November 2004 (PDF 11.6 MB) - Barrick Gold Corporation

5 Meteorological conditions5.1 IntroductionCertain meteorological conditions may increasenoise levels by focusing sound-wave propagationpaths at a single point. Such refraction of soundwaves will occur during temperature inversions(atmospheric conditions where temperaturesincrease with height above ground level) and wherethere is a wind gradient (that is, wind velocitiesincreasing with height) with wind direction fromthe source to the receiver. These meteorologicaleffects typically increase noise levels by 5 to 10 dB,and have been known to increase noise levels by asmuch as 20 dB in extreme conditions, therebycausing a significant noise impact on residentsliving in areas prone to these effects.Temperature inversions occurring within the lowest50 to 100 m of atmosphere can affect noise levelsmeasured on the ground. In the geographical areaswhere this policy applies, these temperature inversionsare most commonly caused by radiativecooling of the ground at night leading to the coolingof the air in contact with the ground. This is especiallyprevalent on cloudless nights with little wind.Air that is somewhat removed from contact with theground will not cool as much, resulting in warmerair aloft than nearer the ground.In assessing noise impacts, the criteria are expectedto apply under weather conditions that would beexpected to occur at a particular site for a significantperiod of time. These include conditions of calm,wind and temperature inversions. As the criteria areexpected to apply under weather conditions characteristicof the area, it is important at the start of anoise assessment to assess the potential for suchmeteorological effects occurring, thus enablingbetter prediction of potential noise impacts. Thesections below outline the procedures for assessingtemperature inversions (Section 5.2) and wind effects(Section 5.3). Essentially, there are two underlyingapproaches to assessing these effects: the simpleand the more detailed approach.Simple approach. With the simple approach, theproponent may forego detailed analyses of meteorologicaldata and simply apply given default meteorologicalparameters to predict noise levels. Thisapproach assumes that meteorological effects arepresent for a significant amount of time, avoidingthe need to quantify these effects in detail. It isconservative, in that it is likely to predict the upperrange of increases in noise levels. Actual noiselevels may be less than predicted. This approach isgenerally used to test whether further analyses arewarranted.Detailed approach. The detailed approach involvesanalysing meteorological data to determine whetherinversion and/or wind effects are significantfeatures warranting assessment. Where assessmentis warranted, default parameters are available foruse in predicting noise or, where preferred, measuredvalues may be used instead. The detailedapproach gives a more accurate prediction of noiseincreases due to meteorological factors—as a tradeofffor the additional work involved.5.2 Temperature inversionsThe 4-step procedure for assessing the amount bywhich noise is increased by inversion effects issummarised in Figure 5.1. Assessment of impacts isconfined to the night noise assessment period (10pm to 7 am), as this is the time likely to have thegreatest impact—that is, when temperature inversionsusually occur and disturbance to sleep ispossible.Essentially, the assessment involves a stagedapproach, designed to require an assessment onlywhere initial screening tests show that inversioneffects on noise are potentially significant. Wherethe potential is established, the next step is toanalyse existing meteorological data to determinethe percentage occurrence of temperature inversions.An occurrence of 30% of the total night-timeduring winter (June, July and August) has beenselected as representing a significant noise impactwarranting further assessment. As temperatureinversions generally occur during the night-timeand early morning periods, this percentage occurrencecorresponds to about two nights per week.The night-time period for determining inversionfrequency is from 1 hour before sunset to 1 hourafter sunrise (taken to be 6 pm to 7 am), which is thetime period during which inversions are most likely.(This is different from the night noise assessmentperiod over which inversions are to be assessed,NSW industrial noise policy31