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1124 TUltKKY AND TIUUl'TAKY STATES the Koran. The Ulema comprise all the groat judges, theologians, and jurists, and the great teachers of literature and science who may be summoned by the Mufti. The principal civic functionaries bear the titles of Effendi, Bey, or Pasha. Forms of constitution, after the model of the West European States, were drawn up at various periods by successive Ottoman Governments, the first of them embodied in the ' Hatti-Humayoun' of Sultan Abdul-Medjid, proclaimed February 18, 1856, and the most recent in a decree of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II., of November, 1876. But the carrying out of these projects of reform appears entirely impossible in the present condition of the Ottoman Empire. The Grand Vizier, as head of the Government and representative of the Sovereign, is assisted by the Medjliss-i-Hass, or Privy Council, which corresponds to the British Cabinet. The Medjliss-i-Hass consists of the following members:—1. The Grand Vizier; 2. The Sheik-ul-Islam; 3. The Minister of the Interior ; 4. The Minister of War; 5. The Minister of Evkaf (Worship); 6. The Minister of Public Instruction; 7. The Minister of Public Works; 8. President of Council of State; 9. Minister of Foreign Affairs; 10. Minister of Finance; 11. Minister of Marine; 12. Minister of Justice; 13. Minister of Civil List. The whole of the empire is divided into thirty Vilayets, or governments, and subdivided into Sanjaks, or provinces, Kazas, or districts, Nahies, or subdistricts, and Karies, or communities. A Vali, or governor-general, who is held to represent the Sultan, and is assisted by a provincial council, is placed at the head of each Vilayet. The provinces, districts, &c, are subjected to inferior authorities (Mutesarifs, Cai'makams, Mudirs and Muktars) under the superintendence of the principal governor. The division of the country into Vilayets has been frequently modified of late for political reasons. For similar reasons six of the Sanjaks of the empire are governed by Mutesarifs appointed directly by the Sultan, and are known as Mutessarifats. All subjects, however humble their origin, are eligible to, and may fill, the highest offices in the Starte. Under the capitulations foreigners residing in Turkey are under the laws of their respective countries, and are amenable for trial (in cases in which Turkish subjects are not concerned) to a tribunal presided over by their consul. Foreigners who own real property are amenable to the Ottoman civil courts in questions relative to their landed property. Cases between foreign and Turkish subjects are tried in the Ottoman courts, a drago- 10.1057/9780230270305 - The Statesman's Year-Book, Edited by John Scott-Keltie Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - Trial Access - PalgraveConnect - 2012-11-24
AREA AND POPULATION 1125 man of the foreign consulate being present to see that the trial be according to the law ; the carrying out of the sentence, if against the foreigner, to be through his consulate. Cases between two foreign subjects of different nationalities are tried in the court of the defendant. Grand Vizier.—Khalil Rifaat Pasha, appointed November 7, 1895. She'ik-ul-Islam.—Jemalledin Effendi, appointed September, 1891. Minister of Interior.—Memduh Pasha. Minister for Foreign Affairs.—Tewfik Pasha, appointed November 7, 1895. Minister for War.—Riza Pasha. Minister of Marine.—Hassan Pasha. Minister of Finance.—Reshad Bey. Minister of Justice.—Abdurrahman Pasha, appointed November 7, 1895. Public Works and Commerce.—Zihni Pasha. Public Instruction.—Zultdi Pasha. Pious Foundations (Fvkafs).—Galib Pasha. President of the Council of State.—Said Pasha, appointed November 7, 1895. Area and Population, The total area of the Ottoman Empire (including States nominally subject) may be estimated at 1,580,000 square miles, and its total population at about 40,000,000, viz. :— Immediate possessions :— Europe Asia . . . . Africa Bulgaria (including Eastern Roumelia) autonomous . . . . . . Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Novibazar— under Austria-Hungary . . . . Crete Samos—tributary principality Egypt (1897) Total Square Miles 65,752 650,394 398,900 1,115,046 37,860 23,570 3,326 180 400,000 464,936 1,579,982 Population 6,086,300 17,545,300 1,300,000 24,931,600 3,310,713 1,568,092 301,273 54,830 9,734,405 14,969,313 39,900,913 10.1057/9780230270305 - The Statesman's Year-Book, Edited by John Scott-Keltie Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - Trial Access - PalgraveConnect - 2012-11-24
Page 1 and 2: 1121 TURKEY AND TRIBUTARY STATES. (
Page 3: CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT 1123 Ho
Page 7 and 8: Vilayets SYMA :— Aleppo . . . . Z
Page 9 and 10: FINANCE 1129 1900 with 14 professor
Page 11 and 12: FINANCE 1131 Year of Original Conve
Page 13 and 14: DEFENCE 1133 li years in the Mustah
Page 15 and 16: Coast Defence Ships Cruisers, 2nd c
Page 17 and 18: COMMERCE 1137 silkworms, which had
Page 19 and 20: SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION 1139 The ex
Page 21 and 22: BULGARIA 1141 The nominal value of
Page 23 and 24: ARKA AND POPULATION 1143 2. Ministe
Page 25 and 26: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY 1145 specia
Page 27 and 28: MONEY AND CREDIT I 1A7 3,270 miles
Page 29 and 30: SAMOS 1149 produced. Rheep and goat
Page 31 and 32: STATISTICAL AND OTHER BOOKS OF REFE
Page 33 and 34: EGYPT 1153 Oppenheim (M. von), Voin
Page 35 and 36: AREA AND POPULATION 1155 a number o
Page 37 and 38: RELIGION AND INSTRUCTION 1157 The d
Page 39 and 40: Higher or Professional Schools ' Th
Page 41 and 42: Years 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 FINA
Page 43 and 44: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY 1103 Defenc
Page 45 and 46: - Lower Egypt: Behera Charkieh . Da
Page 47 and 48: COMMERCE 1167 The receipts from tob
Page 49: SUEZ CANAL 1169 The number and gros

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