Single Phase AC Induction Squirrel Cage Motors - Aerovent

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Capacitor-Start Motors (CSIR)The new result is a time phase shift closer to 90V LI SV LTable 1. Summary of Split-Phase Motor CharacteristicsPeak Efficiency 50 to 60%I STable 2. Summary of Capacitor-Start Motor CharacteristicsFigure 15 illustrates schematically the winding arrangementof a typical distributed winding arrangement of acapacitor-start motor. It should be noted that the capacitor-startmotor utilizes the same winding arrangement asthe split-phase motor, but adds a capacitor in serieswith the start winding. The effect of this capacitor isshown in Figure 16. The main (run) winding currentremains the same as in the split-phase case, but thestart winding current is very much different. With thecapacitor in the circuit, the starting current now leadsthe line voltage, rather than lagging as does the mainwinding. The start winding is also different, containingslightly more turns in its coils than the main winding andutilizing wire diameters only slightly smaller than thosedegrees than with the split-phase motor. A strongerrotating field is therefore created and starting torque ishigher than with the split-phase design. Also the vectorsum of the main and start winding currents is lower,resulting in a reduction in the inrush current as comparedto the split-phase design. Refer to Figure 16.The starting and running speed-torque characteristicof a capacitor-start motor is illustrated in Figure 17.Again, a centrifugal switch and mechanism (or relay)must be used to protect the start winding and capacitorfrom overheating. When the capacitor-start motor is runningnear full load RPM, its performance is identical tothat of the split-phase motor. Table 2 summarizes thecapacitor-start motor characteristics.of the main.Figure 17. General Performance CharacteristicFigure 15. Winding Schematic for CSIR Motor(CSIR Motor)100Main80V LWindingSwitchStartRunShort-TimeWinding60 WindingRatedI M StartCapacitorI Winding40LI S200 0 100 200 300 400Figure 16. Phase Relationships (CSIR Motor)Percent Full-Load Torque500I MCHARACTERISTICNOTESPower Factor 60 to 70%Starting Torque Up to 300% Full Load Torque(Intermittent Duty)II LNoise & VibrationComponents120 Hz Torque PulsationsContains Centrifugal Switch & CapacitorMOtherCapacitor Controls Inrush Starting Current(Lower Than Split-Phase Type)CostSlightly Higher Than Split-Phase TypePercent Synchronous Speed6 Fan Engineering FE-1100
Permanently Split Capacitor Motors (PSC)Figure 18 illustrates schematically the winding arrangementof a typical distributed winding arrangement of apermanently split capacitor motor. The windings of thePSC motor are arranged like those of the split-phaseand capacitor-start designs, but a capacitor capable ofrunning continuously replaces the intermittent dutycapacitor of the capacitor-start motor and the centrifugalswitch of both the split-phase and capacitor-startmotors. The main winding remains similar to the previousdesigns, current lags the line voltage (refer to Figure19).Figure 18. Winding Schematic for PSC MotorVLILIMMainWindingStartWindingISContinuousRatedCapacitorHowever, the real strength of the permanently splitcapacitor design is derived from the fact that the startwinding and capacitor remain in the circuit at all timesand produce an approximation of two-phase operationat the rated load point. This results in better efficiency,better power factor, and lower 120 Hz torque pulsationsthan in equivalent capacitor-start and split-phasedesigns.Figure 20 illustrates a typical speed torque curve fora permanently split capacitor motor. Different startingand running characteristics can be achieved by varyingthe rotor resistance. In addition, by adding extra mainwindings in series with the original main windings, PSCmotors can be designed to operate at different speedsdepending on the number of extra main windings energized.It should also be noted that for a given full loadtorque, less breakdown torque and therefore a smallermotor is required with a permanently split capacitordesign than with the other previously discussed designs.Table 3 summarizes the characteristics of the permanentlysplit capacitor design.Figure 20. General Performance Characteristic(PSC Motor)The start winding of a PSC motor is somewhat differentthan in the capacitor-start design. Because thecapacitor for a PSC motor usually has a small rating, itis necessary to boost the capacitor voltage by addingconsiderably more turns to its coils than are in the mainwinding coils. Start winding wire size remains somewhatsmaller than that of the main winding. The smallermicrofarad rating of the capacitor produces more of aleading phase shift and less total start winding current,so starting torques will be considerably lower than withthe capacitor-start design. Refer again to Figure 19.1008060402000I I S MI SFigure 19. Phase Relationships (PSC Motor)Percent Synchronous SpeedLowResistanceRotorHighResistanceRotor100 200 300 400 500Percent Full-Load TorqueTable 3. Summary Permanently Split CapacitorMotor CharacteristicsI MI LV LVCHARACTERISTICNOTESPeak Efficiency 55 to 65%Power Factor 80 to 100%Starting Torque 50 to 80% Full Load TorqueNoise & Vibration 120 Hz Torque Pulsations ReducedComponents Contains Capacitor (Continuous Duty)OtherCan be used with speed control devices (notpossible with SP & CSIR types)CostSmallest motor for given output7 Fan Engineering FE-1100
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Single Phase AC Induction Squirrel Cage Motors - Aerovent

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