat en Seismologie, the Netherlands<br />
LAC Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, PSI, Switzerland<br />
LES Large Eddy Simulations<br />
LGGE Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l’Environnement<br />
LHVP Laboratorie d’Hygiéne de la Ville de Paris, France<br />
LIDAR Light Detection And Ranging<br />
LISA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna<br />
LOTOS-EUROS Long Term Ozone Simulation model (atmospheric chemistry and transport model)<br />
LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution<br />
LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, France<br />
MAAP Multi Angle Absorption Photometer<br />
MANCHOT Measurement of Anthropogenic and Natural Compound in the Southern Hemispheric Oceanic<br />
Troposphere<br />
MARS/MUSE 3D Eulerian photochemical dispersion model for reactive species from Aristotle University Thessaloniki<br />
MATCH-MPIC Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry – Max Planck Institute for Chemistry version<br />
MAXOX Maximum oxidation rates in the free troposphere<br />
MC MegaCities<br />
MCE2 Moline Center for Energy and the Environment<br />
MCMA Mexico City Metropolitan Area field study<br />
MEDUSE Monitoring and prediction of the atmospheric transport and Deposition of Desert Dust in the<br />
Mediterranean region<br />
Megacity Cities with population more than 5 million inhabitants<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and<br />
Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation<br />
MEMO Mesoscale Model, developed at Aristotle University Thessaloniki and Universität Karlsruhe<br />
MERLIN Multi-Pollutant Multi-Effect Modelling of European Air Pollution Control Strategies<br />
MESSy Modular Earth Sub-model System<br />
MetO United Kingdom Meteorological Office<br />
METRI Meteorological Research Institute, South Korea<br />
MGT Management of the consortium<br />
MI Meteorological Institute, University of Hamburg, Germany<br />
MILAGRO the Megacities Initiative: Local And Global Research Observations<br />
MINOS Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study<br />
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA<br />
MM5 Meso-scale meteorological Model, version 5<br />
MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer<br />
MPIC Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany<br />
122
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
MSG Meteorological satellite of Second Generation (from Meteosat-8 onwards)<br />
MSU Moscow State University, the Geographical Faculty<br />
M-SYS Mesocale – microscale Model-System<br />
MVK Methyl Vinyl Ketone chemical compound<br />
NAME Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment<br />
NAO North Atlantic Oscillation<br />
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA<br />
NATAIR From NATural AIR, Improving and Applying Methods for the Calculation of Natural and Biogenic<br />
Emissions and Assessment of Impacts on Air Quality<br />
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation<br />
NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA<br />
NCAS NERC Centre for Atmospheric Science, UK<br />
NCC National Climate Center<br />
NCEP National Center for Environmental Prediction, USA; in context stands for meteorological reanalysis data<br />
NEEDS New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability project<br />
NERC Natural Environment Research Council, UK<br />
NERSC Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center<br />
netCDF network Common Data Form – the interface to access scientific data<br />
NH3<br />
Ammonia, chemical compound<br />
NILU Norwegian Institute for Air Research<br />
NitroEurope Nitrogen Fluxes and Environmental Impacts<br />
NMHC Non-Methane Hidro-Carbons chemical compounds<br />
NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile organic compounds<br />
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<br />
NOx NO+NO2<br />
NOy NOx + all compounds that are products of the atmospheric oxidation of NOx<br />
NSAR Nordic Society for Aerosol Research<br />
NSoEES Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University<br />
NWP Numerical Weather Prediction<br />
O 3<br />
Ozone, chemical compound<br />
OC Organic Carbon<br />
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development<br />
OFIS Ozone Fine Structure Model<br />
OMI Ozone Monitoring Instrument<br />
OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol<br />
OOMPH Organics over the Ocean Modifying Particles in both Hemisphere<br />
OPGC Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, France<br />
OSCAR Optimized expert System for Conducting environmental Assessment of urban Road traffic<br />
OSPM Operational Street Pollution Model<br />
OTHER Other specific activities, if applicable in this call<br />
OVOC Oxidized Volatile organic compounds<br />
PAB Project Advisory Board<br />
PARASOL French built Earth observing research satellite<br />
PEeCE III Pelagic Ecosystem CO2 Enrichment Study – Phase III<br />
PBL Planetary Boundary Layer<br />
PHOTON Sun Photometer Network (part of AERONET)<br />
PI Principal Investigator<br />
PILS-IC Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler – Ion Chromatography<br />
PILS-TOC Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler – Total Organic Carbon<br />
PIRCS Project to Intercompare Regional Climate Simulations<br />
PM Particular Matter<br />
PM10 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 micrometer<br />
123
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PMC Project Management Committees<br />
