Untitled - witz cultural

l8HYPERTEXT 3.0 the need for a means of easily turning on and off such link indicators, suchas one can do in Eastgate System's Storyspace. The disadvantages with manyto-onelinks derive not from this form oflinking itselfbut from other aspectsof individual hypertext environments, and any such disadvantages becomeamplified by the inexperience of readers: in the first years of the Web, for example,authors and designers generally agreed that users, many of whomhad little experience with computing, required colored underlining to findlinks; otherwise, it was correctly reasoned, readers would not know what todo. In the very earliest days of the Web, in fact, one often encountered linkedunderlined text immediately beneath a linked icon because web designersknew that many neophyte users would not realize they could follow links byclicking on the icon. As people began to use the Web every day, however, theyrecognized that when they moved a cursor across the surface of a webbrowser, it changed from an arrow to a hand when placed over a link. Experiencedusers thus no longer required the once ubiquitous blue underlining,and many sites now do not use it.As we shall observe shortly, some systems, such as Microcosm, include aparticularly interesting and valuable extension of many-to-one linking thatpermits readers to obtain a menu containing two or more glossary or similardocuments. While creating a hypertext version of my book on Holman Huntand Pre-Raphaelite painting for the World Wide Web, an environment thatdoes not permit either link menus or one-to-many links, I had to choosewhether to link (connect) muitiple mentions of a particular painting, say, thearlist's Finding of the Saviour in the Temple, to an introductory discussion ofthe picture or to an illustration of it. In contrast, while creating a hlpertextversion of the same book in Microcosm, I easily arranged links so that whenreaders follow them from any mention of the painting, they receive a menucontaining titles of the introductory text and two or more illustrations,thereby providing readers with convenient access to the kind of informationthey need when they need it (see Figure 6).Typed links, our ninth category take the form of limiting an electroniclink to a specific kind of relationship, such as "exemplifies," "influences,""conlrary argttment," "derives from" (or "child of "), and so on (Figure 4). Softwarethat includes such link categorization range from proposed researchsystems that, in attempting to help organize argument, permit only certainkinds of connections, to those like Marc and focelyne Nanard's MacWeb,which allows au*rors to create their own categories. In fact, any system, suchas Intermedia, Storyspace, or Microcosm, that permits one to attach labels toindividual links allows one to create typed links, since labels permit authors