4434 J. Med. Plants Res. at a high dose showed leukocyte infiltration and apoptosis of hepatocytes in liver tissue and congestion of red blood cells in glomerulus (Katsayal et al., 2008). Microscopic evaluation in goats receiving Nerium oleander revealed renal necrosis at convoluted tubules and collecting ducts (Barbosa et al., 2008). Furthermore, the other plant species, such as Galega officinalis, Ageratum conyzoides L., Calendula officinalis and Cedrus deodara have been reported as toxic in some mammalian species (Adebayo et al., 2010; Lagarto et al., 2011; Parveen et al., 2010). Histological alteration found in this study may be due to the bioactive ingredients contained in this crude extract which affects the tissues through various mechanisms. It has been reported that the roots of S. aphylla contained a variety of alkaloids, such as stemofoline, stemaphylline, stemofuran and stilbostemin (Mungkornasawakul et al., 2009). Previous studies have indicated the hepatotoxic effects of nicotine, the principal alkaloid contained in tobacco, on vital organs of rats. The results appeared in the deposition of adipose around the portal vein in the liver; necrosis, congestion and fibrosis in brain, liver and kidney tissues (Iranloye and Bolarinwa, 2009). In rats receiving swainsonine, the alkaloid contained in the leaves of Ipomoea carnea revealed a vacuolation in the renal convoluted tubular epithelium (Hueza et al., 2005). Moreover, swainsoine has been reported to have potential to inhibit the lysosomal �-amannosidase which causes accumulation of incompletely processed oligosaccharides into lysosomes. This results in the loss of cellular function and ultimately cell death (Tulsiani et al., 1998); therefore, it is possible that the tissue alterations which occurred in this study were a result of the action of the alkaloids compound contained in the roots of this plant. In this study, it was concluded that the ethanolic extract from the root of S. aphylla administered orally does not alter liver and kidney functions in rats. However, a significant alteration in some hematological and histological parameters obviously found in this study is a sign of toxic effects of this plant on mammalian species. The use of S. aphylla as bioinsecticide active ingredient should be, therefore, thoroughly considered. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank Mr. Suluk Wutteerapol for his assistance through the consultation in laboratory techniques. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Mr. James F. Maxwell, the botanist of Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University for plant identification. Their sincere thanks also extend to Graduate School, Chiang Mai University and the National Research University Project under Thailand’s Office of the Higher Education Commission for financial support. Finally, they thank Mr. Jack Hines from Kiatphatthana Language and Computer School (CEC), Chiang Mai for his review on the manuscript. REFERENCES Adebayo AH, Zeng GZ, Fan JT, Ji CJ, He WJ, Xu JJ, Zhang YM, Akindahunsi AA, Kela R, Tan NH (2010). Biochemical, haematological and histopathological studies of extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. in Sprague Dawley rats. J. Med. Plants. Res. 4(21):2264-2272. Adeneye AA, Ajagbonna OP, Adeleke TI, Bello SO (2006). Preliminary toxicity and phytochemical studies of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musanga cecropioides in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 105(3):374-379. Adeneye AA (2008). Haematopoetic effect of methanol seed extract of Citrus paradise Macfad (grape fruit) in Wistar rats. Biomed. Res. 19(1):23-26. Barbosa RR, Fontenele-Neto JD, Soto-Blanco B (2008). Toxicity in goats caused by olender (Nerium oleander). Res. Vet. Sci. 85(2):279-281. Brem B, Seger C, Pacher T, Hofer O, Vajrodaya S, Greger H (2002). Feeding deterrence and contact toxicity of Stemona alkaloids-a source of potent natural insecticides. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 50(22):6383-6388. Campbell TW (1996). Clinical pathology. In: Mader DR (ed) Reptile Medicine and Surgery. