Developing Speech and Language Skills - Noel's ESL eBook Library

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Combinations of speech patterns in typical developmentSpeech development and speech impairmentsChildren at the early stages of speech development say words that incorporate anumber of the error patterns described in Tables 4.2–4.5. This means that words can bedifficult to understand without context. Luckily, typically developing children don’thave wide vocabularies at these early stages. Even when they say words that are difficultto interpret, listeners, usually parents and other close caregivers, can understand thechild because they can guess what the child might be saying. If we refer back to thetwo-year-old talker discussed on page 38 we can identify a number of the typicalpatterns present even in a two-word phrase in Table 4.6.Table 4.6 Combinations of patterns in two-word phrases, in a typically developing twoyear-oldspeakerWhat the child means What the child says ‘Error’ patternDaddy(‘s) tea dada dea Context sensitive voicing (CSV)(put my) shoe on doo on Stopping and CSVgo (in the) car dow dar Fronting and CSVeat (the) chip ea di Final consonant deletion (FCD) in both wordsand stopping and CSVeat this ea di FCD in both words and stopping(It’s) fall(ing) down ball dow Stopping and FCD(give) me (the) ball me ball noneplay now bay now Cluster reduction and CSVsee (that) tree dea dee Stopping and cluster reduction and CSVTypically developing children gradually develop adult speech patterns. The sounds andcombinations of sounds they use increase gradually, so that the error patterns are nolonger evident in the speech of most six-year-olds.Table 4.7 gives an overview of the combinations of error patterns that can be found intypically developing children. Shading in the cell means that the pattern can be foundin typically developing children in the age group, and when cells are blank, thisindicates the age at which the pattern is no longer found in more than 90 per cent ofchildren in the age group. It shows how children progress through the ages and stages ofdevelopment from the age of two to six years old. It can be seen that context sensitivevoicing and final consonant deletion disappear early, so they are usually not found inthe speech of children aged 3 and above. Gliding of ‘r’, however, can be found intypically developing children until the age of five and a half. The error patternsgradually disappear, so most speech sounds and clusters will be used by the age of aboutfour and a half.43
Table 4.7 Combinations of patterns found from the ages of two to six years (Source: adapted from Dodd et al. 2003)AgeStopping Fronting Weak Cluster Fronting Gliding Final Context‘k’, ‘g’, ‘ng’ syllable reduction ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘j’ ‘r’ consonant sensitivedeletion Deaffrication deletion voicing2;0–3;03;0–3;53;6–3;114;0–4;5 Three consonantclusters ‘spr’,‘str’, etc.4; 6–4;11 Three consonantclusters ‘spr’,‘str’, etc.5;0–5;55;6–5;11
Page 4 and 5: DevelopingSpeech and LanguageSkills
Page 8 and 9: ForewordChildren with speech sound
Page 10 and 11: About Phoneme FactoryThis book is p
Page 12 and 13: Introduction: Is this the resourceI
Page 14 and 15: Introduction: Is this the resource
Page 16 and 17: Questions frequently asked by teach
Page 18: Introduction: Is this the resource
Page 22 and 23: 1Working with children with speechi
Page 24 and 25: Working with children with speech i
Page 26 and 27: Working with children with speech i
Page 28 and 29: Articulation and phonological devel
Page 30 and 31: 2How we produce speech sounds andth
Page 32 and 33: ArticulationHow we produce speech s
Page 34 and 35: How we produce speech soundsWe can
Page 36 and 37: How we produce speech soundsApproxi
Page 38 and 39: How we produce speech soundsYou can
Page 40 and 41: How we perceive speechReal talkThis
Page 42 and 43: How we perceive speechWhat are the
Page 44 and 45: How we perceive speechright level.
Page 46 and 47: 4Speech development and speechimpai
Page 48 and 49: Speech development and speech impai
Page 54 and 55: Ages by which speech sounds are usu
Page 56 and 57: IntelligibilitySpeech development a
Page 62 and 63: 5Helping the speech impaired child
Page 64 and 65: Parent/carers: information for teac
Page 66 and 67: Making the most of contextual clues
Page 68 and 69: ● ‘Say more about it.’● ‘
Page 70 and 71: Helping the speech impaired child i
Page 72 and 73: Helping the speech impaired child i
Page 74: Part 2Practical activities to usewi
Page 77 and 78: Phoneme Factory‘I’ve run out of
Page 79 and 80: Phoneme Factory● drive a car on (
Page 81 and 82: Phoneme FactoryJim:SLT:Jim:SLT:Jim:
Page 83 and 84: Phoneme FactoryA quick reference gu
Page 85 and 86: Phoneme FactoryUsing generalisation
Page 87 and 88: Phoneme FactoryTable 7.2 Examples o
Page 89 and 90: Phoneme FactoryActivityThe characte
Page 91 and 92: Phoneme FactoryName gameTarget soun
Page 93 and 94: Phoneme FactorySewing cardsTarget s
Page 95 and 96: Phoneme FactoryActivityUse these ch
Page 101 and 102: Phoneme FactoryTarget sound ‘ch
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8Fronting and backingProblems with
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Phoneme FactoryDevelopment of palat
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Phoneme FactoryAction gameTarget so
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Phoneme FactoryThrowing gameTarget
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Phoneme FactoryTarget sound ‘g’
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Phoneme FactoryFurther activitiesTh
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Phoneme FactoryTarget soundsA numbe
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Phoneme FactoryFind the hidden obje
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Phoneme FactoryActivityGive the chi
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Phoneme FactorySpecific activities
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Phoneme FactoryActivities to increa
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Phoneme FactoryName game: Who likes
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Phoneme FactoryIn the error pattern
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Phoneme FactoryPuzzlesTarget sound:
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12Context sensitive voicingProblems
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Phoneme FactoryActivityThe adult ne
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Phoneme Factorysays one of the word
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Phoneme FactoryTable 13.1 Examples
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Phoneme FactoryName game: witch sto
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Phoneme FactoryFurniture mendingTar
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Phoneme FactoryName gameTarget soun
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Phoneme FactoryActivityPlace the fo
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Phoneme FactoryIn typical developme
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Phoneme FactoryTable 14.1 Examples
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Phoneme FactorySpin, bin action gam
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Phoneme FactoryName game: bossy pup
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Phoneme FactoryThings that go toget
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Phoneme Factorymay involve lots of
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Phoneme FactoryProblems and suggest
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Phoneme FactoryCarryover: the phase
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Phoneme FactoryPalatal: ‘y’ in
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References, bibliography and furthe
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Phoneme FactoryLeitaeo, S. and Flet
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Indexfeedback 57, 72, 73final conso
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