PMCAMx Chemistry transport model at FORTH<br />
POA Primary Organic Aerosol<br />
POET Present and future emissions of atmospheric compounds project<br />
POLDER Instrument measuring the radiative and microphysical properties of clouds and aerosols<br />
POLLEN Long-range atmospheric transport of natural allergic pollutants<br />
POVA Pollution des Vallees Alpines<br />
PREVAIR Prévisions et observations de la qualité de l'air en France et en Europe (Air Quality forecasts and<br />
observations in France and Europe), monitoring system, France<br />
PRIMES Energy Systems Model of the National Technical University of Athens, Greece<br />
PRISM PRogramme for Integrated Earth System Modelling, an infrastructure project<br />
PROMOTE Protocol Monitoring for the GMES Service Element<br />
PRUDENCE Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining EuropeaN Climate change risks and<br />
Effects<br />
PSB Project Steering Board<br />
PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland<br />
PTRMS Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer<br />
PUCC Universidad Catolica de Chile<br />
Q1-Q11 Scientific Questions 1 to 11 to be addressed in the project<br />
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control<br />
QUALY Quality adjusted life years<br />
QUANTIFY Quantifying the Climate Impact of Global and European Transport Systems<br />
RACCS Regionalization of Anthropogenic Climate Change Study<br />
RACER Risk Analysis, Communication, Evaluation, and Reduction project, see context<br />
RAMCES Reseau Atmospherique de Mesure des Composes a Effet de Serre - The Global Terrestrial Network for<br />
observation of mountain glaciers, and long-term monitoring of greenhouse gases<br />
RANS Reynolds averaged numerical simulations<br />
RAS Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
RCM Regional climate models<br />
RDI / SRXFR Rotating Drum Impactor / Synchrotron Radiation x-ray Fluorescence<br />
REALM Regional East Atmospheric Lidar Mesonet<br />
RegCM3 Regional Climate Model version 3, UK MetO<br />
RETRO REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition over the past 40 years<br />
RF Radiative Forcing<br />
RODOS Real-time On-line DecisiOn Support project to develop a group support system for nuclear emergency<br />
management<br />
RTD Research and technological development<br />
RTMOD Real Time Model Intercomparison for Radioactive Environmental Monitoring<br />
SAFARI The Southern African Regional Science Initiative<br />
SAFIRE Versatile Imaging Fabry-Perot Spectrograph Instrument, see context<br />
SAFIRE Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement, see context<br />
SALSA Mesoscale hydrostatic model for Semi-Arid Land Surface Atmosphere<br />
SAMORA Risk Assessment and risk Management procedure for ArSenic in the Tampere region<br />
SAR Satellite Aperture Radar<br />
SAPPHIRE Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban<br />
Region of Europe research project under 5 th FP<br />
SCAR-B Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation over Brazil<br />
SCIAMACHY Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY<br />
SCOUT-O3 Stratospheric-Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere<br />
SD Sustainable Development<br />
SEVIRI Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager<br />
SFINCS Surface Fluxes in Climate System project<br />
124
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
SHADE SaHAran Dust Experiment<br />
SHIMS Spectral Hemispheric Irradiance Measurements instruments<br />
SILAM Finnish (Suomi) Emergency and Air Quality Modelling System, FMI<br />
SIRTA Cloud, aerosol and radiation observatory in Palaiseau, Paris, France<br />
SJSU San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology<br />
SKIRON Greek weather forecasting modelling system<br />
SME Small and Medium Enterprise<br />
SMOCC Smoke Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall and Climate<br />
SMOKE Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissionions<br />
SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol<br />
SOx Sulfur Oxides, chemical compounds<br />
SRMC Shandhai Regional Meteorological Center<br />
STEM Sulfur Transport and Emissions Model<br />
STRI Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, UK<br />
T1-T11 Tasks to be performed in the project<br />
TIP Technology Implementation Plan<br />
TACIA Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclones<br />
TARFOX Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational eXperiment<br />
TEOM-FDMS Registered trademark stands for filter dynamics measuring system for PM, Rupprecht & Patashnick Co.<br />
TexAQS Texas Air Quality Study<br />
TF-EIP Task Force Emission Inventories and Projection<br />
TF-HTAP Task Force on Hemispgeric Transport of Air Pollutants<br />
TFMM Task Force on Measurements and Modelling<br />
TNO The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research<br />
TNO-BEG TNO Built Environment and Geosciences<br />
TOA Top of Atmosphere<br />
TSI TSI Incorporated, www.tsi.com<br />
UABL Urban Atmospheric Boundary Layer<br />
UAP Urban Air Pollution<br />
UAQIFS Urban Air Quality Information and Forecast System<br />
UBA German Umwelt Bundesambt<br />
UCAM Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom<br />
UDM-FMI Urban Dispersion Modelling System – Finnish Meteorological Institute<br />
UHam University of Hamburg, Germany<br />
UH-CAIR University of Hertfordshire – Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research, UK<br />
