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5.1 • Environmentally compatible expansion of offshore wind energy33 5-Fish-Restingcomponent of the approval process for offshorewindfarms is therefore an environmental impactassessment (EIA), which forecasts the extent towhich construction of a windfarm will endangerthe marine environment. An EIA is accordinglystipulated in German windfarm permits.The EIA follows a standardised design laid downby the approving government agency, the BSH.The requirements are described in detail in BSHStandard for Environmental Impact Assessment(StUK4, BSH 2013), . Fig. 5.2. The aim is to identifyenvironmental impacts at the earliest stage possiblein order to avoid and minimise potential effectson marine organisms.The StUK standard lays down standardised monitoring-requirements covering:BenthosbirdsMigratory birdsMarine mammals (including guidelines for underwaternoise measurements)-BatsLandscapeThe standard provides technical details of the investigationand monitoring surveys to be carriedout to protect species of conservation interest inGerman offshore areas. The objects and scope ofinvestigations, the methods to be applied and thepresentation of results are described to create aconsistent evaluation basis for all offshore monitoringstudies. The monitoring results producedin the offshore windfarm projects are thus qualityproofed, mutually comparable, and provide detailedcumulative insights at a large temporal andspatial scale for much of the German EEZ. Compliancewith the standard is obligatory for applicantsand permit holders during planning, constructionand operation of a windfarm.StUK uses a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI)design. This involves sampling in an area plannedto be affected by a development and in a reference(control) area not affected by the development.Each area is sampled before, during andafter the potential disturbance. The StUK scopetherefore specifies two years of baseline monitoringprior to construction, monitoring duringthe entire construction phase, and three years ofmonitoring during operation of the windfarm.The monitoring surveys have to be closely coordinatedwith BSH and are supervised throughout.The raw data from the EIA studies has to behanded to BSH for quality assurance and becomespart of a large database of biotic information.StUK was implemented in December 2001 for thefirst offshore windfarm applications and has beencontinuously updated since. The current version isthe third update published in October 2013. Compilationand evaluation of StUK is coordinatedby BSH and based on an extensive consultationprocess with experts from research institutions,consultancies and licensing authorities operatingin German offshore areas. StUK is consequentlybroadly accepted by research and policy institutions,environmental organisations (NGOs) andindustry, i. e. windfarm operators...Fig. 5.2 Standard for Environmental Impact Assessments(StUK4, published October 2013) issued by BSH.
34Chapter 5 • Accompanying ecological research at alpha ventus: The StUKplus research project12345678910111213141516171819205.2 Identifying environmental risksat the earliest possible stageThe StUKplus research project aimed to predictthe extent to which future windfarms will endangerthe maritime environment and to identify environmentalimpacts at the earliest possible stagein order to avoid adverse effects on marine organisms.The StUKplus project followed a coordinated,synergetic approach: The mandatory StUK3 monitoringwas supplemented with additional researchprojects conducted over a larger area, at higherintensity with new investigation methods coveringbenthic organisms, fish, passage migrants, migratorybirds and marine mammals. The studies weresupplemented by underwater noise measurements.Being designed as effect monitoring, a before/aftercomparison study was carried out. Comprehensivepreliminary studies were conducted at the test sitebefore construction as early as 2008. A large databasewas compiled, and used in assessing the likelyimpact of the construction and operational phases.To obtain reliable data about how fauna would reactto the windfarm in their habitats, long-termstudies were performed extending several yearsinto the operating phase. BSH’s large marine environmentaldatabase of EIA studies was combinedwith the StUKplus research data and jointly evaluated.The StUKplus research partners spent severalyears studying the environmental impact of offshorewindfarms (. Table 5.1). Their know-how and experiencewere applied to a real-life project, the alphaventus offshore test site.The various research projects presented in thisbook are briefly described below. Detailed resultsof the ecological monitoring and the research accompanyingthe project is presented in the chaptersthat follow.Chapter 8: Research on oceanography and geologyThe RAVE Service Project, coordinated by BSH,is part of the RAVE research initiative and surveyedabiotic conditions at the alpha ventus test site(oceanography and geology) to supplement the ecologicalinformation collected by the biologists