Bulgaria - Palgrave Connect

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1160 TURKEY AN'D TRIBUTARY STATES:—EGYPT Justice and Grime. The indigenous tribunals of the country are the Mehkemmehs, presided over by the Cadis. At the present time, they retain jurisdiction in matters of personal law (marriage, succession, guardianship, &o.) only, together witli certain functions connected with the sequestration of title to land. In matters of personal law non-Mussulmans are, however, in general subject to their own Patriarchs or other religious chiefs. In other matters, natives are justiciable before the so-called Native Tribunals established in 1884-89. These now consist of 45 Summary Tribunals, each presided over by a single judge with (generally speaking) civil jurisdiction in matters up to £E100 iu value, and criminal jurisdiction in offences punishable by line or by imprisonment up to three years ; seven Central Tribunals each of the Chambers of which consist of three judges ; and a Court of Appeal at Cairo, about half of its members being European. In criminal matters there is always a right of appeal, sometimes to the Court of Appeal, sometimes to a Central Tribunal. In civil matters an appeal lies from a Summary Tribunal to a Central Tribunal in matters exceeding £E10 in value, and from the judgment of a Central Tribunal in first instance to the Court of Appeal, in all cases. The prosecution in criminal matters is entrusted to the Parquet, which is conducted by a Procureur General; the investigation of crime is ordinarily conducted by the Parquet, or by the police under the direction of the Parquet. Offences against irrigation laws, &c, arc tried by special administrative tribunals. Owing to the Capitulations, which apply to Egypt as being part of the Ottoman Empire, foreigners are exempted from the jurisdiction of the local tribunals. Mixed tribunals were instituted in 1876, consisting partly of native and partly of foreign judges, with jurisdiction in civil matters between natives and foreigners and between foreigners of different nationalities. These tribunals have, also, a limited penal jurisdiction in cases of police offences, and in 1900 penal jurisdiction was conferred upon them in connection with offences against the bankruptcy laws. There are three Mixed Tribunals of First Instance with a Court of Appeal sitting at Alexandria. Civil cases between foreigners of the same nationality are tried by their own Consular Courts, which also try criminal cases not within the jurisdiction of the Mixed Tribunals, in which the accused are foreigners. Serious crime has been steadily decreasing ; the number of convictions in respect of minor offences has increased owing to the facilities afforded by the increase in the number of Summary Tribunals and to the increased efficiency of the authorities charged with the investigation of offences. The number of natives convicted in first instance in the year 1899 was, for crime, 1,238; for misdemeanour, 48,540 ; and for police offences, 84,643. Finance. The principal sources of the revenue of Egypt are the land tax, the tobacco monopoly, and the customs ; the chief branches of expenditure are the service of the debt and internal administration. In fivo years the revenue and expenditure have been :— 10.1057/9780230270305 - The Statesman's Year-Book, Edited by John Scott-Keltie Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - Trial Access - PalgraveConnect - 2012-11-24
Years 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 FINANCE 11(11 Revenue Expenditure £E 10,693,000 11,092,564 11,347,980 11,415,000 11,447,000 £E 10,377,000 10,659,257 10,863,955 10,254,000 9,895,000 The surplus in 1900 was thus £E1,552,000, of which [££559,000 belongs to the Egyptian Government; £E666,000 is the net amount paid to the General Reserve Fund; £E265,000 has been paid to the Economies Fund, and £E62,000 is devoted to the Sinking Fund. The Budget estimate of revenue and expenditure for two years were :— Revenue Direct taxes: Land tax Various . Indirect taxes: Customs. Tobacco . Miscellaneous Other Taxes . Miscellaneous . Receipts from Revenue Earning Administrations: Railways Telegraphs Post Office . Other Services Total Ordinary Revenue Contribution from General Reserve Fund Total . 1900 1901 £E 1 £E 4,423,000 ! 4,698,000 137,000 i 137,000 900,000 900,000 1,000,000 593,000 662,000 214,000 1,820,000 57,000 125,000 233,400 1,000,000 522,000 615,000 207,000 2,000,000 50,000 120,000 229,400 10,164,400 10,484,400 215,600 : 215,600 | 10,380,000 10,700,000 Expenditure Civil List . . . . Expenses of Administration Expenses of Revenue Earning Administrations : Railways . . . . Telegraphs . Post Office Other Services . Army: Egyptian Army Army of Occupation Pensions . . . . Tribute and Debt: Tribute . . . . Expenses of Caisse de la Dette . . . . Consolidated Debt 1 . Non-Conso'idated Debt . Suppression of Corvee Soudan Deficit . Reserve for Unforeseen Expenditure . Total Ordinary Expenditure Conversion Economies Sinking fund on Guaranteed Loan Share of Surplus paid into General Reserve Fund . Total . . . . 1990 £E 253,861 2,281,085 915,412 44,000 108,159 66,492 439,570 84,825 437,000 665,041 36,500 3,431,978 264,858 250,000 417,179 32,000 9,727,960 265,037 61,109 325,894 1901 £E 255,361 2,322,105 957.200 44,000 114,973 69,590 439,870 84,825 437,000 665,041 37,300 3,489,202 207,082 250,000 417,179 32,000 9,822,728 265,037 63,385 484,850 10,380,000 10,630,000 1 Exclusive of the Daira Sanieh and Domain Loans. The foreign debt of Egypt began in 1862, when loans amounting to 4,292,8002. were issued for the purpose of extinguishing the floating debt. Other issues followed in rapid succession, and in 1870 the amount of the foreign loans, had increased to 38,307,0002. To this was added in 1873 a loan of 32,000,0002. to pay off the floating debt, which had risen to 28,000,0002. In 1875 the Khedive announced that he was in difficulties, and in 1876, acting on French advice, he issued decrees consolidating the debt into one 4 F 10.1057/9780230270305 - The Statesman's Year-Book, Edited by John Scott-Keltie Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - Trial Access - PalgraveConnect - 2012-11-24
Page 1 and 2: 1121 TURKEY AND TRIBUTARY STATES. (
Page 3 and 4: CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT 1123 Ho
Page 5 and 6: AREA AND POPULATION 1125 man of the
Page 7 and 8: Vilayets SYMA :— Aleppo . . . . Z
Page 9 and 10: FINANCE 1129 1900 with 14 professor
Page 11 and 12: FINANCE 1131 Year of Original Conve
Page 13 and 14: DEFENCE 1133 li years in the Mustah
Page 15 and 16: Coast Defence Ships Cruisers, 2nd c
Page 17 and 18: COMMERCE 1137 silkworms, which had
Page 19 and 20: SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION 1139 The ex
Page 21 and 22: BULGARIA 1141 The nominal value of
Page 23 and 24: ARKA AND POPULATION 1143 2. Ministe
Page 25 and 26: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY 1145 specia
Page 27 and 28: MONEY AND CREDIT I 1A7 3,270 miles
Page 29 and 30: SAMOS 1149 produced. Rheep and goat
Page 31 and 32: STATISTICAL AND OTHER BOOKS OF REFE
Page 33 and 34: EGYPT 1153 Oppenheim (M. von), Voin
Page 35 and 36: AREA AND POPULATION 1155 a number o
Page 37 and 38: RELIGION AND INSTRUCTION 1157 The d
Page 39: Higher or Professional Schools ' Th
Page 43 and 44: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY 1103 Defenc
Page 45 and 46: - Lower Egypt: Behera Charkieh . Da
Page 47 and 48: COMMERCE 1167 The receipts from tob
Page 49: SUEZ CANAL 1169 The number and gros

Bulgaria - Palgrave Connect

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?