Developing Speech and Language Skills - Noel's ESL eBook Library

Stopping: a developmental error pattern where fricatives are produced as stops, forexample ‘four’ sounds like ‘pour’ and ‘sea’ sounds like ‘tea’.GlossaryStops: ‘p’ in pea, ‘b’ in bee, ‘t’ in toe, ‘d’ in do, ‘k’ in key and car, ‘g’ in go – speechsounds produced when there is a blocking of the airflow followed by an abrupt release,which results in an explosive sound. Also known as plosives.Syllable: the rhythmic units of speech. Syllables have one vowel sound, for example‘rugby’ has two syllables, rug-by, and ‘badminton’ has three, bad-min-ton.Target sound: the sound or sounds in a word that the child does not produce reliably.See Contrast.Velar: speech sounds produced when the back of the tongue contacts or is close to thesoft palate: ‘c/k’, ‘g’, ‘ng’.Voiced consonants: speech sounds produced with vibration of the vocal folds. Thevowels, nasals and approximants are usually voiced. Other sounds produced with voiceare ‘b’, ‘d’, ‘g’, ‘v’, ‘th’ (as in there), ‘z’, ‘zh’ (as in treasure) and ‘j’ (as in jam).Voiceless consonants: speech sounds produced without vibration of the vocal folds.Voicing: in defining speech sounds voicing refers to whether or not the vocal cordsvibrate in the production of a sound. When they do vibrate, the sound is voiced, andwhen they don’t the sound is voiceless.Weak syllable deletion: a developmental error pattern where the unstressed syllables inwords are not produced, e.g. banana (nana), tomato (mato).159