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Table of ContentsXI9.3.4 Mobile demersal megafauna. ............................................................ 789.4 Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799.5 Acknowledgements. ................................................................... 80Literature. .............................................................................. 8010 Effects of the alpha ventus offshore test site on pelagic fish. .................... 83Sören Krägefsky10.1 Introduction . .......................................................................... 8410.1.1 Possible impacts . ....................................................................... 8610.2 Methods ............................................................................... 8810.3 Results and discussion ................................................................. 9010.4 Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Literature. .............................................................................. 9311 Effects of the alpha ventus offshore test site on distribution patterns,behaviour and flight heights of seabirds. ......................................... 95Bettina Mendel, Jana Kotzerka, Julia Sommerfeld,Henriette Schwemmer, Nicole Sonntag, Stefan Garthe11.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 9611.1.1 Key species ............................................................................. 9611.2 Methods ............................................................................... 9911.2.1 Survey design. .......................................................................... 9911.2.2 Data analysis. .......................................................................... 10011.3 Results. ............................................................................... 10111.3.1 Distribution patterns. .................................................................. 10111.3.2 Changes in the abundance of lesser black-backed gulls and common guillemots. ......... 10411.3.3 Behavioural observations. .............................................................. 10511.3.4 Flight heights. ......................................................................... 10611.4 Discussion ............................................................................ 10611.5 Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10811.6 Acknowledgements. .................................................................. 108Literature. ............................................................................. 10912 Of birds, blades and barriers: Detecting and analysing mass migrationevents at alpha ventus. ............................................................. 111Reinhold Hill, Katrin Hill, Ralf Aumüller, Axel Schulz,Tobias Dittmann, Christoph Kulemeyer, Timothy Coppack12.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 11212.2 Birds, blades and barriers ............................................................. 11212.3 Bird migration over the German Bight: Origin, phenology and species diversity. ...... 11312.4 Methods .............................................................................. 11412.4.1 Methodological challenges. ............................................................ 11412.5 Results and discussions ............................................................... 11912.5.1 Measuring long-term patterns with radar and optical systems. ........................... 11912.5.2 ‘Ground-proofing’ through automatic detection of species-specific bird calls .............. 12112.5.3 Detecting behavioural responses with fixed pencil beam radar ........................... 12412.5.4 Measuring bird movements through the rotor-swept zone with VARS. .................... 12512.5.5 Species composition ................................................................... 125
XIITable of Contents12.5.6 Estimating collision risks in the rotor-swept zone. ........................................ 12612.5.7 A case of mass accumulation of night-migrating birds. ................................... 12612.5.8 Windfarm-induced deviations in route under daylight conditions. ........................ 12812.6 Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129Literature. ............................................................................. 13013 Marine mammals and windfarms: Effects of alpha ventus on harbourporpoises. ........................................................................... 133Michael Dähne, Verena Peschko, Anita Gilles, Klaus Lucke,Sven Adler, Katrin Ronnenberg, Ursula Siebert13.1 Introduction . ......................................................................... 13413.1.1 Key Species. ........................................................................... 13413.1.2 Possible effects of windfarm construction ............................................... 13613.1.3 Possible effects of windfarm operation . ................................................. 13613.2 Methods .............................................................................. 13713.2.1 Assessing presence, absence and abundance. ........................................... 13713.2.2 Aerial line transect surveys . ............................................................ 13813.2.3 Static acoustic monitoring (SAM). ....................................................... 13913.3 Results. ............................................................................... 14013.3.1 Construction effects on harbour porpoises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14013.3.2 Operation effects on harbour porpoises . ................................................ 14313.3.3 Effects from the wind turbines during operation. ........................................ 14413.4 Discussion ............................................................................ 14413.5 Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14613.6 Acknowledgments. ................................................................... 146Literature. ............................................................................. 14714 Marine habitat modelling for harbour porpoises in the German Bight. ....... 151Henrik Skov, Stefan Heinänen, Dennis Arreborg Hansen, Florian Ladage,Bastian Schlenz, Ramūnas Žydelis, Frank Thomsen14.1 Introduction . ......................................................................... 15214.2 Methods . ............................................................................. 15214.2.1 Survey data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15214.2.2 Habitat modelling. ..................................................................... 