Developing Speech and Language Skills - Noel's ESL eBook Library

Phoneme FactoryCarryover: the phase of intervention when a child is able to modify their speech andproduce the new sounds in words, and needs daily practice targeting words in everydayspeaking situations.Cluster: a sequence of two or more consonants within the same syllable; for examplestar, spray, desk, please, grape.Cluster reduction: a developmental error pattern where children reduce a consonantcluster. For example, ‘please’ sounds like ‘pease’ and ‘grow’ ‘go’ (known as approximantcluster reduction) and where star sounds like ‘tar’, ‘spray’ ‘pray’ or ‘pay’, ‘desk’ ‘dek’(known as ‘s’ cluster reduction).Context sensitive voicing: a developmental error pattern where the consonants thatare usually ‘voiceless’ at the beginnings of words and syllables are produced as voiced,and those usually produced as ‘voiced’ at the ends of words and syllables are voiceless.For example, ‘pie’ sounds like ‘buy’ and ‘toad’ sounds like ‘doat’.Contextual clues: when the listener has access to information that provides them withan idea about what a child might be saying.Contrast: the sound the child typically uses in place of the target sound. See entry fortarget sound.Deaffrication: a developmental error pattern where the sounds ‘ch’ and ‘j’ are producedas fricatives ‘sh’ and ‘zh’. For example, ‘chair’ sounds like ‘share’ and ‘jam’ sounds like‘zham’.Dental: ‘th’ voiceless in thin and ‘th’ voiced in there – speech sounds produced whenthe tongue tip is in contact with the upper teeth.Developmental error patterns: speech patterns that are found in typically developingchildren.Discrimination: throughout the book the term refers to auditory discrimination, theability to distinguish words that are minimal pairs.Dyspraxia, developmental: this is a term commonly used to cover many differentproblems with co-ordinated movements of the body. General co-ordination difficultiesare commonly referred to as ‘developmental co-ordination disorder’. In children withspeech impairments dyspraxia refers to a difficulty with planning and co-ordinating themovements of the tongue, lips and other speech organs. Other terms used to refer todevelopmental dyspraxia include developmental verbal dyspraxia, developmentalarticulatory dyspraxia and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). (This is the preferred termin the USA.)Final consonant deletion: a developmental error pattern where children miss off thefinal consonant in a word or syllable. For example, bead sounds like ‘bea’ and soapsounds like ‘so’.156