dod tactical herbicide sites - United States Department of Defense

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DOD TACTICAL HERBICIDE SITESSite 24Location: Soil Biodegradation Studies of Herbicide Orange, inFive Locations- Florida, Kansas, Utah, Oregon, andWashingtonDate → April 1972 – March 1979Activity Description: One method selected for the potential disposal of thesurplus 2.3 million gallons of Herbicide Orange remaining after the Vietnam War wassubsurface injection or soil incorporation of the herbicide at massive concentrations. Thepremise for such studies was that high concentrations of the herbicides and TCDD wouldbe degraded to innocuous products by the combined action of soil microorganism andsoil hydrolysis. In order to field test this concept, biodegradation plots were established infive climatically and environmentally different areas of the United States: NorthwestFlorida at Eglin Air Force Base (AFB); Western Kansas at the Kansas State UniversityExperimental Station, Garden City; Northwestern Utah on the Air Force LogisticsCommand (AFLC) Test Range Complex near the Dugway Proving Grounds; A PesticideWaste Disposal Site established by the Department of Entomology, Oregon StateUniversity in Eastern Oregon; and the Agronomy Farm, Washington State University,Pullman, Washington. The project was initiated in April 1972. Drums of HerbicideOrange were available at Eglin AFB for the plots established on Test Area C-52A of theEglin Reservation. However for the other locations drums of Herbicide Orange wereshipped from the Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi to GardenCity, Kansas (one 55-gallon drum), Dugway Proving Ground, Utah (two 55-gallondrums), Department of Entomology, Oregon State University (one 55-gallon drum), andDepartment of Agronomy and Soils, Washington State University (one 55-gallon drum).Assessment: The amount of Herbicide Orange incorporated into field plots varied bylocation. On Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida, the herbicide was placed (simulatedsubsurface injection) in 5 replicated 10 x 10-foot plots, 6 inches below the soil surface atconcentrations of 4,000 pounds per acre (initial concentration in 6-inch profile was 5,000parts-per-million). The 10 plots were periodically samples over a period of six years(Apirl 1972 – April 1978). At the Garden City Kansas Experiment Station, HerbicideOrange was pre-plant incorporated into one-acre plots via a rototiller at concentrations of2,000 and 4,000 pounds per acre. The site was sampled and monitored for three years(June 1972 – June 1975). At the AFLC Test Range Complex, Herbicide Orange wasplaced (simulated subsurface injection) into replicated 10 x 15-foot plots, 6 inches belowthe soil surface at concentrations of 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 pounds per acre. The site was56
sampled and monitored for six years (May 1972 – May 1977). At the Pesticide WasteDisposal Site in Eastern Oregon, herbicide was subsurface injected at 1,000 pounds perarea (on one acre). At the Agronomy Farm at Washington State University, HerbicideOrange was incorporated into 42 field lysimeters at concentrations of either 1,000 or5,000 pounds per acre. The lysimeters were established in December 1976 and wereterminated in March 1979.At Eglin AFB, Florida, 2 civilians and 2 military officers were involved in the treatmentand monitoring of the plots. At Garden City Kansas, one civilian with the Kansas StateExperiment Station was involved in the sampling and monitoring of the plots. At theAFLC Test Range, 2 military officers were involved in the sampling and monitoring ofthe plots. At the Pesticide Waste Disposal site in Eastern Oregon, personnel from theDepartment of Entomology were involved in sampling and monitoring. At WashingtonState University, the research was the focus of a Ph.D. Thesis, and thus a graduatestudent and his Major Professor were involved in the project.The United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board’s Ad Hoc Committee for theDisposal of Herbicide Orange felt that this method was promising, but that more data andevidence were needed to ensure environmental safety. Moreover, the permission to useFederal lands for this disposal option would require not only an appropriateEnvironmental Impact Statement, but also the approval of State and Federal Authorities,with likely many legal challenges.Sources: Young AL, Thalken CE, Arnold EL, Cupello JM, Cockerham LG (1976):Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the Environment: Summary andDecontamination Recommendations. Technical Report USAFA-TR-76-18, Departmentof Chemistry and Biological Sciences, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado.Stark HE, McBride JK, Orr GF (1975): Soil Incorporation/Biodegradation of HerbicideOrange. Volume I. Microbial and Baseline Ecological Study of the US Air ForceLogistics Command Test Range, Hill AFB, Utah. Document No. DPG-FR-C615, USArmy Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, Utah. Unclassified, limited to US GovernmentAgencies only.Tanigughi G (1975): Soil Incorporation/Biodegradation of Herbicide Orange. Volume II.Meteorological and Chemical Studies of a Proposed Test Site on the AFLC Test Range,Hill AFB, Utah. Document No. TECOM-5-CO-213-000-015, US Army DugwayProving Ground, Dugway, Utah. Unclassified, limited to US Government Agencies only.Goulding RL (1973): Waste Pesticide Management. Final Narrative Report. USEnvironmental Protection Agency Demonstration Grant No. 5-G06-EC-00222,Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Majka JT, Cheng HH, Muzik TJ (1982): Dissipation of Massive Quantities of 2,4-D and2,4,5-T n-Butyl Esters in Field Mini-Lysimeters. J Environ Qual 11 (4): 645-649.57
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The History of the USDepartment of
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SF 298B
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Table of ContentsPage/sAbstract 3Th
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The History of the US Department of
Page 9 and 10: eing evaluated, i.e. potential expo
Page 11 and 12: The Distinction Between Tactical an
Page 13 and 14: highly trained air and ground-suppo
Page 15 and 16: Administration (Tactical Herbicides
Page 17 and 18: Buckingham WA (1982): The Air Force
Page 19 and 20: Tactical Herbicides Deployed in Vie
Page 21 and 22: Search Strategy for Historical Docu
Page 23 and 24: DOD TACTICAL HERBICIDE SITESSite 2L
Page 31 and 32: In support of the test and evaluati
Page 33 and 34: aspen, and vaccinium. The 1963 test
Page 35 and 36: DOD TACTICAL HERBICIDE SITESSite 12
Page 43 and 44: extended to a height of 50 feet wit
Page 45 and 46: DOD TACTICAL HERBICIDE SITESSites 1
Page 49 and 50: Seven tests were also conducted at
Page 51 and 52: species found on the north side of
Page 57: Sources: Buckner JE (2 January 1969
Page 62 and 63: Majka JT, Cheng HH, McNeal BL (1982
Page 64 and 65: discussion, the United States Air F
Page 66 and 67: (TCDD) was complete, and preliminar
Page 68 and 69: No records could be found of how th
Page 70 and 71: Assessment: A total of 358 acres of
Page 72 and 73: Assessment: On 8 October 1973, test
Page 74 and 75: would require about 1,000 steel cyl
Page 76 and 77: e continually maintained while the
Page 80 and 81: Sources: Department of the Air Forc
Page 82 and 83: and those who participated in Opera
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