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Figure 18. SEM micrographs of the fracture surface of Albipox: (a) control, 3 1500; (b) aged at 50°C, 3 1500;(c) soaked in water, 3 1200 and (d) aged at 50°C/95%RH, 3 1500.Figure 19. SEM micrographs of the fracture surface of Timberset: (a) control, 3 1400; (b) aged at 50°C, 3 1200;(c) soaked in water, 3 1200 and (d) aged at 50°C/95%RH, 3 1400.
Z. Ahmad et alT g , followed by Albipox, and Timberset had a higher crosslink density than Albipoxand higher storage modulus in the rubbery region.This result was supported by the results of bendingtests as a function of curing time where Timbersetdeveloped crosslinks most rapidly. The smallerpossibly the poor adhesion between the ceramicparticles and the matrix; and increased the T g in the order of Timberset > Albipox in Timberset improved the T g in Albipox improved the T g the T g The effect of the environment on thermal properties ofadhesives were as follows: The effect of various environment on the thermalproperties of adhesives investigated using DMTAshowed similar trends. T g humidity increased; T gcontrol > T > T . ForAlbipox and Timberset, the Tgs were in the orderof T > T gcontrol > T . In all cases the measuredtrends were due to plasticization of adhesives. T g temperature increased. For Albipox and Timberset,the T g s increases as the temperature increases dueto further crosslinking. T g temperature cured epoxies were only partiallycured at room temperature. After soaking in water, the T g T g s for Albipox and Timbersetinteraction than for Albipox and Timberset basedresult corresponded well with the results followingexposure to different humidities; and yielding, plasticization, debonding and presence ofexplained the increase or decrease in strength andthermal properties after ageing under differentenvironment.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation ofthe <strong>Malaysia</strong>n government. The advice and support bythe technical staff of the Materials Engineering Group atDate of submission: October 2011Date of acceptance: December 2012REFERENCESAhmad, Z, Ansell, M & Smedley, D 2006, ‘Influence ofnanofiller on thermal and mechanical behaviourof DGEBA-based adhesives for bonded-in timberconnections', Mechanics of Composite Materials, vol. 42,no. 5, pp. 419–430.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP, & Smedley, D 2009, ‘Effect ofenvironments on the stability of epoxy based adhesivefor bonded-in timber connections’, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes.,vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 285–293.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP & Smedley, D 2010, ‘Effect of nanoandmicro-particle additions on moisture absorptionin thixotropic room temperature cure epoxy-basedadhesives for bonded-in timber connections’, Int. J.Adhes. Adhes., vol. 30, no. 6, pp.448–455.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP & Smedley, D 2010, ‘Epoxy adhesivesmodified with nano- and microparticles for in situ timberbonding: effect of environment on mechanical propertiesand moisture uptake’, ASME J. of Eng. Materials andTech., vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 1–8.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP & Smedley, D 2010, ‘Fracturetoughness of thixotropic and room temperature curedepoxy-based adhesives for in situ timber bonding’, Int. J.Adhes. Adhes., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 539–549.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP & Smedley, D, P. Md Tahir 2012. ‘Creepbehaviour of epoxy-based adhesive reinforced with nanoparticlesbonded-in timber connection’, ASCE Journal ofMaterials in Civil Engineering, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 825–831.Broughton, JG, & Hutchinson, AR 2001, ‘Efficient timberconnection using bonded-in GFRP rods, compositeconstruction’, in Proceedings of International Conferenceon Composites in Construction, Porto, Portugal.Cook, RW & Todd, DA 1993, ‘A study of the cure of adhesivesusing dynamic-mechanical analysis’, International Journalof Adhesion and Adhesives, vol. 13, pp. 156–62.57
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ContentsASM Sc. J.Volume 7(1), 2013
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INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARDAhmed Z
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The Academy of SciencesMalaysia (AS
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