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RHETORICAL SKILLS* Use the complete names of publishers, but omit thearticle The and the abbreviations Inc., Ltd., and SA.The ampersand may be used in the place of and andCompany, Brothers and the like may be abbreviated(Co., Bros.) or omitted.* If more than one place of publication is given, use the firstcity only. If the city is not widely known, give the state aswell, using standard abbreviations (Glenview, 111.).•Use the date a work was published, even if it has hadseveral printings. However, if the source is a new orrevised edition, give the date of that edition, not theoriginal date of publication.* When references to the same work follow one anotherwith no intervening references, use Ibid, (abbreviationof Ibidem, "in the same place"). Normally, you simplygive the author's last name followed by a comma andthe page or pages cited:5. Ibid., 286. Meyer, 86The following examples provide models for first notes:A Book by One Author1. Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers (New York:Holt, Rineharr, & Winston, 1942), 104.Two or More Books by One Author2. John Grisham, The Firm (New York: Bantam,1991), 78.3. John Grisham, A Time to Kill (New York:Bantam, 1989), 34.4. John Grisham, The Pelican Bnef*(New York;Doubleday, 1992), 207.A Book by Two or Three Authors5. David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, ReinventingGovernment: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit isTransforming the Public Sector (Reading:Addison, 1992), 366-368.A Book by Four or More Authors6. George Ehrenhaft et al., How to Prepare for theACT (New York: Barron's Educational Series,1991), 67.Institution or Association as Author7. American Library Association, Young AdultServices Division, The Key to English:Figurative Expressions (New York: Macmillan,1966), 46.A Book with an Editor8. William E, Bucker, ed., Prose of the VictorianPeriod [Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 55.A Book with an Author and an Editor9. Jules Verne, Voyage from the Earth to the Moon,ed. A, Boucher (New York; Dodd & Mead,1956), 222.A Work in an Anthology10. Thomas Henry Huxley, "Science and Culture," inProse of the Victorian Period, ed. William E.Buckler (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958),488.A Book in a Series11. Henry D. Piper, ed., Fitzgerald's The GreatGatsby: The Novel, The Critics, TheBackground, Scribner Research Anthologies(New York: Charles Scribners, 1970) , 144.A Translation12. Hsueh-chin, Tsao, Dream of the Red Chamber,Trans. Chi-Chen Wang (Garden City, N.J.:Doubleday, 1958), 14 .A Signed Article in a Reference Book13. Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed., s.v. WileyBasil, "Arnold, Matthew."An Unsigned Article in a Reference Book14. The World Book Encyclopedia, 1989 ed., s.v,"Postal Union, Universal."An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination15. Glenn E, Palmer, "Computer Applications in theFreshman Laboratory," Journal of ChemicalEducation 58 (1981): 995.An Article in a Journal That Paginates Each IssueSeparately16. Paul Cummins/Teaching Modern Poetry,"California English Journal, 5.2 (1969): 43-46.An Article from a Monthly Publication17. Marianne Williamson, "A Return to Love,"Cosmopolitan, Dec. 1992, 66-68,A Signed Article from a Daily Newspaper1 8. John F. Burns, "Stranger in a Strange Land:Muslim in Serb Army," New York Times, 7 Jan.1993, sec 1:A3.An Unsigned Article from a Daily Newspaper19. "Nationsbank Card Features a Savings Plan,"New York Times, 7 Jan 1993, sec. C:5.Interviews20. Barbara Miller, interview by author, LosAngeles, 22 October 1992.ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTSElectronic media are of two main types: (1) CD-ROMS,disks, or tapes that you physically carry with you andload into your computers; (2) on-line resources such asinformation you find on the Internet, listserv mail, ore-mail. In both cases you can print out the resource, anddocument it in die same way as printed material.68
RHETORICAL SKILLSIThe same basic information is required (whatever isavailable to you):• author and title of a particular source• name and description of the source cited, whether CD-ROM, listserv, e-mail, or an on-line source• publisher or vendor (or both)• date of publication or access (or both)• identifying numbers or the pathway needed for retrievalof the materialMaterial on CD-ROM21. United States v. Shabani, document no. 93-981.(U.S. Supreme Ct. 1994), reproduced in SIRSGovernment Reporter CD-ROM [CD-ROM] (BocaRaton, FL: Social Issues Resources Series, 1995).Material on Disk22. Joyce McBride, "A Letter to My Mother,"(Worcester: Eastgate, 1997], diskette.Material Accessed via Networks23. Jonathan King, "Sex, Lies, and the Internet,"Microsoft Internet Magazine, 2 March 1998[magazine on-line]; available from http://home.microsofr.com/reading/archives/feature-3-2-98.asp; Internet; accessed 8 June 1998.24. Ariel Pablos-Mendez ef al, "Global Surveillancefor Antitubercuiosis-Drug Resistance," NewEngland journal of Medicine [on-line] 4 June1998 [journal on-line]; available from http://www.nejm.org/public/1998/0338/0023/1641 /l.htm; Internet; accessed 12 June 1998.E-Mail and Other Electronic Messages25. Earl Patterson, "Re: Faulkner Summer Seminar,"e-mail to Fred Obrecht, accessed 8 June 1996.BIBLIOGRAPHYBibliographical lists (an alphabetized arrangement of allof your sources) are not always required by instructors.They should not be necessary in a relatively short termpaper where the notes are easily accessed, even thoughthey are not in alphabetical order. If they are required,you should follow the MLA guidelines for a list ofWorks Cited but label your list Bibliography (or WorkCited or Sources Consulted, if one of these titles betterdescribes your list). The Chicago Manual methodrequires you to single-space all entries, with one blankline between entries.BibliographyBucker, William E., ed. Prose of the Victorian Period.Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958.Bunts, John F. "Stranger in a Strange Land: Muslim inSerb Army." New York Times, 7 Jan. 1993,1:A3.Cummins, Paul. "Teaching Modem Poetry." CaliforniaEnglish Journal, May 1969.Ehrenhaft, George, Robert L. Lehrman, Fred Obrecht,and Allan Mundsack. How to Prepare for the ACT.11th ed. New York: Barron's, 1998.(See "Endnotes" and "Bibliography," page 70)TRADITIONAL AND POSTAL STATE ABBREVIATIONSSTATEAlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPuerto RicoRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingTRADITIONALABBREVIATION(Chicago Manual)Ala.AlaskaAriz.Ark.Calif.Colo,Conn,Del.D.C.Fla.Ga.HawaiiIdahoIII,Ind.IowaKans.Ky.La.MaineMd.Mass.Mich.Minn.Miss,Mo.Mont.Nebr.Nev.N.H.NJ.N.MexN.Y.N.C.N.Dak.OhioOkla.Oreg.Pa.P.R,R.I.S.C.S.Dak.Tenn,Tex.UtahVt.Va.Wash.W.Va.Wis.Wyo,U.S. POSTALABBREVIATIONMLA and APAALAKAZARCACOaDEDCFLGAHIIDILINIAKSKYLAMEMDMAMlMNMSMOMTNENVNHNJNMNYNCNDOHOKORPAPRRlSDTNTXUTVTVAWAWVWlWY69
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USAGE/MECHAN 2-32F Use a comma to s
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USAGE/MECHANICS 4-54C ApostropheIn
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USAGE/MECHANICS6B ParenthesesParent
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USAGE/MECHANICSRULE #4: y to iFor w
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BASIC SPELLING LISTabsenceaccidenta
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_8 ABBREVIATIONS, NUMBERSThe use of
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GRA9 THE PARTS OF SPEECH:AN OVERVIE
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