Soils of the European Union - European Soil Portal - Europa

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2.3 Nomenclature of soil typesThe Soil Geographical Database of Eurasia (SGDBE) contains information on soil name and soil characteristics. Themethodology originally used to differentiate and name the main soil types is based on the terminology of the FAO legendfor the Soil Map of the World at scale 1:5,000,000 (FAO et al. 1974, 1990). This terminology has been refined and adaptedto take account of the specificities of the landscapes in Europe. The FAO legend is itself founded on the distinction of themain pedogenetic processes leading to soil differentiation: brunification, lessivage, podzolisation, hydromorphy, etc.The Scientific Committee of the European Soil Bureau decided to use both the World Reference Base for Soil Resources(WRB; FAO 1998), as recommended by the International Union of Soil Sciences, and the FAO 1990 Soil Legend (FAO1990) for defining soil names of the Soil Typological Units of the database.Since the last update of the SGDBE, a new edition of the WRB has been published (FAO 2006) with structural changes inthe designation of Reference Soil Groups and introducing two new Reference Soil Groups (Technosols and Stagnosols),new qualifiers, and changes in the application of qualifiers. The SGDBE holds data based on the correlation of soil types ofthe national soil inventories according to the 1998 edition of the WRB. Therefore, we present the areal specification of soilunits with their name according to the scheme of the 1998 edition of the WRB.Nevertheless, the WRB is the most important reference for harmonization. Therefore, in our current work we provide anapproximate correlation between the WRB 1998 and 2006 soil nomenclatures for soils of the European Union derived fromthe SGDBE (Appendix 1.).Significant feature of the WRB is that it uses two main levels of soil identification. The ‘Reference base’ is limited to thefirst level only, having 30 Reference Soil Groups (RSGs). Twenty-three of the thirty Reference Soil Groups of the WRBcan be found in the SGDBE with relevance to the European Union (see Table 3.1 in Chapter 3). Based on their dominantsoil forming factor or condition RSGs are clustered to ten sets (Appendix 2).Soil units are presented on the second level of the hierarchy. Soil units are composed by the combination of Reference SoilGroups with qualifiers. Qualifiers correspond to special characteristics affecting the primary soil features. Qualifiers areincluded in the soil name (as prefix or suffix of the RSG) and allow a more accurate description of soil. The WRB is a nonhierarchicalsystem (Krasilnikov 2002), hence, it sets priorities for sequencing qualifiers thus recognizing the differentimportance of certain soil characteristics within the RSGs. Description of the qualifiers with relevance to the soils of theEuropean Union is presented in Appendix 3.2.4 Map legend and representationThis report presents an overview map and 23 detailed map sheets. The overview map provides a synopsis of the mainReference Soil Groups of the EU in their spatial pedological context. The supplementing 23 maps sheets show detailedinformation on the extent of each RSG and their soil units in the EU. Maps of soil units are prepared on the 1:1 millionscale and presented in this volume on the A4 size sheets (approximately 1:22.500.000 scale). Based on the electronicedition of this volume map sheets can be reproduced with a maximum precision of scale on 1:1 million. (for downloadssee: http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/)The SGDBE segment for the European Union contains over 24000 individual polygons as basic spatial units of soilmapping in our analysis. A polygon can be composed of one dominant soil type or one or more component soil unit(s).The legend of the Soil Map of the European Union comprises 93 soil units grouped into 23 Reference Soil Groups (of 10sets). Map sheets present classified areal proportion of each soil units within the polygons.Two methods have been applied for representation of soil patterns on maps:1) for the general overview map2) for detailed map sheets6