UHel University of Helsinki, Finland<br />
UHMA University of Helsinki Multicomponent Aerosol model<br />
UI-CGER University of Iowa, Centre for global and regional Environmental Research<br />
UK United Kingdom<br />
UKCA UK Chemistry and Aerosols model<br />
UM Unified Model<br />
UN United Nations<br />
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe<br />
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<br />
UoC-ESRL University of Colerado, Earth Systems Research Systems<br />
URBIS Urban Information and Management System – a TNO project<br />
US and USA United States of America<br />
US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency<br />
USEPA-AMD US-Environmental Projection Agency, Atmospheric Model Development Branch<br />
USEPA-AR US-Environmental Projection Agency, Air and Radiation<br />
US NSF National Science Foundation, funding agency, USA<br />
UStut University of Stuttgart, Germany<br />
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UTLS Upper Troposphere - Lower Stratosphere<br />
UTOPIHAN-ACT Upper Tropospheric Ozone: Processes involving HOx and NOx experiment<br />
V-DMPS/SMPS Volatility Differential Mobility Particle Sizer/ Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer<br />
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds<br />
WCRP World Climate Research Programme<br />
WEBDAB Tool to download official reported emissions to the EMEP programme<br />
WGI Working Group Investigator<br />
WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon<br />
WMO Word Meteorological Organisation<br />
WP1-WP9 Work Packages 1 to 9 constituting the project<br />
WRC World Radiation Centre<br />
WRF Weather Research and Forecasting Model<br />
WRF-Chem WRF with Chemistry<br />
WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon<br />
WWW World Wide Web<br />
YU-amDAL York University-Atmos. Mod. & Data Assimilation Laboratory<br />
ZMAW Centre for Marine and Atmos. Sciences, University of Hamburg, Germany<br />
126
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520<br />
Appendix 3: Letters of Commitments from external collaborators and end-users<br />
Appendix 3: Letters of Commitments from international (non-funded by<br />
EC) scientifical collaborators/partners and Letters of Support from<br />
Stakeholders and other end-users from different megacities<br />
(See the list of the international collaborators and stakeholders in<br />
Tables 2.4 and 2.5)<br />
127
April 12, 2007<br />
To whom it may concern:<br />
Molina Center for Energy and the Environment<br />
3262 Holiday Court, Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92037<br />
Tel: 858-658-0273; Fax: 858-658-0429; http//www.mce2.org<br />
We want to express our enthusiastic support of the main objectives of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project<br />
“Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects,<br />
and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation” proposed to the 7 th Framework Programme.<br />
The improved integrated modeling capability for air pollution in megacities, which will result<br />
from <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>, will not only benefit the scientific community but will also inform the policy<br />
makers in Mexico City, as well as other urban centers around the world, so that they can design<br />
strategies to improve air quality and mitigate climate change based on the best available science.<br />
The Molina Center for strategic studies in Energy and the Environment (MCE2) (Centro Molina<br />
para Estudios Estratégicos sobre Energía y Medio Ambiente) and the MILAGRO (Megacity<br />
Initiative: Local And Global Research Observations) program will be pleased to collaborate with<br />
the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> team. MILAGRO organized a major research field study in the Mexico City<br />
Metropolitan Area and its surroundings in March 2006, bringing together an international<br />
research team of hundreds of scientists where they collaborated with a large group of Mexican<br />
investigators and government agencies in both scientific and educational activities. Preliminary<br />
analysis of the comprehensive datasets has already generated a lot of interesting and important<br />
scientific findings.<br />
We will be happy to provide the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> team with the emission inventories, extensive<br />
measurement datasets and associated information so that they can evaluate their modeling tools<br />
in Mexico City. Our collaboration will involve participation in the advisory committee and<br />
workshops of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. We are willing together with the Mexican authorities to use the<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> findings into the Mexico City air pollution assessment, prediction and mitigation<br />
strategy. We anticipate that such collaborative efforts will contribute to our understanding of<br />
megacity air pollution and its potential impacts on human health, ecosystem viability and climate<br />
change.<br />
Sincerely yours,<br />
Luisa T. Molina<br />
Director
Service de la recherche et de la prospective Paris le 25 avril 2007<br />
affaire suivie par : Eric VINDIMIAN<br />
tel : 01 42 19 17 60 / fax : 01 42 19 17 71<br />
mél : eric.vindimian@ecologie.gouv.fr<br />
objet : Support project <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
réf. : SRP/EV/A0-2007-167<br />
�k:\srp\chrono\notes_a0\2007\note in support to megapoli.doc<br />
PJ :<br />
