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384NOTES TO PAGES57-85(Office Workstations Limited). See Steven f . DeRose, "Biblical Studies and Hypertext,"in Hypermedia and Literary Studies, ed. Delany and Landow, 185-204.3. Borges, "The Aleph," tn The Aleph and Other Stoies, 13: "In that single giganticinstant I saw millions of acts both delightful and awful; not one of them amazedme more than the fact that all of them occupied the same point in space, withoutoverlapping or transparency. What my eyes beheld was simultaneous, but what Ishall now write down will be successive, because language is successive ... TheAleph's diameter was probably little more than an inch, but all space was there,actual and undiminished. Each thing (a mirror's face, let us say) was infinite things,since I saw it from every angle ofthe universe."4. For a description of early networks that preceded the Internet, see LaQuey,"Networks for Academics." For a description of the proposed National Research andEducation Network, see Gore, "Remarks on the NREN"; and Rogers, "EducationalApplications of the NRENI'5. Gregory L. Ulmer pointed this fact out to me dudng our conversations at theOctober 1989 Literacy Online conference at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa.Chapter 3. Reconfiguring the Text1. In fact, a primitive form ofhypertext appears whenever one places an electronictext on a system that has capacities for full-text retrieval or a built-in referencedevice, such as a dictionary or thesaurus. For example, I wrote the manuscript of thefirst version ofthe book you are reading on an Apple Macintosh II, using a wordprocessingprogram called Microsoft Word; my machine also ran On Location, a programthat quickly located all occurrences ofan individual word or phrase, provideda list of them, and, when requested, opened documents containing them. Althoughsomewhat clumsier than an advanced hypertext system, this software provides thefunctional analogue to some aspects ofhypertext.2. When I first used intratextuality in an article some years ago to refer to suchreferential and reverberatory relations within a text, or within a metatext conceivedas a "work," I mistakenly believed I had coined the term. So did my editor, who wasnot enthusiastic about the coinage. But we were both wrong: Tzvetan Todorov usedit in "How to Read" (1969), which appears in The Poetics of Prose,242.3. IBM mainframe computers running the CMS operating system call eachuser s electronic mailbox or message center the "reader."4. To indicate the presence of one or more links, Intermedia piaced a link marker,which took the form of a small horizontal rectangle containing an arrow at the beginningof a passage. Apple's HlperCard permitted a wide range of graphic symbols("buttons") to indicate the unidirectional links that characterize Ihis program. CDWord,whichwas based on an amplification of Guide, employed an ingenious combinationof cursor shapes to indicate linked material. For example, if one moved thecursor over a word and the cursor changed into a horizontal outline ofan arrow oneknew the cursor was on a reference button, and clicking the mouse would producethe linked text. Following this procedure on the title page and clicking the cursorwhen on Biblesprodtced a list ofabbreviations that included versions ofthe scriptures.Then, moving the cursor over RSV changed it to a crosshair shape, which in-