1) In the case of the overview map, only a single RSG is shown for each polygon. Generally this is defined as the one withthe largest area cover within the polygon (either dominating the entire area or having the largest extent among a number ofcomponent soils). This approach is based on the methodology used for the original Soil Map of the European Communities(CEC 1985) and the original Soil Map of the World (FAO 1985). The colors corresponding to each Reference Soil Groupare those used by the JRC for past projects (1:4.5M, Soil Atlas of Europe) and are based on the color chart of the Food andAgricultural Organization (FAO) with slight modification. An alphabetical list of Reference Soil Groups together with theirareal extends and proportional share within the European Union is given in Table 3.1.In the case of several soils have equally high share (e.g. 50-50 % or 40-40 %) in the areal coverage within a polygon, thefirst Reference Soil Group in the alphabetical order will be selected as dominant.2) In the cases of the detailed map sheets, 10 classes of dominant, associated and inclusion soils are distinguished. Theclasses represent the share of the RSG within the polygon with 10 % increases between them with an accuracy of 1%,based on the precision of the SGDBE. (Table 2.1)Based on the data available in the SGDBE, the maximum number of component soil units within a polygon is ten. Thecolours are selected for the easy visualization and comparison of the extent of different soil units within the mappedpolygons.Table 2.1 Composition of Reference Soil Groups on the map sheets of theSoil Map of the European UnionSoil componentaccording toFAO (1985)Dominant SoilAssociated SoilSoil Inclusion(s)% of areaMap sheetsSoils of the European Union91-10081-9071-8061-7051-6041-5031-4021-3011-201-10Color of representationMap sheetsSoils of the European Uniondark↓↓↓lightFurther to the representation of Reference Soil Groups on map sheets, information is provided for each second level unit ofthe RSGs, including name and its symbol, together with the areal extend of the soil unit in the European Union (Tables 4.1– 4.23.) and proportional share within the RSG (Figures 4.1 – 4.23).The projection of the maps is the “GISCO Lambert System” (GISCO, 2001) which is a metrical Lambert Azimuthal EqualArea system given by the following parameters:Projection: LAMBERT_AZIMUTHALUnits: METRESSpheroid: SPHEREParameters:- radius of the sphere of reference (metres): 6378388.0- longitude of centre of projection: 9° 0’ 0.0’’- latitude of centre of projection: 48° 0’ 0.0’’- false easting (metres): 0.0- false northing (metres): 0.07
Page 1: Soils of the European UnionGergely
Page 4 and 5: The mission of the Institute for En
Page 7 and 8: Table of ContentsAcknowledgements .
Page 9 and 10: List of MapsMap 3.1 Dominant Refere
Page 11: AcknowledgementsThis report is base
Page 14 and 15: 2. Materials and methods2.1 Soil Ge
Page 18 and 19: Characterization of soilsThe author
Page 20 and 21: Map 3.1 DOMINANT REFERENCE SOIL GRO
Page 22 and 23: 4. Spatial distribution of the majo
Page 24 and 25: 4.2 AlbeluvisolsGeographical distri
Page 26 and 27: 4.3 AndosolsGeographical distributi
Page 28 and 29: 4.4 AnthrosolsGeographical distribu
Page 30 and 31: 4.5 ArenosolsGeographical distribut
Page 32 and 33: 4.6 CalcisolsGeographical distribut
Page 34 and 35: 4.7 CambisolsGeographical distribut
Page 36 and 37: 4.8 ChernozemsGeographical distribu
Page 38 and 39: 4.9 FluvisolsGeographical distribut
Page 40 and 41: 4.10 GleysolsGeographical distribut
Page 42 and 43: 4.11 GypsisolsGeographical distribu
Page 44 and 45: 4.12 HistosolsGeographical distribu
Page 46 and 47: 4.13 KastanozemsGeographical distri
Page 48 and 49: 4.14 LeptosolsGeographical distribu
Page 50 and 51: 4.15 LuvisolsGeographical distribut
Page 52 and 53: 4.16 PhaeozemsGeographical distribu
Page 54 and 55: 4.17 PlanosolGeographical distribut
Page 56 and 57: 4.18 PodzolsGeographical distributi
Page 58 and 59: 4.19 RegosolsGeographical distribut
Page 60 and 61: 4.20 SolonchaksGeographical distrib
Page 62 and 63: 4.21 SolonetzesGeographical distrib
Page 64 and 65: 4.22 UmbrisolsGeographical distribu
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4.23 VertisolsGeographical distribu
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5. Concluding remarksA detailed inv
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Appendix 1.Correlation of soil type
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Appendix 1. continuedReference Soil
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Table 2. Sets of Reference Soil Gro
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7. Alic intergrade with the Alisol
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clear. The morphology of the bounda
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Even if 100 percent of the ped surf
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Relationships with some other diagn
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Field identification. A plinthic ho
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3. base saturation (by 1 M NH 4 OAc
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2.3 Diagnostic propertiesAbrupt tex
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a. in more than 50 percent of the s
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2.5 Other diagnostic criterionCatio
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European CommissionEUR 23439 EN - J
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The mission of the JRC is to provid
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