withextensive abiotic data. The focus of the geologicalinvestigation programme was on interactions betweenthe piled foundations, the seabed and oceanographicparameters (e.g. wave, tide and current) andsediment shifting in the windfarm. The scour depthsat the foundations and their development in the testsite area were measured by single-beam echosoundersand multibeam sonar. Numerous sensors weremounted on wind turbines for detailed investigationof the oceanographic conditions. Temperaturesensors, directional wave riders, video cameras andcurrent sensors captured data to analyse interactionsbetween the windfarm and the ocean.Chapter 9: Research on benthos and mobile megafaunaBenthos-related research at alpha ventus was carriedout by the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI),Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research.Benthic fauna were surveyed within the windfarmarea and in a reference area between 2008 and 2011.Soft-bottom epifauna – mostly mobile, invertebrateorganisms such as crabs, shrimps and starfish thatlive on top of the seafloor – were sampled with abeam trawl. Soft-bottom infauna – animals such asclams, tubeworms and burrowing crabs that live insidethe sediment – were sampled using a van Veenbottom grab. Assemblages of fouling organismssuch as mussels and sea anemones colonising turbinefoundations and mobile demersal megafaunawere sampled by scientific divers (. Fig. 5.4). Themobile demersal megafauna were also surveyed visuallyalong belt transects extending on the seaflooraway from the turbine foundations.Chapter 10: Research on fishA study on fish was conducted by the Alfred WegenerInstitute (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Polarand Marine Research, covering the pre-constructionphase, the construction period and the first years ofthe operational phase at alpha ventus. Multi-dayship-based hydroacoustic surveys were carried outin spring, summer and autumn inside and outsidethe windfarm. The measurements were supplementedby a recently developed stationary long-termhydroacoustic measurement system. Additional netcatches with a pelagic trawl allowed the fish speciescomposition and size distribution to be identified.The stomach contents of horse mackerel and mackerelwere analysed to examine the influence of thewindfarm on the feeding behaviour of pelagic fish.
Page 1 and 2: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic A
Page 3 and 4: Cover photos:alpha ventus offshore
Page 5 and 6: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic A
Page 11 and 12: XTable of Contents5.3 Learning from
Page 13 and 14: XIITable of Contents12.5.6 Estimati
Page 15 and 16: List of AuthorsDr. Sven AdlerSwedis
Page 17 and 18: List of AuthorsXVIIDr. Jochen Kraus
Page 19 and 20: List of AuthorsXIXKatharina Teschke
Page 21 and 22: 3 1Current situation of offshoredev
Page 23 and 24: 1.2 • Legal basis of offshore win
Page 26 and 27: 8Chapter 1 • Current situation of
Page 28 and 29: 11 2The Spatial Offshore GridPlan f
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Page 42 and 43: 26Chapter 4 • The RAVE research i
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Page 64 and 65: 51 IIMain sectionChapter 8Chapter 9
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10.1 • Introduction87 10Near the
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10.2 • Methods89 10Hydroacoustic
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Literature93 10of the average stoma
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95 11Effects of the alpha ventusoff
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11.4 • Discussion107 11Generally,
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Literature109 11..Fig. 11.13 One of
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111 12Of birds, blades and barriers
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12.6 • Perspectivesferent viewing
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Literature131 12Cooper BA, Day RH,
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134Chapter 13 • Effects of alpha
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Literature149 13porpoises (Phocoena
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14.2 • Methods153 14. . Fig. 14.1
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14.1 • Introduction155 14..Table
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14.3 • Results163 14..Fig. 14.13
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14.4 • Discussion167 1414.4 Discu
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Literature169 1420 km for harbor po
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172Chapter 15 • Underwater constr
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182Chapter 16 • Noise mitigation
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193 17Cumulative impactsof offshore
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Literature197 17..Fig. 17.2 State o
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199BackmatterLinks200Federal Mariti
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