Atomic Model and Wave-Particle Duality

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Structure of Nucleon• In Rutherford’s scattering experiment, he keptseeing that the atomic number Z (number of protonsin the nucleus, equivalent to the positive charge ofthe atom) was less than the atomic mass A (averagemass of the atom) implying something besides theprotons in the nucleus were adding to the mass.• He put out the idea that there could be a particlewith mass but no charge. He called it a neutron.RutherfordChadwick• Rutherford’s former student James Chadwick,using a new refined particle detection, wasable to determine that the neutron did exist<strong>and</strong> that its mass was about 0.1 percent morethan the proton's. In 1935 he received theNobel Prize for his discovery.14
SummaryAtoms: Electrons + Nucleus (Protons + Neutrons)<strong>Atomic</strong> Radius ~ 10 -10 mNucleus ~ < 30 fmHydrogen Atom 1.6 x 10 -27 kg or 940 MeV/c 2Electrons:Charge -1.6 x 10 -19 C#e#p#nZA1HMass 9.1 x10 -31 kg or 0.5 MeV/c 2 238Hydrogen11011238UUranium92921469215
Page 1 and 2: Atomic ModelandWave-Particle Dualit
Page 3 and 4: Mysterious Rays using Crookes Tubes
Page 5 and 6: Thomson’s Conclusions1. Cathode r
Page 7 and 8: Robert MillikanMillikan's oil drop
Page 9 and 10: Thomson and Millikan:electrons have
Page 11 and 12: Rutherford’s expectation and the
Page 13: The Scattering of α and β Particl
Page 17 and 18: Electromagnetic RadiationLight is a
Page 19 and 20: EM Waves: PowerAverage over one per
Page 21 and 22: Superposition of EM WavesEM waves o
Page 23 and 24: Thermal (Black Body) Radiation:Kirc
Page 25 and 26: Stefan-Boltzmann Law (1884)Maxwell
Page 27 and 28: Summaries for Emission by Black Bod
Page 29 and 30: Lord Rayleigh’s Attempt: UV Catas
Page 31 and 32: Planck’s ‘Act of Despair’ener
Page 33 and 34: Planck’s Quantum of LightEnergy e
Page 35 and 36: What can be measured?i) Rate of ele
Page 37 and 38: Einstein: “On a Heuristic Point o
Page 39 and 40: Photo-electron emission Einstein’
Page 41 and 42: Basic Properties of Atoms Small: ~
Page 43 and 44: Johann Balmer (1885) andJohannes Ry
Page 45 and 46: The Bohr’s Atomic ModelPotential
Page 47 and 48: The Bohr’s Atomic ModelThe postul
Page 49 and 50: E nSince the total energy of a circ
Page 51 and 52: Transition Energies An electron in
Page 53 and 54: The Bohr’s Atomic ModelSuccesses:
Page 55 and 56: Wave Properties of LightThere is no
Page 57 and 58: Compton ScatteringWith Bragg crysta
Page 59 and 60: Compton Scattering• Classically,
Page 61 and 62: Compton Effectλ’ -λ = (h/m e c)
Page 63 and 64: Problem: Is light Particle or Wave?
Page 65 and 66:
De Broglie’s Matter Wave Hypothes
Page 67 and 68:
De Broglie Wavelength of MovingObje
Page 69 and 70:
Davisson and Germer (1926)e −φDc
Page 71 and 72:
Neutron Diffraction ExperimentRecen
Page 73 and 74:
Problem:Wave-Particle DualityHow sh
Page 75 and 76:
Wave PacketNow, let’s assume that
Page 77 and 78:
i.e.Wave PacketThe probability of f
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