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1122 TURKEY AM) TRIBUTARY STATES eldest son, but only in case there are no uncles or cousins of greater age. It has not been the custom of the Sultans of Turkey for some centuries to contract regular marriages. The inmates of the Hareni come, by purchase or free will, mostly from districts beyond the limits of the empire, the majority from Circassia. From among these inmates the Sultan designates a certain number, generally seven, to bo ' Kadyn,' or Ladies of the Palace, the rest, called 'Odalik,' remaining under them as servants. The superintendent of the Harem, always an aged Lady of the Palace, and bearing the title of ' Haznadar-Kadyn,' has to keep up intercourse with the outer world through the Guard of Eunuchs, whose chief, called ' Kyzlar-Agassi,' has the same rank as the Grand Vizier, but has the precedence if present on state occasions. We first hear of the Turks in the year 844 A.D., when they migrated from Tartary into Armenia, but they only came into prominence about 1030 A.r». Under Othman, the founder of the present dynasty, they, under the name of Othman, or Ottoman Turks, made themselves masters of several places in Asia, captured Nicea, and made Broussa their capital (1326). Their first appearance in Europe was in 1080, when a body of 2,000 crossed the Bosphorus to assist the Emperor Botoniates against his rival. By the end of the fourteenth century they had reduced Thessaly, Macedonia, and Bulgaria, and were the acknowledged rulers of nearly all Western Asia. Constantinople was first besieged by the Turks in 1392, but was not taken till 1453. It has since been the capital of the Turkish Empire. Mohammed II., its conqueror, subdued Trebizond, Wallachia, Bosnia, Illyria, and the Morea. Under Bajazet II. and Selim I. Egypt was totally subdued, and Syria, Circassia, and Moldavia passed under Turkish rule. In 1522 Solyman I. subdued Rhodes, and in 1525 invaded Hungary and invested Vienna. This siege had to be raised, and was followed by a series of reverses. The territory under Turkish rule in Europe alone then extended over 230,000 square miles. Ever since, the glory of the empire has waned. In 1595 the Turks were driven out of Upper Hungary and Transylvania, and for a time out of Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1769 war broke out against Russia, ending in the expulsion of the Turks from the Crimea, the extension of the Russian frontier to the Bug and Dnieper, the partial independence of the Danubian principalities, and the acquisition by Russia of the right of a free passage for their fleet through the Dardanelles. In 1806 war with Russia was again resumed, and resulted in the extension of the Russian frontier to the Pruth (1812). The Greek war for independence (1822-28) ended, owing to the interference of the foreign Powers, in the loss of that kingdom. In 1833 Russia was successful in arresting the progress of Mehemet Ali Pasha of Egypt, but the hold of Turkey over Egypt was from that time nominal. By the Treaty of 1841, Turkey was virtually placed under the protection of the Great Powers, who guaranteed its integrity and independence. The Russo- Turkish war of 1854-56, in which Turkey was assisted by Great Britain and France, resulted in the abolition of the Russian protectorate over the Danubian principalities and the exclusion (up to 1870) of Rxissian vessels of war from the Black Sea. In 1858 Moldavia and Wallachia united to declare what was practically their independence. The war against Russia in 1876 resulted in the loss of Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, Thessaly, and a strip of Eastern Armenia, also in the entire independence of Roumania, Servia, and Montenegro, and in the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria and of Cyprus by England. The following is a list of the names, with date of accession, of the thirtyfour sovereigns who ruled Turkey since the foundation of the empire and of the reigning house :— 10.1057/9780230270305 - The Statesman's Year-Book, Edited by John Scott-Keltie Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - Trial Access - PalgraveConnect - 2012-11-24
CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT 1123 House of Othman . . . . 1299 Orchan . . . . 1326 Murad 1 1359 Bajazet I., 'The Thunderbolt' . . . . 1389 Interregnum . . . 1402 Mohammed I. - . . 1413 Murad II 1421 Mohammed II., Conqueror of Constantinople . . 1451 Bajazet II. . . . 1481 Selim 1 1512 Solyman I., 'The Magnificent' . . . . 1520 Selim II 1566 Murad III. . . . 1574 Mohammed III. . . 1595 Ahmet 1 1603 Mustapha I. 1617 Othman. Othman II. . Murad IV., 'The Intrepid' Ibrahim Mohammed IV. Solyman II. . Ahmet II. . Mustapha II. Ahmet III. . Mahmoud I. . Othman III.. Mustapha III. Abdul Hamid I. . Selim III. . Mustapha IV. Mahmoud II. Abdul-Medjid Abdul-Aziz . Murad V. . . . Abdul-Hamid II. . 1618 1623 1640 1648 1687 1691 1695 1703 1730 1754 1757 1773 1789 1807 1808 1839 1861 1876 1876 The civil list of the Sultan is variously reported at from one to two millions sterling. To the Imperial family belong a great number of crown domains, the income from which contributes to the revenue. The amount charged to the Budget of 1897-98 was £T882,550. Constitution and Government. The fundamental laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran. The will of the Sultan is absolute, in so far as it is not in opposition to the accepted truths of the Mahometan religion as laid down in the sacred book of the Prophet. Next to the Koran, the laws of the ' Multeka,' a code formed of the supposed sayings and opinions of Mahomet, and the sentences and decisions of his immediate successors, are binding upon the Sovereign as well as his subjects. Another code of laws, the ' Cahon nameh,' formed by Sultan Solyman the Magnificent, from a collection of ' hatti-sheriffs,' or decrees, issued by him and his predecessors, is held in general obedience, but merely as an emanation of human authority. The legislative and executive authority is exercised, under the supreme direction of the Sultan, by two high dignitaries, the Sadr-azam,' or Grand Vizier, the head of the temporal Government, and the ' She'ik-ul-Islam,' the head of the Church. Both are appointed by the Sovereign, the latter with the nominal concurrence of the ' TJlema,' a body comprising the clergy and chief functionaries of the law, over which the ' Shei'k-ul-Islam' presides, although he himself does not exercise priestly functions. Connected with the ' Ulema' are the ' Mufti,' the interpreters of 10.1057/9780230270305 - The Statesman's Year-Book, Edited by John Scott-Keltie Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - Trial Access - PalgraveConnect - 2012-11-24
Page 1: 1121 TURKEY AND TRIBUTARY STATES. (
Page 5 and 6: AREA AND POPULATION 1125 man of the
Page 7 and 8: Vilayets SYMA :— Aleppo . . . . Z
Page 9 and 10: FINANCE 1129 1900 with 14 professor
Page 11 and 12: FINANCE 1131 Year of Original Conve
Page 13 and 14: DEFENCE 1133 li years in the Mustah
Page 15 and 16: Coast Defence Ships Cruisers, 2nd c
Page 17 and 18: COMMERCE 1137 silkworms, which had
Page 19 and 20: SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION 1139 The ex
Page 21 and 22: BULGARIA 1141 The nominal value of
Page 23 and 24: ARKA AND POPULATION 1143 2. Ministe
Page 25 and 26: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY 1145 specia
Page 27 and 28: MONEY AND CREDIT I 1A7 3,270 miles
Page 29 and 30: SAMOS 1149 produced. Rheep and goat
Page 31 and 32: STATISTICAL AND OTHER BOOKS OF REFE
Page 33 and 34: EGYPT 1153 Oppenheim (M. von), Voin
Page 35 and 36: AREA AND POPULATION 1155 a number o
Page 37 and 38: RELIGION AND INSTRUCTION 1157 The d
Page 39 and 40: Higher or Professional Schools ' Th
Page 41 and 42: Years 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 FINA
Page 43 and 44: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY 1103 Defenc
Page 45 and 46: - Lower Egypt: Behera Charkieh . Da
Page 47 and 48: COMMERCE 1167 The receipts from tob
Page 49: SUEZ CANAL 1169 The number and gros

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