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RHETORICAL SKILLSregardless of ill treatment, abuse, or neglect. Iknow f do not stand alone in my one-sided opinionof dogs. Somewhere along the fine someonecallea dogs "man's best friend." I am inclined toagree.24C Writing assignmentsNumber TopicLengthP=ParagraphE=EssayWrite a paragraph describing o P;200 wrdsscene with which you are familiar, E: 300-500a view of your school, yourfavorite vacation spot, a kitchenyou feel comfortable in, a workshop,a holiday table setting, or adistinctive bedroom.Describe or discuss something that P:200frightens you now, or did when E:300-500you were a child.Define an abstract term in a welldevelopedparagraph. Examplesof abstract terms: honesty,enthusiasm, love, commitment,prejudice, poverty.Write a paragraph in which youdescribe the qualifications for ajob or occupation.Compare and contrast twopeople, places, or objects.Write a process essay in whichyou clearly set forth the materials,tools, and steps in completing aproject. Example topics are writingan excellent essay, painting a car,trimming a tree, binding a book, orwashing a cat.Discuss an experience in whichyou or someone you know wasexcluded from • group.Write a well organized paragraphor short essay in which youexplain how man has used theforces of nature to his benefit.P:200E:250-300P:250-300P:25O-30OE:300-500E:3 00-500P:250-300E:300-400P:250E: 3 00-5009 Compare and contrast two very P:250-300different time frames in your life. E:300-50010 Discuss an issue in your school or P:200-250present circumstances that you E:300-500believe should be changed.Describe the change you would liketo see, and explain how it wouldbring about an improvement.11 Explain what you believe to be P:200-250ethical behavior in the classroom, E:300-400••••iNumber Topic12 took up one word in the OED,Using the information you findthere, write a short history of theword.Argue for a global change youwould like to see made by theyear 2005.Write a short essay on three orfour objects you own that recallspecific people or events. Discussme objects themselves and thepeople associated with them.LengthP=ParagraphE=EssayP;200-250E: 300-400P:200-300E:300-500P: 250-3 00E:300-40015 Discuss what you consider to be P:200-300some distinguishing traits or E:300-450attributes of your own ethnic orcultural background, illustratingyour essay with specific details.Or, If you feel qualified, compareand contrast the characteristics oftwo ethnic or cultural groups.16 Social scientists frequently cite P:250-300what they see as a seriousE:300-400increase in violence and violentcrime in recent years. What doyou see as one important causeof this increased violence, and whatdo you think we can do to eliminatethis cause?17 Many people do poorly in their jobor in school because they simplyare not abie to manage their timeeffectively. Many students arefaced with the need to find time forfamily and jobs as well as studyand leisure. How well do you do atthis life management skill in orderto have enough time for yourstudies? Explain.1 8 Although friends are usuallydifferent from one another,there are most likely somequalities that you require of allyour friends. Discuss several ofthese qualities, and explain whythey are valuable to you.19. Write a paper that seems to sayone thing but that actually says theopposite. That is, use an ironicvoice; do not merely describe anironic situation.20. Do you enjoy strolling the streets?Have you developed a pastime tokeep you alert and entertainedwhile strolling? Write an essay onyour own "street pastime." Whatdo you see or hear as you hikethe streets (city or country)?P:250E:300-500P:250-300E:30G-500P:200-250E; 300-500P:200-250E;300-50040
RHETORICAL SKILLS25 ORGANIZATION25A Main ideaIf a passage of prose can be viewed as soup stock andboiled in a pan until just one cup of liquid is left, that onecup can be considered the essence or main idea of thatpassage. It is essential to realize that every piece of writingthat has real substance begins as one main idea fromwhich the entire work, no matter how large or small, isderived.For example, a passage might be about exercise (thetopic). But what docs it state about exercise? If the selectionpoints out that exercise makes a person more alert,more fit, more productive, and more likely to live longer,the central idea is probably something like "Exercise isessential to a healthy, productive life." On the otherhand, if the passage contains statements about bruisedheel bones, pulled hamstrings, shinsplints, and musclepain, then die main idea might be something similar to"Exercise can do more harm than good."Whatever sentence you decide expresses the main idea ofthe passage, you must test it to make sure it really doesrepresent the thrust of the entire selection. For example,you can ask, "In what way can exercise do more harmthan good?" Or, "In what way is exercise essential to ahealthy, productive life?" If every sentence and paragraphin die passage pertains to the main idea you havechosen, then you know your choice is sound. However, ifyou find that the passage contains sentences and paragraphsthat support other ideas, then you need to startover and formulate another main idea.Questions that test your ability to determine the centralidea can be expressed in a number of ways:The main point the author makes is. . .The author seems chiefly concerned with. . .The main idea of this passage is. . .Which of the following titles could best be usedfor this selection?Which of these statements best expresses the ideaof the passage?25B Supporting materialThe supporting material that makes up the larger portionof most selections (often called the body of the writing)contains the essential material of the work — specificdetails, anecdotes, allusions, references, or reasons—bywhich a writer substantiates the main thought.Keep in mind that supporting material may vary considerablyfrom one context to another. The specific detailsin a report on a scientific discovery, for example, may bevery different from the kind of detail needed in a biographicalselection.Try to be continually mindful of the logical order ofparagraphs within a selection, and of the logical order ofsentences within each paragraph. Transitional words andphrases usually highlight paragraph or essay coherence.When you consider whether or not your selection is compatiblewith the audience or readers you intended, checkthe relative quality and sophistication of the supportingdetails. For example, a selection intended for childrenwould probably include simple explanations and supportingdetails that would be unnecessary or inappropriatefor adult readers. For other examples, see How to Writean Impromptu Essay, section 24.25C TransitionTransitional words and phrases make clear the relationshipbetween phrases, clauses, and sentences, and lendcoherence to the sequence of paragraphs.A transitional paragraph is used to link the main parts ofan essay. Such a paragraph may be just a single sentencethat eases the progression from one idea to the next:EXAMPLE:Sometimes a solution is based upon a study of thepast. Let us review what has taken place in newarchitecture so far this century.Most of the time, however, transitions are individualwords or phrases that provide transition while signaling aconcept like addition, contrast, example, or time. Thefollowing list will show you the functions of some transitions.ConceptsTransitionsAddition and continuation also, and, another, besides,finally, likewise, furthermore, inaddition, indeed, moreover,similarly, then, tooCause and effectConcessionConclusion or repetitionContrast or limitationExamplePlaceTimeaccordingly, as, as a result,because, consequently, for thisreason, since, then, therefore, thuscertainly, granted that, it is truethat, no doubt, of course, still, tobe surein other words, in particular, inshort, in summary, once again,that is, to repeatalthough, but, however, if, incontrast, instead, nevertheless, onthe contrary, on the other hand,otherwise, provided that, still, yetfor example, for instance, inparticular, likewise, specifically,that is, to illustrateabove, behind, below, elsewhere,here, in back of, north of, on thisside, there, to the right of,underneathafterward, before, earlier,eventually, immediately, later,meanwhile, next, now, since,soon, until25D Openings and closingsThe opening paragraph is crucial in any written communication.In a few words, the author must make clear thecentral purpose of the work and also convince the readersthat they should continue. Sometimes, an author willuse the opening paragraph to establish his or her audior-41
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