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4432 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 1. Photomicrographs of rat liver sections: A and B showing the normal central vein (CV) with radiating cords of hepatocytes and portal traid (circle) in control group; C and D showing leukocyte infiltration (thick arrows) and haemorrhage (thin arrows) in liver tissues of rats treated with S. aphylla extracts. (H & E; 20x). glomerulus, dilation of renal tubules and infiltration of leukocytes around blood vessels (Figure 2B to D). The kidney sections of the control group showed normal renal corpuscle and renal tubules (Figure 2A). DISCUSSION Although, many people believe that the use of biological agents is safe, quite a few scientific papers have reported the toxicity of bioinsecticides derived from plant materials on mammals and non-target organisms. Moreover, a lack of knowledge of the standardized dosage of biological substances may also be leading to toxicity. Therefore, any information on plants toxicity is still important. Although, the scientific evaluations on insecticidal efficiency of S. aphylla have been reported (Brem et al., 2002; Tang et al., 2008), its effects on livers and kidneys are not yet known. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of the ethanolic extract from the roots of S. aphylla on male albino rats by focusing on the alterations of structures and functions of livers and kidneys and hematological indices. The results of our study showed no significant differences in AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine values of rats treated with S. aphylla extracts at the doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight when compared to those of the control group (Table 1). All these clinical parameters were normal and within the reference ranges of rats (Shape and La Regina, 1998). These results indicated that giving S. aphylla extracts orally at the doses and duration investigated in this study did not affect liver and kidney functions. Some studies reported that female mice treated with the extract from Stemona curtisii. Hk. f., a member of Stemonaceae family, showed no biochemical changes as compared to the control group (Pandee et al., 2003). Livers and kidneys are internal organs which have several functions. One important role of these organs is the elimination of waste products and toxic substances. Dysfunctions of these organs lead to leaking of biochemical substances into the blood circulatory system (Gaw et al., 1999; Moss and Henderson, 1996). Therefore, increasing biochemical values in blood is a sign of abnormal liver and kidney function due to decreased excretion of waste products. Our results reveal that the ethanolic extract from the root of S.
Buncharoen et al. 4433 Figure 2. Photomicrographs of rat kidney sections showing the normal renal corpuscle (RC) and renal tubules (RT) in control group (A). Kidney sections of rats treated with S. aphylla extracts showing contracted glomerulus (circle), dilated renal tubules (thin arrows) and leukocyte infiltration surrounding blood vessels (thick arrow) (B, C and D). (H & E; 20x). aphylla at the doses and treatment period in this study did not cause any observable blood biochemical changes in male rats. Hematological parameters are important indices of the physiological and pathological status for both animals and humans (Adeneye et al., 2006). Administration of the extract from the root of S. aphylla for 45 consecutive days could not alter hematological parameters, such as TRBC, TWBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC of all treated groups when compared with those of the control groups. However, an elevation in lymphocytes count in all treated groups was observed. Lymphocytes are involved in a variety of immunological function, such as immunoglobulin production and modulation of immune defense (Campbell, 1996). The alteration in lymphocyte count reflects possible leukopoietic and immunomodulatory effects of S. aphylla root extract in rats. It is possible that the extract composed of bioactive ingredients containing hematopoietin-like principle which is responsible for hematopoietins synthesis or release from hematopoietic organs, such as the kidneys and liver (Adeneye, 2008; Palani et al., 2009). Moreover, an elevation in lymphocytes count in treated groups might be associated with chronic inflammation of liver and kidney of rats after administration of S. aphylla extracts. Histopathological finding in a recent study revealed mild inflammation in liver and kidney tissues of all treated groups, in comparison to the control groups that showed no histological alteration. Liver tissue of all treated groups showed similar alterations, such as leukocyte infiltration around hepatic triad and haemorrhage in hepatic sinusoids (Figure 1C and D). Furthermore, contracted glomerulus, dilated renal tubules and leukocyte infiltration in kidney tissues of all treated rats were also found (Figure 2B to D). White blood cells contribute to inflammatory mechanisms. Therefore, leukocyte infiltration is the responses of the immune system to toxic substances which enter into the body. Contracted glomeruli were observed with a small tuft of capillaries, and a large space between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule in renal corpuscle. Renal tubules dilation revealed low cuboidal epithelial cells when compared with epithelium of normal tubules. Plants which have the efficiency to control insect pests have been reported to cause hepato- and reno-toxicity in mammals. The administration of A. indica extract in rats
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B Journal of Medicinal Plants Resea
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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ences Table of Contents: Volume 6 N
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supplement of dietary minerals. The
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several studies. MO leaves ethanoli
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(Nandave et al., 2009). In ocular d
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Table 1. Pa and Pi of PTK inhibitor
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Page 35 and 36: REFERENCES Hui et al. 4393 Figure 1
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Page 39 and 40: Table 2. Analysis of variance of yi
Page 41 and 42: Pirzad 4399 Table 3. Correlation co
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Page 49 and 50: capacity could be a model for micro
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. 13 C-NMR data for compound
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Page 57 and 58: potent activity against the HepG2 c
Page 59 and 60: Lippia spp. using gas chromatograph
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Page 67 and 68: consumers' individual characteristi
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Page 79 and 80: Table 1. Herbal tea samples. Aboule
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Page 95 and 96: Table 1. Percentage yield extracts
Page 97 and 98: application of betalian pigment of
Page 99 and 100: Conferences and Advert September 20
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