Godišnji izveštaj za 2005. godinu - Beogradska berza

Despot’s BelgradeDespot Stefan Lazarevi} - BeogradSporazumom o vazalskim obavezama prema ugarskomkraqu Zigmundu despot Stefan Lazarevi} dobijaBeograd i Ma~vu. Iz Kru{evca prestonicu preme{tau Beograd 1403. godine.U Poveqi gradu Beogradu despot Stefanobja{wava tu svoju odluku: „Od Kosova bejah pokorenismaiq}anskom narodu, dok ne do|e car Persijanacai tatara i wih razbi, a mene iz wihovih ruku Bogmilo{}u svojom oslobodi. Odakle, dakle, do{av{i,na|oh najlep{e mesto, od davnina preveliki gradBeograd, slu~ajno razru{en i zapusteo, sazdah ga iposvetih presvetoj Bogomateri“Veoma brzo je razru{en i opusteli grad pretvorio usre|enu srpsku prestonicu koja je postala svojevrstanevropski centar kojeg Konstantin Filozof poredisa Jerusalimom. Svoju prestonicu despot Stefan jeosmislio kao Zapad na Istoku. Beograd postaje vojnoutvr|ewe, gradsko naseqe, privredni, kulturni icrkveni centar dr`ave.Za 23 godine koliko }e Beograd biti prestonica podStefanovim budnim okom gradi se dvorac-tvr|ava uGorwem gradu na Kalemegdanu sa riznicom. U dvorcuje imao bogatu biblioteku i to je verovatno bila prvabiblioteka u gradu. Ni~u Mitropolija, pristani{tena Dunavu i dve crkve / Uspenija pre~iste Vladi~icei Svete Petke/. O naprednoj i daleko ispred svogvremena viziji glavnog grada Stefanove despotovinegovore i slede}i objekti koji su sazidani u tomperiodu: Bolnica, Prihvatil{te za strance i brojnivrtovi , posebno oko dvora i Mitropolije.Kao dobar graditeq i ratnik Stefan pravi i skrivenput - specifi~nost Gorweg grada - me|uprostorizme|u dva bedema kojim su komunicirali branioci.I uop{te celo utvr|ewe oko Beograda bilo je izuzetnostrata{ki ura|eno i dugi niz godina odolevalonapadima Turaka.By accepting his vassal duties to the Hungarianking Sigismund, Despot Stefan received in returnBelgrade and Macva. In 1403, he moved his capitalfrom Kruševac to Belgrade.In his Charter to the town of Belgrade Stefanexplains his decision: «Since Kosovo I have beenconquered by the Ismailis, until the Emperor ofPersians and Tatars defeated them, and from theirhands God by his mercy set me free. I came and foundthe noblest town from ancient times, the great townof Belgrade, by sorry fate destroyed and nearly void.Having rebuilt it, I consecrated it to the Holy Motherof God».He soon turned the devastated and empty town intoan organized Serbian capital, a particular Europeancenter, which Constantin the Philosopher comparedwith Jerusalem. Stefan envisaged his capital as theWest in the East. Belgrade became a military fortress,a township and an economic, cultural and religiouscenter of the state.Over a period of 23 years during which Belgradewas the capital, a fortified castle in the Upper townin Kalemegdan and a treasury were erected underStefan’s close supervision. The castle housed a richlibrary, probably the first library in the town. Theywere followed by the Metropolitan Palace, the porton the Danube and two churches (Assumptions of theVirgin and St. Petka). The following objects raised inthat period testify to the progressive and avant-gardevision of the capital of Stefan’s despotate: Hospital,Residence for Foreigners and numerous gardens,particularly around the court and the MetropolitanPalace.As an exceptional builder and soldier, Stefanconstructed a hidden passage – specific feature of theUpper town – which linked two defensive walls andwas used by defenders for communication. Generally,all fortifications around Belgrade were strategicallywell designed and for many years resisted the attacksof the Turks.