15214.2.3 Hydrodynamic model .................................................................. 15314.2.4 Modelling of underwater noise . ........................................................ 15614.3 Results. ............................................................................... 16214.4 Discussion ............................................................................ 16714.5 Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168Literature. ............................................................................. 16815 Underwater construction and operational noise at alpha ventus . ............. 171Klaus Betke15.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 17215.1.1 Impact of underwater noise on marine mammals. ....................................... 17215.1.2 Sound, sound levels and sound spectra. ................................................. 17215.2 Methods .............................................................................. 17415.2.1 Study design and layout: Construction phase. ........................................... 174
Page 1 and 2: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic A
Page 3 and 4: Cover photos:alpha ventus offshore
Page 5 and 6: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic A
Page 11: XTable of Contents5.3 Learning from
Page 15 and 16: List of AuthorsDr. Sven AdlerSwedis
Page 17 and 18: List of AuthorsXVIIDr. Jochen Kraus
Page 19 and 20: List of AuthorsXIXKatharina Teschke
Page 21 and 22: 3 1Current situation of offshoredev
Page 23 and 24: 1.2 • Legal basis of offshore win
Page 26 and 27: 8Chapter 1 • Current situation of
Page 28 and 29: 11 2The Spatial Offshore GridPlan f
Page 30: 2.2 • Accompanying Strategic Envi
Page 34 and 35: 3.2 • Offshore challenges17 3..Fi
Page 36 and 37: 3.3 • Operation of the offshore w
Page 38 and 39: 3.7 • Outlook: alpha ventus as a
Page 40 and 41: 3.7 • Outlook: alpha ventus as a
Page 42 and 43: 26Chapter 4 • The RAVE research i
Page 44 and 45: 28Chapter 4 • The RAVE research i
Page 46 and 47: 31 5Accompanying ecologicalresearch
Page 48 and 49: 5.1 • Environmentally compatible
Page 50 and 51: 5.2 • Identifying environmental r
Page 52 and 53: Literature37 5..Fig. 5.4 Colonisati
Page 54 and 55: 40Chapter 6 • Conservation featur
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48Chapter 7 • Challenges, results
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51 IIMain sectionChapter 8Chapter 9
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53 8Oceanographic andgeological res
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8.2 • Methods55 8. . Fig. 8.1 (a)
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8.2 • Methods57 8era, which then
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8.2 • Methods59 8..Fig. 8.6 Diagr
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8.3 • Results and discussion61 8.
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8.3 • Results and discussion63 8.
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Literature65 8Information box: FINO
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68Chapter 9 • Increase of benthic
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83 10Effects of the alpha ventusoff
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10.1 • Introduction85 10..Fig. 10
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10.1 • Introduction87 10Near the
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10.2 • Methods89 10Hydroacoustic
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10.3 • Results and discussion91 1
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Literature93 10of the average stoma
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95 11Effects of the alpha ventusoff
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11.1 • Introduction97 11. . Fig.
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11.2 • Methods99 11..Fig. 11.3 Ke
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11.3 • Results101 11..Fig. 11.4 D
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11.3 • Results103 11..Fig. 11.7 D
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11.3 • Results105 11..Fig. 11.10
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11.4 • Discussion107 11Generally,
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Literature109 11..Fig. 11.13 One of
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111 12Of birds, blades and barriers
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12.3 • Bird migration over the Ge
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12.4 • Methods115 12oping dedicat
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12.4 • Methods117 12VARSVARS (Vis
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12.5 • Results and discussions119
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12.6 • Perspectivesferent viewing
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Literature131 12Cooper BA, Day RH,
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134Chapter 13 • Effects of alpha
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Literature149 13porpoises (Phocoena
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14.2 • Methods153 14. . Fig. 14.1
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14.1 • Introduction155 14..Table
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14.2 • Methods157 14..Fig. 14.4 T
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14.2 • Methods159 14..Fig. 14.6 T
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14.2 • Methods161 14..Fig. 14.10
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14.3 • Results163 14..Fig. 14.13
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14.3 • Results165 14..Fig. 14.15
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14.4 • Discussion167 1414.4 Discu
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Literature169 1420 km for harbor po
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172Chapter 15 • Underwater constr
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182Chapter 16 • Noise mitigation
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193 17Cumulative impactsof offshore
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17.4 • Underwater noise and marin
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Literature197 17..Fig. 17.2 State o
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199BackmatterLinks200Federal Mariti
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Links201North Sea and Baltic Sea Mo
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