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4.20 SolonchaksGeographical distributionSolonchaks cover approximately 1,.000 km 2 from the surface of the European Union. This small share (0.28%) is dividedbetween Portugal, Spain, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Austria, Cyprus and France.Three soil units of the Reference Soil Group can be found in the EU (Table 4.20, Figure 4.20). However, TakyricSolonchaks have the smallest share among the soil units of all Reference Soil Groups with only 5 km 2 area.Table 4.20 Area of the second level units of SolonchaksUnits in the Reference Soil Groupin the EUCodes ofsoil unitsArea in the EUkm 2Gleyic Solonchak SCgl 4144Haplic Solonchak SCha 7579Takyric Solonchak SCty 5Gleyic Solonchaks are present in all nine counties that have soils in this Reference Soil Group. They are dominant soilformations in 48 mapping units, are associated in 54 cases and are present as inclusions in further 7 soil associations.Haplic Solonchak is a soil type dominant in 16 mapping units in Spain and France and forming associations (34 mappingunits) in Spain and inclusions in large areas (245 mapping units) of Spain, Hungary and some also in Greece. The onlyappearance of Takyric Solonchak in the EU is limited to a small area on the south-western coast of Spain.0.04%35.33%SCglSChaSCty64.62%Figure 4.20 Share of the second level soil units in the area of SolonchaksGlobal referenceSolonchaks are widespread in the arid and semi-arid climatic zones and coastal regions in all climates. The global extent ofSolonchaks is estimated to be between 2.6 million and 3.4 million km 2 . The level of salinity for diagnostic purposes causethe differences in the estimations.Solonchaks are a strongly saline soil types with high concentration of soluble salts. They occur where saline groundwatercomes near to the surface or where the evapo-transpiration is considerably higher than precipitation, at least during a largepart of the year. Salts dissolved in the soil moisture remain behind after evaporation of the water and accumulate at or nearthe surface. Their morphology, characteristics and limitations to plant growth depend on the amount, depth andcomposition of the salts.Land use options on Solonchak soils are largely limited by the salt content. The salts magnify drought stress becausedissolved electrolytes create an osmotic potential that affects water uptake by plants. A possible way of reclamation is toflush salts out from the soil. However, most Solonchaks can be used for extensive grazing. Solonchak soils in many casesform unique ecosystems worth protecting for their biodiversity and landscape values.Solonchaks are often cited as saline soil and salt-affected soil in international nomenclatures.50
Map 4.20SOLONCHAKS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION51
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Soils of the European UnionGergely
Page 4 and 5:
The mission of the Institute for En
Page 7 and 8:
Table of ContentsAcknowledgements .
Page 9 and 10: List of MapsMap 3.1 Dominant Refere
Page 11: AcknowledgementsThis report is base
Page 14 and 15: 2. Materials and methods2.1 Soil Ge
Page 16 and 17: 2.3 Nomenclature of soil typesThe S
Page 18 and 19: Characterization of soilsThe author
Page 20 and 21: Map 3.1 DOMINANT REFERENCE SOIL GRO
Page 22 and 23: 4. Spatial distribution of the majo
Page 24 and 25: 4.2 AlbeluvisolsGeographical distri
Page 26 and 27: 4.3 AndosolsGeographical distributi
Page 28 and 29: 4.4 AnthrosolsGeographical distribu
Page 30 and 31: 4.5 ArenosolsGeographical distribut
Page 32 and 33: 4.6 CalcisolsGeographical distribut
Page 34 and 35: 4.7 CambisolsGeographical distribut
Page 36 and 37: 4.8 ChernozemsGeographical distribu
Page 38 and 39: 4.9 FluvisolsGeographical distribut
Page 40 and 41: 4.10 GleysolsGeographical distribut
Page 42 and 43: 4.11 GypsisolsGeographical distribu
Page 44 and 45: 4.12 HistosolsGeographical distribu
Page 46 and 47: 4.13 KastanozemsGeographical distri
Page 48 and 49: 4.14 LeptosolsGeographical distribu
Page 50 and 51: 4.15 LuvisolsGeographical distribut
Page 52 and 53: 4.16 PhaeozemsGeographical distribu
Page 54 and 55: 4.17 PlanosolGeographical distribut
Page 56 and 57: 4.18 PodzolsGeographical distributi
Page 58 and 59: 4.19 RegosolsGeographical distribut
Page 62 and 63: 4.21 SolonetzesGeographical distrib
Page 64 and 65: 4.22 UmbrisolsGeographical distribu
Page 66 and 67: 4.23 VertisolsGeographical distribu
Page 68 and 69: 5. Concluding remarksA detailed inv
Page 71 and 72: Appendix 1.Correlation of soil type
Page 73: Appendix 1. continuedReference Soil
Page 76 and 77: Table 2. Sets of Reference Soil Gro
Page 78 and 79: 7. Alic intergrade with the Alisol
Page 80 and 81: clear. The morphology of the bounda
Page 82 and 83: Even if 100 percent of the ped surf
Page 84 and 85: Relationships with some other diagn
Page 86 and 87: Field identification. A plinthic ho
Page 88 and 89: 3. base saturation (by 1 M NH 4 OAc
Page 90 and 91: 2.3 Diagnostic propertiesAbrupt tex
Page 92 and 93: a. in more than 50 percent of the s
Page 94 and 95: 2.5 Other diagnostic criterionCatio
Page 97 and 98: European CommissionEUR 23439 EN - J
Page 100: The mission of the JRC is to provid
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