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and those who participated in Operation PACER HO, may have received a “measureableexposure” to TCDD. This was most likely true even though participants were generallyinstructed to use face shields or respirators, rubber gloves, and aprons. Many of thesestudies were conducted in subtropical and tropical climates; the wearing of protectiveclothing was very uncomfortable. In Operation PACER HO great care was taken tomonitor the safety of the hundreds of men who participated in the de-drumming andtransfer of the liquid Herbicide Orange and rinse, but the process was not free of minorspills and accidents.Although most of the studies on the disposal options for Herbicide Orange involvedActive Duty military, the use of safety protocols was an important part of the studies, andthey were less likely to be exposed to the liquid Herbicide Orange. Safety protocols werealso required in the site monitoring and remediation programs that followed PACER HOat the Naval Construction and Battalion Center and at Johnston Island. Active Dutymilitary personnel handled contaminated soil. Studies of the binding of TCDD to soilparticles likely minimized the cutaneous availability to naked skin (e.g., hands) and tomany biological organisms associated with that soil [10,11]. Moreover, The handling ofthese soils generally occurred many months to years after the soil had been contaminatedand most the residues would have been degraded by chemical and biological mechanisms[12]. Nevertheless, it cannot be concluded that “no measurable exposure” occurred.Indeed, three of the individuals who had participated in these monitoring programs didhave analyses of their adipose tissue performed in 1978, and levels of 5-7 parts-pertrillion(ppt) TCDD were measured [10]. RANCH HAND personnel who handled theliquid Herbicide Orange a decade before the above individuals still had in 1986 levelsthat were orders of magnitude greater than those involved in the monitoring programs [8].References[1] Young AL, Giesy JP, Jones PD, Newton M (2004): Environmental Fate andBioavailability of Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin During the Vietnam War.ESPR – Environ Sci & Pollut Res 11 (6): 359-370[2] Crosby DG, Wong AS (1977): Environmental Degradation of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD). Science 195: 1337-1338[3] Harris SA, Solomon KR (1992): Percutaneous Penetration of 2,4-DichlorophenoxyaceticAcid and 2,4-Dimethylamine Salt in Human Volunteers. J Toxicol Environ Health36 (3): 233-240[4] Newton M, Norris LA (1981): Potential Exposure of Humans to 2,4,5-T and TCDD inOregon Coast Range. Fund Appl Toxicol 1: 339-346[5] Lavy TL (1987): Human Exposure to Phenoxy Herbicides. VA Monograph, May1987, Agent Orange Projects Office, Department of Medicine and Surgery, VeteransAdministration Central Office, Washington, DC, 128 pages[6] Hood RD (1985): Cacodylic Acid: Agricultural Uses, Biologic Effects, andEnvironmental Fate. VA Monograph, December 1985, Agent Orange Projects Office,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration Central Office,Washington, DC, 171 pages78
[7] Young AL (2004): TCDD Biomonitoring and Exposure to Agent Orange: Still theGold Standard. ESPR – Environ Sci & Pollut Res 11 (3): 143-146[8] The Air Force Health Study – Final Report (200): Chapter 2. Dioxin Assay. Preparedby SAIC for the Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks City-Base, Texas. Available at:http://www.brooks.af.mil/AFRL/HED/hedb.afhs/afhs.html[9] Kang HK, Dalager NA, Needham LL, Patterson DG, Lees PSJ, Yates K, MatanoskiGM (2006): Health Status of Army Chemical Corps Vietnam Veterans Who SprayedDefoliant in Vietnam. Am J Ind Med 49: 875-884[10] Young AL, Newton M (2004): Long Overlooked Historical Information on AgentOrange and TCDD Following Massive Applications of 2,4,5-T –Containing Herbicides,Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. ESPR – Environ Sci & Pollut Res 11 (4): 209-221[11] Young AL (2002): The Volunteers: The First Human Biopsy Studies from AgentOrange Exposure. ESPR – Environ Sci & Pollut Res 9 (3): 157[12] Young AL (2006): Enhanced Co-Metabolism of TCDD in the Presence of HighConcentrations of Phenoxy Herbicides. ESPR – Environ Sci & Pollut Research 13 (3):149-15079
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The History of the USDepartment of
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SF 298B
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Table of ContentsPage/sAbstract 3Th
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The History of the US Department of
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eing evaluated, i.e. potential expo
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The Distinction Between Tactical an
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highly trained air and ground-suppo
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Administration (Tactical Herbicides
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Buckingham WA (1982): The Air Force
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Tactical Herbicides Deployed in Vie
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Search Strategy for Historical Docu
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DOD TACTICAL HERBICIDE SITESSite 2L
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Page 31 and 32: In support of the test and evaluati
Page 33 and 34: aspen, and vaccinium. The 1963 test
Page 35 and 36: DOD TACTICAL HERBICIDE SITESSite 12
Page 43 and 44: extended to a height of 50 feet wit
Page 45 and 46: DOD TACTICAL HERBICIDE SITESSites 1
Page 49 and 50: Seven tests were also conducted at
Page 51 and 52: species found on the north side of
Page 57: Sources: Buckner JE (2 January 1969
Page 62 and 63: Majka JT, Cheng HH, McNeal BL (1982
Page 64 and 65: discussion, the United States Air F
Page 66 and 67: (TCDD) was complete, and preliminar
Page 68 and 69: No records could be found of how th
Page 70 and 71: Assessment: A total of 358 acres of
Page 72 and 73: Assessment: On 8 October 1973, test
Page 74 and 75: would require about 1,000 steel cyl
Page 76 and 77: e continually maintained while the
Page 80 and 81: Sources: Department of the Air Forc
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