Note in support to <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
To whom it may concern<br />
French participants to the project called <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> have recently informed me of their project as the<br />
head of research in the French department for environment.<br />
My department has already been in contract with the French partners of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> and appreciated the<br />
high degree of excellence of their work, their commitment to deliver their results in due time and, last but<br />
not least, their skill in providing policy makers with relevant information and tools for action.<br />
I see <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> as an important step forward in delivering and forecasting key information on air pollution<br />
for human health. The development of megacities, although it can be seen as a good trend towards limit-<br />
ing mobility and thus green house emissions, causes a high concern as far as human health is concerned.<br />
The knowledge emission patterns of such cities and proper modelling of their impacts on air quality and<br />
climate change is crucial for the development of adapted policy responses, in particular in the aim of<br />
protecting human health.<br />
French administration is already routinely using atmospheric chemistry models coupled with meteorologi-<br />
cal forecasts for public policy. We are looking forward to benefit from <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> in a similar context. This<br />
is also in line with future inclusion of such results in global Earth observation systems, now rapidly develop-<br />
ing at the European (GMES) and global (GEOSS°) scale.<br />
For the above reasons I warmly support <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> as a project that should be considered for funding by<br />
the EU in the context of the 7 th FP on RTD.<br />
Eric Vindimian<br />
Chef du service de la recherche et de la prospective<br />
Ministère de l’Ecologie et du Développement Durable<br />
20, avenue de Ségur – 75302 Paris 07 SP<br />
Tél : 01 42 19 20 21 – www.ecologie.gouv.fr
Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering and Applied Sciences<br />
Program in Environmental Fluid Dynamics<br />
Box 879809<br />
Tempe, AZ 85287-9809<br />
PHONE: (480) 965-5602<br />
FAX: (480) 965-8746<br />
E-MAIL: J.Fernando@asu.edu<br />
Monday, April 30, 2007<br />
To whom it may concern:<br />
Letter of commitment<br />
This is to express our strong interest in joining the EC 7FP proposal -- <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
(Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate<br />
effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) as a collaborating partner from the<br />
USA.<br />
As stated in the project proposal, the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>’s main goals will be to assess impacts of<br />
megacities on local, regional, and global air quality; to quantify feedbacks between megacity<br />
air quality, local and regional climate, and global climate change; and to develop improved<br />
integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities. We have long standing<br />
experience in working with local and regional climate and meteorology of large cities such as<br />
Phoenix (with funding from the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA and local<br />
authorities) and Houston (with EPA funding) and have developed a suite of modelling and<br />
measurement tools to investigate the air quality, noise and local flow of the cities and their<br />
response to changes of urban metabolism such as energy and material flow and land use<br />
changes. We have conducted a number of studies related to the formation and dispersion of<br />
criteria pollutants in cities, effects of meteorology on noise pollution and the effects of local<br />
anthropogenic activity on urban heat island and regional climate.<br />
As such, we will be able to contribute immensely to the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project and offer<br />
expertise and collaboration for the work packages Megacity Features, Megacity Plume Case<br />
Study and Megacity Air Quality. Some of the existing projects at Arizona State University<br />
such as City Futures-2100 and Health Impacts of Air Pollution is directly in line with the<br />
scope of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>. The Environmental Fluid Dynamics Program at Arizona State<br />
University is looking forward to working with the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> investigators and hereby<br />
offers its most enthusiastic support for the project. If you need further information, please<br />
contact me.<br />
Sincerely,<br />
Harindra J.S. Fernando<br />
Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering<br />
Director, Environmental Fluid Dynamics Program
To whom it may concern:<br />
Prof.S.Incecik<br />
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY<br />
DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY<br />
FACULTY OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS<br />
Maslak 34469 Istanbul TURKEY<br />
Tel : 90-212-2853143<br />
Fax: 90-212-2852926<br />
E-mail: incecik@itu.edu.tr<br />
Cell-Phone:90-532 703 6748<br />
30 April, 2007<br />
We want to express our support of the main objectives of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
Project “Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric<br />
POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and<br />
