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26Chapter 4 • The RAVE research initiative12345678910111213141516171819204.1 IntroductionIn 2002, the German government set the target ofreaching 20 to 25 GW of offshore wind power capacityinstalled in German waters by 2030 (BMU2002). This planned rapid expansion was mainlydriven by political aims, but was soon supportedby a range of stakeholders, including the offshorewind energy industry. However, developing a newtechnology, a completely novel industrial sector andan innovative and independent research disciplinetakes more than just a wish. In 2007, when the firstoffshore windfarm was yet to be built in Germany,the government decided both to involve more stakeholdersand to provide substantial funding. With financialsupport from the Federal Ministry for theEnvironment, Nature Conservation and NuclearSafety (BMU), a trans-disciplinary consortiumwas established comprising representatives fromscience, industry and administration. This communityis known as the RAVE research initiative.RAVE (Research at Alpha VEntus) was set up to accompanythe construction and operation of alphaventus, Germany’s first offshore windfarm, with arange of research, development and demonstrationactivities. alpha ventus is the first big offshore windresearch and demonstration site worldwide, and hassince become a highly impressive research focus.-The initial objectives of RAVE were:To find solutions for a number of challengingissues in relation to the utilisation of offshorewind power in GermanyTo promote the use of and further develop the-technology for wind power at seaTo create a national offshore wind researchnetwork (BMU 2002, 2006).4.2 Actors and organisationOver 30 individual projects conducted by over50 universities, research organisations and companieshave now been carried out under the RAVEumbrella. More will be integrated into the consortiumover time. A range of large-scale, joint RAVEprojects have fostered both interdisciplinary collaborationand knowledge acquisition and transfer.The RAVE consortium provides an additional transdisciplinaryframework, resulting in a stunning poolof offshore wind power expertise. Scientists andmanagers actively and continuously provide solutionsand new know-how, thus contributing to attainmentof the RAVE targets.The heart of the RAVE consortium is the steeringcommittee, which orchestrates common activitiesoverall and brings together representativesfrom the joint projects, the test site operator, thetwo turbine manufacturers, the administrativesupervisor, Project Management Jülich (PtJ), andFraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and EnergySystem Technology (IWES), which coordinatesRAVE. Around 25 professors, scientists, projectleaders, decision makers and subcontractors meetregularly to inform each other about the status ofspecific projects, achievements made, bottlenecksand delays, and to decide about current strategicissues concerning the RAVE initiative. The steeringcommittee has proven to be a successful instrumentin exchanging scientific and operational experience,and serves as a starting point for new collaborationboth within the RAVE community and withexternal partners. The roles of the operator and themanufacturers in the consortium are of great importance.As owners of the turbines, the windfarmand the data, they support the measurement applicationsat the turbines. Additionally, as the tenantof the test site and as a major promoter of offshorewind power development in Germany, the GermanOffshore Wind Energy Foundation enabled the realisationof the test site. A big consortium such asRAVE clearly needs an overall coordination team.The coordination project, led by Fraunhofer IWESin Kassel, aims to link the RAVE projects, make useof synergies and communicate the initiative to thegeneral public.4.3 Measurements and dataFor the RAVE research projects – primarily appliedand demonstration projects – comprehensivemeasuring data is a must. A huge measurementprogramme has been set up at sea to conduct stateof-the-artscience. All measurements required forthe research projects are performed by a centralmeasurement service led by the Federal Maritime
4.4 • Research focus27 4..Fig. 4.1 Sketch of the REpower 5M(AV4) offshore wind turbine at the alphaventus test site. Markings on the structureand in the water indicate locations andtype of instrumentation used for RAVEmeasurements.and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). The project coordinatesdata demand, and advises project managersregarding their sensor, sample and measurementneeds. It also plans, installs, operates and maintainsmeasurement equipment as a service for all RAVEpartners. Data is first validated by the responsibledata supervisors: BSH for environmental measurements,DEWI GmbH for AREVA Wind turbines, GLGarrad Hassan (GL) for REpower Systems turbines,the turbine manufacturers for data from their machines,and OFFIS, which is in charge of developmentand operation of the RAVE data warehouse.Following this validation, data is then uploaded tothe RAVE research archive. In this way the datais made available online for accredited RAVE researchers.The measurements carried out includeload conditions, operational and installation noise,along with meteorological, oceanographic and geologicalparameters. This has resulted in an invaluableand unique measurement dataset: Four turbines areextensively instrumented and further sensors areinstalled in the surrounding waters, in the foundationsand at offshore and onshore substations. Altogether,more than 1,200 sensors have been installed(. Fig. 4.1), generating over 14 TB of stored data sofar (as of June 2013).4.4 Research focusSince the start of the research initiative in 2007,cost reduction through activities such as technical
Page 1 and 2: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic A
Page 3 and 4: Cover photos:alpha ventus offshore
Page 5 and 6: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic A
Page 11 and 12: XTable of Contents5.3 Learning from
Page 13 and 14: XIITable of Contents12.5.6 Estimati
Page 15 and 16: List of AuthorsDr. Sven AdlerSwedis
Page 17 and 18: List of AuthorsXVIIDr. Jochen Kraus
Page 19 and 20: List of AuthorsXIXKatharina Teschke
Page 21 and 22: 3 1Current situation of offshoredev
Page 23 and 24: 1.2 • Legal basis of offshore win
Page 26 and 27: 8Chapter 1 • Current situation of
Page 28 and 29: 11 2The Spatial Offshore GridPlan f
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Page 44 and 45: 28Chapter 4 • The RAVE research i
Page 46 and 47: 31 5Accompanying ecologicalresearch
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Page 64 and 65: 51 IIMain sectionChapter 8Chapter 9
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80Chapter 9 • Increase of benthic
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83 10Effects of the alpha ventusoff
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10.1 • Introduction85 10..Fig. 10
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10.1 • Introduction87 10Near the
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10.2 • Methods89 10Hydroacoustic
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10.3 • Results and discussion91 1
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Literature93 10of the average stoma
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95 11Effects of the alpha ventusoff
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11.1 • Introduction97 11. . Fig.
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11.3 • Results105 11..Fig. 11.10
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11.4 • Discussion107 11Generally,
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Literature109 11..Fig. 11.13 One of
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111 12Of birds, blades and barriers
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12.3 • Bird migration over the Ge
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12.4 • Methods115 12oping dedicat
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12.4 • Methods117 12VARSVARS (Vis
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12.5 • Results and discussions119
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12.6 • Perspectivesferent viewing
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Literature131 12Cooper BA, Day RH,
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134Chapter 13 • Effects of alpha
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Literature149 13porpoises (Phocoena
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14.2 • Methods153 14. . Fig. 14.1
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14.1 • Introduction155 14..Table
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14.2 • Methods157 14..Fig. 14.4 T
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14.2 • Methods159 14..Fig. 14.6 T
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14.2 • Methods161 14..Fig. 14.10
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14.3 • Results163 14..Fig. 14.13
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14.3 • Results165 14..Fig. 14.15
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14.4 • Discussion167 1414.4 Discu
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Literature169 1420 km for harbor po
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172Chapter 15 • Underwater constr
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182Chapter 16 • Noise mitigation
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193 17Cumulative impactsof offshore
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Literature197 17..Fig. 17.2 State o
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199BackmatterLinks200Federal Mariti
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Links201North Sea and Baltic Sea Mo
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