Heavy metal adsorption on iron oxide and iron oxide-coated silica ...

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LIST OF FIGURES(Continued)FigurePage7.5 Fourier transform and fit of Pb/HFO <strong>adsorption</strong> samples at pH 5 and 10-2ionic strength as a function of time at Pb Lm edge. FT was performed overrange 2.8-9.5 A-1 , fitted over 0.45-3.58 A. 937.6 Fe K-edge 'CANES spectra of iron oxides. 977.7 EXAFS spectra of iron oxides and Pb/HFO samples at Fe K-edge. 987.8 Fourier transform and fit of Pb/HFO <strong>adsorption</strong> samples at Fe K-edge. FTwas performed over range: hematite 2.83-11.42 Al , goethite 2.63-11.19 A l ,HFO and Pb-HFO sorption samples 2.86-11.77 A -1 997.9 Pb/HFO CBC study on 0.3g L -1 HFO at IS=1.4x10-2, pH=5, and [Pb] e=1x10-4M. Dashed lines represent the error (+ two standard deviation) of the model 1038.1 Ni <strong>adsorption</strong> edge on 1 g L -1 HFO at initial [Ni]o = 5x10 -9 M, NaNO3 basedelectrolyte, and 25 °C. 1088.2 Ni <strong>adsorption</strong> isotherm on 1 g L -1 HFO as a function of pH at ionic strength2.8x10-2 (NaNO3) and room temperature 1098.3 x(k)•k3 spectra of Ni standards and Ni-HFO sorption complexes as a functionof pH, IS, and adsorbate loading studied at the Ni K-edge at roomtemperature. 1128.4 Fourier transforms (magnitude and imaginary part) of Ni K-edge XASspectra of Ni standards (Fourier transformed and fitted over ranges: NiO,2.5-10.99 A-1 and 0.73-3.18 A; NiCO3•nH20, 2.4-9.3 A 1 and 0.65-4.3 A;Ni2+ (aq), 2.36-9.27 A -1 and 0.27-2.23 A). 1148.5 Fourier transforms (magnitude and imaginary part) of Ni K-edge XAS spectraof Ni-HFO sorption complexes (Fourier transformed and fitted over ranges:2.4-9.3 A-1 and 0.84-3.80 A). 1168.6 x(k)•k3 spectra of HFO, Ni/HFO 5-day sorption sample, and coprecipitatedNi/HFO sample. 1219.1 Potentiometric titration of 1 g L -1 goethite in NaNO3-based electrolyte atroom temperature (lines represent TLM results using parameterscorresponding to ApKa = 1) . 126xvi
LIST OF FIGURES(Continued)FigurePage9.2 Ni <strong>adsorption</strong> isotherms for an open system at room temperature using 1 g L -1goethite and 10 -3 ionic strength (adjusted with NaNO3). Solid lines representTLM predictions. 1309.3 Ni <strong>adsorption</strong> edges for 1 g L-1 goethite conducted in air at room temperature;ionic strength adjusted with NaNO3 (dots represent experimental data, linesrepresent TLM modeling using best-fit parameters obtained from modelingthe isotherm data at different pH values). 1349.4 Ni <strong>adsorption</strong> isotherms for an open system at room temperature using 1g L-1 goethite and 10 -3 ionic strength (adjusted with NaNO3). Solid linesrepresent TLM predictions using the parameters obtained from modelingisotherm at pH 6.5. 1359.5 Zn <strong>adsorption</strong> isotherms for an open system at room temperature using 1g L-1 goethite and 10 -3 ionic strength (adjusted with NaNO3). Solid linesrepresent TLM predictions. 1379.6 Zn <strong>adsorption</strong> edges for 1 g L-1 goethite conducted in air at roomtemperature; ionic strength adjusted with NaNO3 (dots represent experimentaldata, lines represent TLM modeling using best-fit parameters obtained frommodeling the isotherm data at different pH values). 1389.7 Zn <strong>adsorption</strong> isotherms for an open system at room temperature using 1g L-1 goethite and 10 -3 ionic strength (adjusted with NaNO3). Solid linesrepresent TLM predictions using the parameters obtained from modelingisotherm at pH 5.5. 1399.8 Ni <strong>adsorption</strong> in Zn-Ni bisolute systems at 1 g L -1 goethite, pH 6, 10 -3 ionicstrength (symbols represent experimental data; solid lines represent TLMpredictions using log K ai=-8.3, log Ka2=-9.3, log Kanion=9.94, log Kcation=-8.25 and fitting parameters obtained from single adsorbate modeling; dottedand dashed lines represent +/- two standard deviations). 14210.1 Ni <strong>adsorption</strong> edges on 5 g L -1 silica and goethite-coated silica (GACS, 4.01mg Fe g-1 solid) with [Nilo = 5x10 -1° M as a function of ionic strength (IS). 14610.2 Zn <strong>adsorption</strong> edges on 5 g L -1 silica and goethite-coated silica (GACS, 4.01mg Fe g-1 solid) with [Zn]o = 2x10 -8 M as a function of ionic strength (IS). 148xvii
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Warning & RestrictionsThe
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACTHEAVY METAL ADSORPTION ON I
Page 5 and 6: HEAVY METAL ADSORPTION ON IRON OXID
Page 7 and 8: APPROVAL PAGEHEAVY METAL ADSORPTION
Page 9 and 10: Fan, M.; Boonfueng, T.; Xu, Y.; Axe
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to expre
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS(Continued)Chapter
Page 15 and 16: TABLE OF CONTENTS(Continued)Chapter
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES(Continued)TablePageB
Page 19: LIST OF FIGURES(Continued)FigurePag
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONHeavy<
Page 25 and 26: 3and Sigg, 1992; Gunneriusson et al
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 2OXIDES AND THEIR EFFECT ON
Page 29 and 30: 7et al. 1996; Green-Pedersen et al.