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. Pp.248-257. Delobel A, Malonga P (1987). Insecticidal properties of six plant materials against Caryedon serratus (OL.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J. Stored. Prod. Res. 23(3):173-176. Gaw A, Cowan RA, O’reilly DJ, Stewart MJ, Shepherd J (1999). Clinical biochemistry an illustrated colour text. 2nd ed. Harcourt Brace, Edinburgh, UK. Groves RL, Chapman SA (2011). Irrigation delivery of water-soluble insecticides. Proceeding of the 2011 Wisconsin Crop Management Conference; January 11-13, 2011; University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. Hueza IM, Guerra JL, Haraguchi M, Asano N, Górniak SL (2005). The role of alkaloids in Ipomoea carnea toxicosis: a study in rats. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 57:53-58. Iranloye BO, Bolarinwa AF (2009). Effect of nicotine administration on weight and histology of some vital visceral organs in female albino rats. Nig. J. Physiol. Sci. 24(1):7-12. Issakul K, Pawelzik E, Jatisatienr A, Jatisatienr C, Vearasilp S (2007). Screening of Thai local plant extracts for their insecticidal effectiveness and the effect of its active compound on diamondback moth larvae. Paper presented at: The Conference on international agricultural research for development; October 9-11, 2007; University of Kassel-Witzenhausen and University of Göttingen, Germany. Katsayal UA, Nadabo YA, Isiorho VJ (2008). Effects of methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves of the histology of the liver and kidney of the Wistar rats. Nig. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1):9-14. Lagarto A, Bueno V, Guerra I, Valdés O, Vega Y, Torres L (2011). Acute and subchronic oral toxicities of Calendula officinalis extract in Wistar rats. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 63(4):387-391. Moss DW, Henderson AR (1996). Enzymes. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER (eds) Fundamental of Clinical Chemistry. 4th ed. WB Saunders Company, Philadalphia, PA, U.S.A. Pp. 283-335. Mungkornasawakul P, Chaiyong S, Sastraruji T, Jatisatienr A, Jatisatienr C, Pyne SG, Ung AT, Korth J, Lie W (2009). Alkaloids from the roots of Stemona aphylla. J. Nat. Prod. 72(5):848-851. Nandi R, Naganagoud A, Patil BV (2008). Effect of sweet flag rhizome, Acorus calamus L. formulations with cow dung ash as a carrier against Callasobruchus chinensis Linn. in pigeonpea. Karnataka. J. Agric. Sci. 21(1):45-48. Palani S, Senthilkumar B, Praveen R, Kumar P, Devi K, Venkatesan D, Sathendra ER (2009). Effect of the ethanolic extract of Indigofera barberi (L) in acute acetaminophen -induced nephrotoxic rats. Adv. Biotechnol. 25:28-31. Pandee S, Sangjun N, Jatisatient A (2003). An acute toxicity testing of
Stemona curtisii Hkf. Proceeding of the 3 rd World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare; February 3-7, 2003; Chiang Mai, Thailand. Parveen R, Azmi MA, Naqvi SNH, Mahmood SM, Zaidi IH (2010). Effect of Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae) root oil on the histopathology of rat liver and kidney. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 9(2):127-133. Sastraruji T, Chaiyoung S, Jatisatienr A, Pyne SG, Ung AT, Lie W (2011). Phytochemical studies on Stemona aphylla: Isolation of a new stemofoline alkaloid and six new stemofurans. J. Nat. Prod. 74(1):60-64. Satti AA, Ellaithy ME, Mohamed AE (2010). Insecticidal activities of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seeds under laboratory and field conditions as affected by different storage durations. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am. 1(5):1001-1008. Buncharoen et al. 4435 Sharp PE, La Regina MC (eds) (1998). The laboratory rats. CRC Press, New York. Tang CP, Chen T, Velten R, Jeschke P, Ebbinghaus-Kintscher U, Geibel S, Ye Y (2008). Alkaloids from stems and leaves of Stemona japonica and their insecticidal activity. J. Nat. Prod. 71(1):112-116. Tulsiani DR, Broquist HP, James LF, Touster O (1998). Production of hybrid glycoproteins and accumulation of oligosaccharides in the brain of sheep and pigs administered swainsonine or locoweed. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 264(2):607–617.
Change language