Soils of the European Union - European Soil Portal - Europa

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5. Concluding remarksA detailed inventory of the major soil types in the European Union, including their geographical distribution presented onsoil maps has been prepared.An adaptation of the formative elements of the second level units of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO1998) as accepted by the European Soil Bureau Network to be shown at the scale of 1:1 million in the EuropeanGeographical Soil Database is presented. The information includes definitions relating to Reference Soil Groups, diagnostichorizons, properties materials and attributes.Based on the analyses of the Soil Geographical Database of Eurasia the following main facts are highlighted:• The information on soil coverage of the European Union sums up to 4,146,242 km 2 , thus more than 95 %of the total surface area of the EU. Remaining areas include land cover types such as continuous built upareas, water bodies and glaciers.• Twenty-three Reference Soil Group and ninety-three soil units can be found in the European Union. Soilsof the EU represent a considerable share in the diversity of the world soil resources (global soil resourcesare described in the total of thirty Reference Soil Groups).• Twenty-two Reference Soil Groups are dominant (occupying ≥ 50% of the area) in some or in manymapping units.• Geographical distribution of Reference Soil Groups varies between 0.01% of Umbrisols and 26.71% ofCambiols.• Three main drivers dominate soil forming processes in the EU. More than 80% of the area of the EU ismainly influenced by the (sub-)humid temperate climate, the topography/physiography of the terrain orby the limited time of soil formation.• The largest spatial extents (with over 30% of the land areas of the EU) have those mineral soils, of whichthe development is mainly conditioned by the climatic effects of the sub-humid temperate regions.• The second most widespread set is that with less developed mineral soils (Cambisols), with 26.71% sharefrom the total area.• The dominating influence of topography on soil formation of mineral soils is characteristic on 26.52% ofthe land surface of the EU.• Organic soils occupy 6.48%.• The dominating influence of parent material is evident on 4.7%.The figures published in this report might provide new input for a number of analyses in the fields of soil classification,land use studies, ecological and climate change research as well as the socio-economic aspects of soil resources utilization.58
ReferencesEC 2001. Soil Map for Europe. Derived from the scale 1:1.000.000. European Soil Datbase. Joint Research Centre,European CommissionEC 2003. European Soil Database (distribution version v2.0). European Commission Joint Research Centre, ItalyEC 2006. COM 2006/231 2006. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, theEuropean Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection.Commission of the European Communities. Brussels, 22.9.2006CEC. 1985. Explanatory text and map sheets of the 1: 1.000.000 soil map of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Agriculture. Office for official publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, LuxembourgESBN-EC (European Soil Bureau Network of the European Commission) 2005. Soil Atlas of Europe. Office for OfficialPublications of the European Communities. (Principal editors A. Jones, L. Montanarella, and R. Jones) Luxembourg. 128ppFAO. 1974. Soil map of the world, volume 1: Legend. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, RomeFAO. 1990. Soil map of the world: revised legend. World Soil Resources Report 60. Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations, RomeFAO 2001. Lecture notes on the major soils of the world. World soil resources reports 94. Edited by: Driessen, P., Deckers,J., Spaargaren, O. and Nachtergaele, F. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, RomeFAO 1998. World reference base for soil resources. World Soil Resources Report 84. Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations, RomeFAO 2006. World reference base for soil resources. A framework for international classification correlation andcommunication. World Soil Resources Report 103. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, RomeGISCO 2001. The GISCO Database manual. Eurostat, GISCO Project, Rue Alcide Gasperi, Batiment Bech D3/704, L-2920 Luxembourg, edition November, 2001. http://eusoils.jrc.it/gisco_dbm/dbm/p1ch3_5.htmJones, R.J.A., Houšková, B., Bullock P. and Montanarella L. (eds) 2005. Soil Resources of Europe, second edition.European Soil Bureau Research Report No.9, EUR 20559 EN, 420pp. Office for Official Publications of the EuropeanCommunities, LuxembourgJRC 2008. MEUSIS in the European Soil Portal: http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/projects/meusis/Krasilnikov, P. (comp.) 2002. Soil Terminology and Correlation. Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy ofSciences. Petrozavodzk. 2 nd Editionvan Liedekerke, M., Panagos, P., Montanarella L., Filippi N. 2004. Towards a Multi-scale European Soil InformationSystem. 13th EC-GIS Symposium. Porto.Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Filippi, N. and Montanarella, L., 2006. MEUSIS: Towards a new Multi-scale EuropeanSoil Information System. ECONGEO, 5th European Congress on Regional Geoscientific Cartography and InformationSystems, Barcelona (Spain) June 13th-15th 2006. pp 175-177.59
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Soils of the European UnionGergely
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The mission of the Institute for En
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Table of ContentsAcknowledgements .
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List of MapsMap 3.1 Dominant Refere
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AcknowledgementsThis report is base
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2. Materials and methods2.1 Soil Ge
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2.3 Nomenclature of soil typesThe S
Page 18 and 19: Characterization of soilsThe author
Page 20 and 21: Map 3.1 DOMINANT REFERENCE SOIL GRO
Page 22 and 23: 4. Spatial distribution of the majo
Page 24 and 25: 4.2 AlbeluvisolsGeographical distri
Page 26 and 27: 4.3 AndosolsGeographical distributi
Page 28 and 29: 4.4 AnthrosolsGeographical distribu
Page 30 and 31: 4.5 ArenosolsGeographical distribut
Page 32 and 33: 4.6 CalcisolsGeographical distribut
Page 34 and 35: 4.7 CambisolsGeographical distribut
Page 36 and 37: 4.8 ChernozemsGeographical distribu
Page 38 and 39: 4.9 FluvisolsGeographical distribut
Page 40 and 41: 4.10 GleysolsGeographical distribut
Page 42 and 43: 4.11 GypsisolsGeographical distribu
Page 44 and 45: 4.12 HistosolsGeographical distribu
Page 46 and 47: 4.13 KastanozemsGeographical distri
Page 48 and 49: 4.14 LeptosolsGeographical distribu
Page 50 and 51: 4.15 LuvisolsGeographical distribut
Page 52 and 53: 4.16 PhaeozemsGeographical distribu
Page 54 and 55: 4.17 PlanosolGeographical distribut
Page 56 and 57: 4.18 PodzolsGeographical distributi
Page 58 and 59: 4.19 RegosolsGeographical distribut
Page 60 and 61: 4.20 SolonchaksGeographical distrib
Page 62 and 63: 4.21 SolonetzesGeographical distrib
Page 64 and 65: 4.22 UmbrisolsGeographical distribu
Page 66 and 67: 4.23 VertisolsGeographical distribu
Page 71 and 72: Appendix 1.Correlation of soil type
Page 73: Appendix 1. continuedReference Soil
Page 76 and 77: Table 2. Sets of Reference Soil Gro
Page 78 and 79: 7. Alic intergrade with the Alisol
Page 80 and 81: clear. The morphology of the bounda
Page 82 and 83: Even if 100 percent of the ped surf
Page 84 and 85: Relationships with some other diagn
Page 86 and 87: Field identification. A plinthic ho
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Page 90 and 91: 2.3 Diagnostic propertiesAbrupt tex
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Page 97 and 98: European CommissionEUR 23439 EN - J
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