Untitled - witz cultural

'r 38HYPERTEXT 3.0 effort to such a degree that it, like copyright law often fails to recognize, oreven suppresses, the fact that artists and writers work collaboratively withtexts created by others.Most of our intellectual endeavors involve collaboration. but we do notalways recognize that fact for two reasons. The rules of our intellectual culture,particularly those that define intellectual properfy and authorship, donot encourage such recognitions, and furthermore, information technologyfrom Gutenberg to the present-the technology of the book-systematicallyhinders full recognition of collaborative authorship.Throughout the past century the physical and biological sciences haveincreasingly conceived ofscientific research, authorship, and publication asgroup endeavors. The conditions of scientific research, according to whichmany research projects require the cooperating services of a number of specialistsin the same or (often) different fields, bear some resemblances to themedieval guild system in which apprentices, journeymen, and masters allworked on a single complex project. Nonetheless, "collaborations differdepending on whether the substance ofthe research involves a theoreticalscience, such as mathematics, or an empirical science, such as biology or psychology.The former are characterizedby collaborations among equals, withlittle division of labor, whereas the latter are characterized by more explicitexchange of services, and more substantial division of labor" (Galegher, Egido,and Kraut, 151). The financing of scientific research, which supports theindividual project, the institution at which it is carried out, and the costs ofeducating new members of the discipline all nurture such group endeavorsand consequent conceptions of group authorship.eIn general, the scientific disciplines rely on an inclusive conception ofauthorship: anyone who has made a major contribution to finding particularresults, occasionally including specialized technicians and those who developtechniques necessary to carry out a course ofresearch, can appear asauthors of scientific papers, and similarly, those in whose laboratories a projectis carried out may receive authorial credit if an individual project and thepublication of its results depend intimately on their general research. In thecourse of a graduate student's research for a dissertation, he or she may receivecontinual advice and evaluation. When the student's project bears fruitand appears in the form of one or more publications, the advisor's nameoften appears as co-author.Not so in the humanities, where graduate student research is supportedlargely by teaching assistantships and not, as in the sciences, by researchfunding. Although an advisor of a student in English or art history often