mitigation - <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>” proposed to the 7th Framework Programme.<br />
This letter has been written to confirm the following matters.<br />
1. I and my colleagues here are pleased to collaborate with the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
team.<br />
2. We support the aims and objectives of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> proposal, i.e. (i) to<br />
provide air quality data sets and associated information and emission<br />
inventories in case of available in the near future; (ii) to assess impacts of<br />
megacities and large air-pollution “hot-spots” on local, regional, and global<br />
air quality; (iii) to quantify feedbacks between megacity air quality, local and<br />
regional climate, and global climate change; and (iv) to develop improved<br />
integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities.<br />
3. We are willing to participate at meetings and workshops of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
whenever possible in practice (travel funds will be covered by the project).<br />
4. We are willing to provide data for the Istanbul case study and to participate<br />
at integrated tools applications for this contribution.<br />
5. We indicate willingness to consider, employ or incorporate the improved<br />
methodology designed in the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project into multi-scale air<br />
pollution and climate effect studies.<br />
Sincerely yours,<br />
Selahattin Incecik
To whom it may concern:<br />
April 26, 2007<br />
We want to express our enthusiastic support of the main objectives of the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> “Megacities:<br />
Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated<br />
tools for assessment and mitigation” project proposed to the European Commission 7th Framework<br />
Programme. The Center for Global and Regional Environmental Studies (CGRER) is willing to<br />
participate to the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project and will collaborate with researchers concerning megacities.<br />
Specifically, CGRER has active activities related to megacities, including the metropolitan area of<br />
Mexico City which is already under study in the framework of the MILAGRO campaign. Cities of<br />
active research also include Shanghai, Beijing, Bangkok and Delhi. The CGRER center will be<br />
happy to provide the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> team with the emission inventories, observations and modeling<br />
experiences to assist the research activities. We anticipate that such collaborative efforts will<br />
contribute to our understanding of megacity air pollution and its potential impacts on human health,<br />
ecosystem viability and climate change.<br />
Sincerely<br />
Gregory R. Carmichael<br />
Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies, College of Engineering<br />
Co-Director, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research (CGRER)<br />
Karl Kammermeyer Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Iowa.
To whom it may concern:<br />
Letter of commitment<br />
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE<br />
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<br />
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research<br />
Earth System Research Laboratory<br />
325 Broadway - David Skaggs Research Center<br />
Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337<br />
Apri127,2007<br />
I hereby confirm that we would be interested in joining the EC 7FP proposal <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
(Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and<br />
Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) as a collaborating partner.<br />
As stated in the project proposal, the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>'s main goals will be to assess impacts of<br />
megacities on local, regional, and global air quality, to quantify feedbacks between megacity air<br />
quality, local and regional climate, and global climate change, and to develop improved integrated<br />
tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities.<br />
The Earth Systems Research Laboratory Assimilation and Modeling Branch (ESRL/AMB) is<br />
specialized (among other areas of specialization) in integrated modelling tools. I have been the<br />
working group leader ofthe Weather Research and Forecast/ Chemistry (WRF/Chem) working<br />
group (http://www.wrf-mode1.org/WGl1).This modeling system is a community effort with a large<br />
number of developers and users. We will be pleased to collaborate with the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> team.<br />
Yours sincerely,<br />
.-~ " .•......-,<br />
,.; ) ~/./<br />
.,.. ,/.';Pt///'~r"~<br />
, I . {.../,<br />
!..,'~/2/ J..,!<br />
'/'(/" i<br />
,. I ~,.<br />
/ " .~ /: ..<br />
CD{ Georg 0_n~1l<br />
Research Scientist III<br />
WRF-Chem working group leader<br />
Earth Systems Research Laboratory/ University of Colorado (CIRES)<br />
Tel.: 001-303-4976924<br />
E-Mail: georg.a.grell@noaa.gov
FACULTY OF<br />
SCIENCE AND<br />
ENGINEERING<br />
Earth and Space<br />
Science and<br />
Engineering<br />
4700 Keele St.<br />
Toronto ON<br />
Canada M3J 1P3<br />
Tel 416 736 5245<br />
Fax 416 736 5817<br />
esse@yorku.ca<br />
To whom it may concern. 27 th April, 2007<br />
I would like to confirm that the AMDAL (Atmospheric and Data<br />
Assimilation Laboratory) group in the Centre for Research in Earth and<br />