Page 31 and 32: 9identify components, distribution,
Page 33 and 34: 11oxides. Because extraction method
Page 35 and 36: 13Table 2.2 Some Coating Work and C
Page 37 and 38: 15increasing the sorbate concentrat
Page 39 and 40: 17mole Cu g-1 goethite (-1-7% of th
Page 41 and 42: 19Overall, macroscopic adso
Page 43 and 44: 21hematite (up to 9.9 limo' Pb ril-
Page 45 and 46: 23concentration in their system was
Page 47 and 48: 25Surface complexation modeling (SC
Page 49 and 50: 27Overall, surface complexation mod
Page 51 and 52: 29Spectroscopic techniques, especia
Page 53 and 54: 31• Understand the effect of comp
Page 55 and 56: 33existing in almost all soils and
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 4EXPERIMENTAL METHODSIn thi
Page 59 and 60: 37included coating temperature (T),
Page 61 and 62: 39generated at 45 kV and 40 mA, sca
Page 63 and 64: 41PZC include electrophoretic mobil
Page 65 and 66: 43Lin-edge, from 8,133 to 8,884 eV
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 5CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON O
Page 69 and 70: 47measured by potentiometric titrat
Page 71 and 72:
Table 5.2 XRD Data of Alfa Aesar (A
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51Table 5.3 XRF Results for Alfa Ae
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Figure 5.4 Particle size distributi
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55Figure 5.5 ESEM micrograph for Al
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585.2.5 Surface Charge Distribution
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Figure 5.10 Potentiometric titratio
Page 84 and 85:
CHAPTER 6SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZA
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Figure 6.1 Comparison between Fecon
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Figure 6.2 XRD patterns for goethit
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68iron oxide coatings at 60 °C, go
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70substrate diameter of 0.2 mm, an
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72goethite and silica results in on
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Figure 6.7 ESEM micrograph (9000x)
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76Furthermore, because discrete goe
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78Table 6.2 Surface Area and Porosi
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Figure 6.10 Surface charge distribu
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Figure 6.11 Ni adsorption</
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84that for pure silica, and the goe
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Table 7.1 Sample Preparation Condit
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Figure 7.2 EXAFS spectra of Pb/HFO
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Figure 7.3 Fourier transform and fi
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Figure 7.4 Fourier transform and fi
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Table 7.3 EXAFS Results of Pb/HFO S
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967.2 Fe XAS of Iron Oxides and Pb/
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Figure 7.7 EXAFS spectra of iron ox
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100and Venturelli, 1999). Overall t
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102(hematite, goethite, akaganeite,
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104adsorption proc
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106of pH, ionic strength, Pb loadin
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Figure 8.1 Ni adsorption</s
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110high metal load
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Figure 8.3 x(k)•k3 spectra and Fo
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Figure 8.4 (k)•k3 spectra of Ni-H
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Figure 8.5 Fourier transforms (magn
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118be fit using either Fe or Ni ato
Page 142 and 143:
1208.3 EXAFS Analysis of FeThe x(k)
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Table 8.4 EXAFS Results of HFO and
Page 146 and 147:
CHAPTER 9SURFACE COMPLEXATION MODEL
Page 148 and 149:
Figure 9.1 Potentiometric titration
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128Table 9.1 Surface Reactions and
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
132Table 9.2 Model Parameters for N
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
1369.3 Zn Adsorption on GoethiteReg
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Figure 9.6 Zn adsorption</s
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140data over a broad range of condi
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142Figure 9.8 Ni adsorption
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144oxide-coated silica. Ni and Zn s
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Figure 10.2 Zn adsorption</
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Page 174 and 175:
152one for GACS (2.77x10 -6 mole si
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Figure 10.6 Zn adsorption</
Page 178 and 179:
CHAPTER 11CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WO
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158surfaces are needed for successf
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Figure A.2 Ni speciation in 1x10 -5
Page 184 and 185:
Figure A.4 Pb speciation in 5x10 -8
Page 186 and 187:
Figure A.6 Zn speciation in 1x10 -5
Page 188 and 189:
166Table B.2 Potentiometric Titrati
Page 190 and 191:
168Table BA Potentiometric Titratio
Page 192 and 193:
170Table C.3 Zn Adsorption Edges on
Page 194 and 195:
APPENDIX DADSORPTION STUDIES ON SIL
Page 196 and 197:
174Table D.5 Zn Adsorption Isotherm
Page 198 and 199:
176Table E.3 Pb CBC Study on 0.3 g
Page 200 and 201:
APPENDIX GINTRAPARTICLE DIFFUSION M
Page 202 and 203:
180DofA = flier ^ 2fA = Exp(-fD * f
Page 204 and 205:
REFERENCES1. Adamson A. W. (1982) P
Page 206 and 207:
18426. Blake R. L., Hessevick R. E.
Page 208 and 209:
18650. Combes J. M., Manceau A. and
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18876. Elzinga E. J. and Sparks D.
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190102. Gupta V. K. (1998) Equilibr
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192126. Joshi A. and Chaudhuri M. (
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194150. Liu C. and Huang P. M. (200
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196175. Muller B. and Sigg L. (1992
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200. Perry R. H. and Green D. W. (1
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200226. Scheinost A. C., Kretzschma
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202252. Swallow C. K., Hume D. N. a
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204278. Villalobos M., Trotz M. A.
Page 228:
304. Zhong Z. Y., Prozorov T., Feln
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