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4434 J. Med. Plants Res.
at a high dose showed leukocyte infiltration and
apoptosis of hepatocytes in liver tissue and congestion of
red blood cells in glomerulus (Katsayal et al., 2008).
Microscopic evaluation in goats receiving Nerium
oleander revealed renal necrosis at convoluted tubules
and collecting ducts (Barbosa et al., 2008). Furthermore,
the other plant species, such as Galega officinalis,
Ageratum conyzoides L., Calendula officinalis and
Cedrus deodara have been reported as toxic in some
mammalian species (Adebayo et al., 2010; Lagarto et al.,
2011; Parveen et al., 2010). Histological alteration found
in this study may be due to the bioactive ingredients
contained in this crude extract which affects the tissues
through various mechanisms. It has been reported that
the roots of S. aphylla contained a variety of alkaloids,
such as stemofoline, stemaphylline, stemofuran and
stilbostemin (Mungkornasawakul et al., 2009). Previous
studies have indicated the hepatotoxic effects of nicotine,
the principal alkaloid contained in tobacco, on vital
organs of rats. The results appeared in the deposition of
adipose around the portal vein in the liver; necrosis,
congestion and fibrosis in brain, liver and kidney tissues
(Iranloye and Bolarinwa, 2009). In rats receiving
swainsonine, the alkaloid contained in the leaves of
Ipomoea carnea revealed a vacuolation in the renal
convoluted tubular epithelium (Hueza et al., 2005).
Moreover, swainsoine has been reported to have
potential to inhibit the lysosomal �-amannosidase which
causes accumulation of incompletely processed oligosaccharides
into lysosomes. This results in the loss of
cellular function and ultimately cell death (Tulsiani et al.,
1998); therefore, it is possible that the tissue alterations
which occurred in this study were a result of the action of
the alkaloids compound contained in the roots of this
plant.
In this study, it was concluded that the ethanolic extract
from the root of S. aphylla administered orally does not
alter liver and kidney functions in rats. However, a
significant alteration in some hematological and histological
parameters obviously found in this study is a sign of
toxic effects of this plant on mammalian species. The use
of S. aphylla as bioinsecticide active ingredient should
be, therefore, thoroughly considered.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Mr. Suluk Wutteerapol for his
assistance through the consultation in laboratory
techniques. The authors would like to express their
appreciation to Mr. James F. Maxwell, the botanist of
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai
University for plant identification.
Their sincere thanks also extend to Graduate School,
Chiang Mai University and the National Research
University Project under Thailand’s Office of the Higher
Education Commission for financial support. Finally, they
thank Mr. Jack Hines from Kiatphatthana Language and
Computer School (CEC), Chiang Mai for his review on
the manuscript.
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