Space Science at York University is interested in joining the EC 7FP<br />
proposal <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global<br />
Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for<br />
assessment and mitigation) on a collaborative basis.<br />
As stated in the project proposal, the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>’s main goals will be to<br />
assess impacts of megacities on local, regional, and global air quality, to<br />
quantify feedbacks between megacity air quality, local and regional<br />
climate, and global climate change, and to develop improved integrated<br />
tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities. The group at AMDAL is<br />
specialised in global, regional and mesoscale air quality modelling using<br />
multiscale models. We will be pleased to collaborate with the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong><br />
team and anticipate contributing to the following <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Work<br />
Packages (a) Megacity Plume Case Study (b) Megacity Air Quality (c)<br />
Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition (d) Regional and Global<br />
Climate. Also, we anticipate bringing a perspective involving “Hot Spots”<br />
such as the Tar Sands region in Western Canada.<br />
John (Jack) C. McConnell, FRSC,<br />
Professor of Atmospheric Science,<br />
Distinguished Research Professor<br />
416-736-2100 ex 77709, jcmcc@yorku.ca
To whom it may concern<br />
Paris le 30 avril 2007<br />
Megacities (worldwide) have an impact on the air quality not only locally but also regionally<br />
and globally, and can therefore also influence the climate. There is accordingly a need for<br />
integrated research on the impacts of air pollution from megacities and large air-pollution<br />
’hot-spots’ in Europe and elsewhere.<br />
As response to such a research need, a research proposal as been prepared to be submitted<br />
with the frame of FP7) entitled <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>: Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and<br />
Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and<br />
mitigation.<br />
The research topics to be addressed within <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> are in perfect adequacy with the<br />
projects nationally funded by the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) in France<br />
within the programme LEFE.<br />
Therefore, INSU does support this proposal by opening access the French research fleet in<br />
order to perform the proposed field campaigns around Paris with the financial support by the<br />
European Commission. Use of this fleet will be done in close coordination with LEFE<br />
according to the current rules linked to the French research fleet.<br />
Attribution of national funding for additional flight hours is envisioned, the amount of this<br />
funding will be decided after a scientific evaluation of the project by the national programme<br />
LEFE later this year.<br />
Yours sincerely,<br />
Patrick Monfray<br />
Directeur adjoint scientifique<br />
Océan-Atmosphère
30 April 2007<br />
To whom it may concern:<br />
I hereby confirm that the SJSU urban modelling group is extremely interested in joining<br />
the EC 7FP proposal <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global<br />
Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation)<br />
as a collaborating partner.<br />
As stated in the project proposal, the main goals of <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> include: assess impacts<br />
of megacities on local, regional, and global air quality; quantify feedbacks between megacity<br />
air quality, local and regional climate, and global climate change; and develop improved<br />
integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities.<br />
The SJSU urban modelling group specializes in development of highly urbanized numerical<br />
mesoscale meteorological models for urban climate, air quality, emergency<br />
response, and climate change impacts. We are thus pleased to collaborate with the<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> team. As a collaboration institution SJSU will especially follow and contribute<br />
to the progress in Work Packages 2 (megacity features) and 3 (megacity plume<br />
case study).<br />
SJSU would like to express our full support for the proposed Project as a basis for the<br />
future collaboration between the <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project and SJSU, as we already have<br />
ongoing collaborations with several groups involved in the current proposal.<br />
Yours sincerely,<br />
Robert Bornstein<br />
Professor
S E V E N T H F R A M E W O R K P R O G R A M M E<br />
The <strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> project brings together 27<br />
leading research groups from 11 European<br />
countries, state-of-the-art scientific tools<br />
and key players from countries outside<br />
Europe to investigate interactions among<br />
megacities, air quality and climate. The<br />
project will include both basic and applied<br />
research, and will bridge spatial and<br />
temporal scales connecting local emissions,<br />
air quality and weather with climate and<br />
global atmospheric chemistry.<br />
This is the Description of Work of the<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> Project.<br />
ISBN: 978-87-992924-0-0<br />
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong>-01-DW-09-03