Direct and Spillover Effects of ATP-Funded Photonics Technologies

FIGURE 16.Citations to Displaytech Publications by Countrycommercial industries in Russia and Eastern Europe that would likely patent in the UnitedStates, coupled with strong traditional academic research groups, probably accounts for thecitation difference there. Conversely, the comparative international strength in liquid crystalslies in Japanese multinational electronics firms, who, together with South Korean firms,dominate LCD markets. This explains the large Japanese share (21 percent) of patentcitations, but not of publication citations (12 percent). This bias toward commercialapplications in Japan becomes even clearer below when we remove nonprofit research groupsfrom the publication citation data.Figure 17 shows the geographic distribution of publication citations within the United States.Like the patent citations, there is significant concentration within the Boulder area, but lessconcentration than the patents in the high-tech commercial corridors of Silicon Valley or theRoute 128/Boston area. By contrast, there are publication citation clusters aroundWashington, D.C. (30 citations by nine organizations, including the U.S. Naval ResearchLaboratory, George Mason University, and GeoCenters, Inc.), New Jersey (22 citationsDisplaytech 45