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Table 2. Sets of Reference Soil Groups in WRB 2006SET #1 Soils with thick organic layersSET #2 Soils with strong human influenceSoils with long and intensive agricultural use:Soils containing many artifacts: TechnosolsSET #3 Soils with limited rooting due to shallow permafrost or stoninessIce-affected soilsShallow or extremely gravelly soilsSET #4 Soils influenced by waterAlternating wet-dry conditions, rich in swelling claysFloodplains, tidal marshesAlkaline soilsSalt enrichment upon evaporationGroundwater affected soilsSET #5 Soils set by Fe/Al chemistryAllophanes or Al-humus complexesCheluviation and chilluviationAccumulation of Fe under hydromorphic conditionsLow-activity clay, P fixation, strongly structuredDominance of kaolinite and sesquioxidesSET #6 Soils with stagnating waterAbrupt textural discontinuityStructural or moderate textural discontinuitySET #7 Accumulation of organic matter, high base statusTypically mollicTransition to drier climateTransition to more humid climateSET #8 Accumulation of less soluble salts or non-saline substancesGypsumSilicaCalcium carbonateSET #9 Soils with a clay-enriched subsoilAlbeluvic tonguing: AlbeluvisolsLow base status, high-activity clayLow base status, low-activity clayHigh base status, high-activity clayHigh base status, low-activity claySET #10 Relatively young soils or soils with little or no profile developmentWith an acidic dark topsoilSandy soilsModerately developed soilsSoils with no significant profile developmentHISTOSOLSANTHROSOLSTECHNOSOLSCRYOSOLSLEPTOSOLSVERTISOLSFLUVISOLSSOLONETZSOLONCHAKSGLEYSOLSANDOSOLSPODZOLSPLINTHOSOLSNITISOLSFERRALSOLSPLANOSOLSSTAGNOSOLSCHERNOZEMSKASTANOZEMSPHAEOZEMSGYPSISOLSDURISOLSCALCISOLSALISOLSACRISOLSLUVISOLSLIXISOLSUMBRISOLSARENOSOLSCAMBISOLSREGOSOLS66
Appendix 3.Adaptation of lower level units of WRB (FAO 1998)to the soils of the European UnionThis appendix is based on the 1998 edition of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO 1998).The information includes definitions of the formative elements for the second-level units relating to Reference Soil Groups,diagnostic horizons, properties and materials, attributes such as colour, chemical conditions, texture, etc. These formativeelements are accepted by the European Soil Bureau Network to be shown at the scale of 1:1 million in the EuropeanGeographical Soil Database.1. General principles for distinguishing lower level unitsThe general rules to be followed when differentiating lower level units are:1. The diagnostic criteria applied at lower level are derived from the already established reference group diagnostichorizons, properties and other defined characteristics. They may, in addition, include new elements as well as criteria usedfor phase definitions at higher levels.2. Lower level units may be defined, and named, on the basis of the presence of diagnostic horizons. In general, weaker orincomplete occurrences of similar features are not considered as differentiae.3. Differentiating criteria related to climate, parent material, vegetation or to physiographic features such as slope,geomorphology or erosion are not considered. The same applies to criteria derived from soil-water relationships such asdepth of water table or drainage. Substratum layers, thickness and morphology of solum or individual horizons, are notconsidered as diagnostic criteria for the differentiation of the lower level units.4. There is one set of diagnostic criteria for the definition of the lower level soil units. This name contains in its definitionthe diagnostic criterion and functions at the same time as second and third level connotative. Each soil qualifier is givenone unique meaning which should be applicable to all reference soil groups in which it occurs.5. A single name should be used to define each lower level. However, these names can be used in combination withindicators of depth, thickness or intensity. If additional names are needed, these should be listed after the reference soilgroup names between brackets, e.g. Acri-Geric Ferralsol (Abruptic and Xanthic).6. Definitions of the lower level units should not overlap or conflict with other soil subunits or with reference soil groupdefinitions. For example, a Dystri-Petric Calcisol is a contradiction, whereas a Eutri-Petric Calcisol is an overlap in thesense that the name "eutric" does not give more information. New units can only be established after being documented bysoil profile descriptions and supporting laboratory analyses.7. Priority rules for the use of lower level soil names are to be followed strictly to avoid confusion. Precise ranking ordersfor each qualifier in each reference soil group are given later in the text.ExampleIn Vertisols the following qualifiers have been recognized, in order of priority:1. Thionic intergrade with acid sulphate Gleysols and Fluvisols2. Salic intergrade with the Solonchak reference soil group3. Natric intergrade with the Solonetz reference soil group4. Gypsic intergrade with the Gypsisol reference soil group5. Duric intergrade with the Durisol reference soil group6. Calcic intergrade with the Calcisol reference soil group67
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Soils of the European UnionGergely
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The mission of the Institute for En
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Table of ContentsAcknowledgements .
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List of MapsMap 3.1 Dominant Refere
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AcknowledgementsThis report is base
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2. Materials and methods2.1 Soil Ge
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2.3 Nomenclature of soil typesThe S
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Characterization of soilsThe author
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Map 3.1 DOMINANT REFERENCE SOIL GRO
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4. Spatial distribution of the majo
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4.2 AlbeluvisolsGeographical distri
Page 26 and 27: 4.3 AndosolsGeographical distributi
Page 28 and 29: 4.4 AnthrosolsGeographical distribu
Page 30 and 31: 4.5 ArenosolsGeographical distribut
Page 32 and 33: 4.6 CalcisolsGeographical distribut
Page 34 and 35: 4.7 CambisolsGeographical distribut
Page 36 and 37: 4.8 ChernozemsGeographical distribu
Page 38 and 39: 4.9 FluvisolsGeographical distribut
Page 40 and 41: 4.10 GleysolsGeographical distribut
Page 42 and 43: 4.11 GypsisolsGeographical distribu
Page 44 and 45: 4.12 HistosolsGeographical distribu
Page 46 and 47: 4.13 KastanozemsGeographical distri
Page 48 and 49: 4.14 LeptosolsGeographical distribu
Page 50 and 51: 4.15 LuvisolsGeographical distribut
Page 52 and 53: 4.16 PhaeozemsGeographical distribu
Page 54 and 55: 4.17 PlanosolGeographical distribut
Page 56 and 57: 4.18 PodzolsGeographical distributi
Page 58 and 59: 4.19 RegosolsGeographical distribut
Page 60 and 61: 4.20 SolonchaksGeographical distrib
Page 62 and 63: 4.21 SolonetzesGeographical distrib
Page 64 and 65: 4.22 UmbrisolsGeographical distribu
Page 66 and 67: 4.23 VertisolsGeographical distribu
Page 68 and 69: 5. Concluding remarksA detailed inv
Page 71 and 72: Appendix 1.Correlation of soil type
Page 73: Appendix 1. continuedReference Soil
Page 78 and 79: 7. Alic intergrade with the Alisol
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Page 90 and 91: 2.3 Diagnostic propertiesAbrupt tex
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Page 94 and 95: 2.5 Other diagnostic criterionCatio
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