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Alliteration, the repetition of an initial letter or sound intwo or more closely associated words or syllables:"The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrows followed free;" Samuel Taylor ColeridgeAnacrusis, one or more extra unstressed syllables at thebeginning of a line that are not a part of the regular meterof the poemAnapest, a three-syllable foot with the third beat stressed(~~+)Assonance, repetition, or near repetition, of vowelsounds in two or more syllables: "I saw old Autumn inthe misty morn"—Thomas HoodBlank verse, poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameterCaesura, a pause in a line of poetry indicated by acomma, period, or other mark of punctuationCatalexis, or Truncation, omission of the last, anticipatedbeat in a line of regular poetryConsonance, repetition of the same consonant in closeproximity:"The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,"—Thomas GrayCouplet, a pair of rhymed lines of verse that make acomplete statement:Think what you will, we seize into our handHis plate, his goods, his money, and his lands.—William Shakespeare, Richard IIA heroic couplet is in iambic pentameter.Dactyi, a three-syllable foot with the first beat stressedDimeter, a poetic line of two feetDouble rhyme, a line with two rhyming syllables:The ship was cheered, the harbor cleared"— Samuel Taylor ColeridgeElision, the gradation of two syllables into one, as everinto e're or over into o'erFoot, a measure or unit of rhythm comprising a definite,repeated pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables (Seeiamb, trochee, anapest, and dactyl.)Free verse, poetry without regular meter or rhymeHaiku, Japanese verse form of 17 syllables writtenaccording to strict rulesHeptameter, a poetic line of seven feetHexameter, a poetic line of six feetIamb, a two-syllable foot with the last beat stressed (~ +)Iambic pentameter, a poetic line comprised of fiveiambic syllablesLimerick, a humorous verse that follows a strict pattern:Five anapestic lines, the first, second, and fifth ofwhich have three feet and rhyme; and the third and fourthof which have two feet and rhyme.There was a young lady of NigerWho smiled as she rode on a Tiger;They came back from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the Tiger.—AnonymousMeter, a beat established in a poem by the repetition of apredominant footMonometer, a poetic line of one footOctameter, a poetic line of eight feetOctave, an eight-line stanzaOnomatopoeia, the use of words which convey theirmeaning in their pronunciation: buzz, crackle, pop, sizzlePathetic fallacy, the overuse of personificationPentameter, a poetic line of five feetPyrrhic, a foot consisting of two unaccented syllables(~~>.Quatrain, a four-line stanzaRhyme scheme, the arrangement of end rhymes in apoemRondel, a French verse form consisting of 13 or 14 linesand normally maintaining the rhyme schemeabbmbababbaab. The bold-face lines indicate pairs usedas a refrain and wholly repeated.Sestet, a six-line stanzaSonnet, a fourteen-line poem written in the Italian or theShakespearean form. The Italian form is made of an octaveand a sestet, usually with the rhyme scheme abbaabbacdecde. The Shakespearean form has three quatrains and acouplet, with the rhyme scheme abab eded efef gg.Sonnet sequence, a series of sonnets dealing with onethemeSpondee, a foot consisting of two accented syllables (+ +)Stanza, a repeated division of a poem, usually with itsown meter and rhyme scheme. A stave is a stanza intendedto be sung.Tanka, a Japanese poem of 31 syllables which dealswith friendship, love, and natureTercet, or triplet, a three-Jine stanza or poemTetrameter, a poetic line of four feetTrimeter, a poetic line of three feetTriolet, a French verse form consisting of 8 lines andcharacterized by the repetition of whole lines. The rhymescheme is abaaabab. (The italicized letters indicate repetitionof the entire line.)Trochee, a two-syllable foot with the first beat stressed(+~)Yillanelle, a complex 19-line French poem divided intofive tercets and a final four-line stanza. The rhymescheme is abA aba abA aba abA ab«A (The italicized lettersindicate repetition of the entire line.)
RHETORICAL SKILLS29 WORDINESSTo avoid wordiness, eliminate language that either duplicateswhat has already been expressed or adds nothing tothe sense of the statement.WORDY:At the present time, you can call up the library onthe telephone if you want to receive that particularinformation.REVISED:Now you can call the library for that information,WORDY:A factor in the cause of the decline in stock priceswas unwarranted growth.REVISED:OROne cause of the decline in stock prices wasunwarranted growth.A factor in the decline in stock prices. . .WORDY:As a pet, the llama is easygoing in its habits andhas a friendly personality.REVISED:As a pet, the llama is easygoing and friendly.Expressions like there are and it is can add unnecessarywords to your sentences.EXAMPLES:[There are] several people at school [who] havepromised to help with the gardening at the newcampus.[!t is] the way you swing the club [that] amazesme.30 REDUNDANCYA redundant expression is characterized by unnecessaryrepetition. To say adequate enough is to be redundant,because adequate and enough have nearly the samemeaning.EXAMPLES:The two clubs joined [together] to feed the poor atChristmas.They circled [around] the field.For a list of ski areas in the state, refer [back] topage 25.Avoid redundancies and roundabout phrases (circumlocutions)like the following:Wordyadvance planningcontributing factordue to the fact thatduring the course ofWordyexact same symptomsfor the purpose ofin the event thatin the near futurelarge in sizepast experiencepast historyrevert backsufficient enoughOMISSIONSConciseplanningfactorbecauseduringConcisesame symptoms; exact symptomsforifsoonlargeexperiencehistoryrevertsufficient; enoughA common error in written English is the careless omission,especially the omission acceptable in speech butnot in writing. Some writers for whom English is a secondlanguage leave out the articles a, an, and the becausetheir native languages uses them differently.31A Careless omissionsDo not omit a needed verb, preposition, or conjunction.FAULTY:The Coast Guard always has and always willassist boaters in distress.CORRECT:The Coast Guard always has assisted and alwayswill assist boaters in distress.FAULTY:Carol will graduate high school in June.CORRECT:Carol will graduate from high school in June.FAULTY:Liza was both allergic and fond of cats.CORRECT:Liza was both allergic to and fond of cats.FAULTY:He eats as much or more than anyone else in thefamily.CORRECT:He eats as much as or more than anyone else inthe family.47
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Page 7 and 8: USAGE/MECHANICS 4-54C ApostropheIn
Page 9 and 10: USAGE/MECHANICS6B ParenthesesParent
Page 11 and 12: USAGE/MECHANICSRULE #4: y to iFor w
Page 13 and 14: BASIC SPELLING LISTabsenceaccidenta
Page 15 and 16: _8 ABBREVIATIONS, NUMBERSThe use of
Page 17 and 18: GRA9 THE PARTS OF SPEECH:AN OVERVIE
Page 19 and 20: GRAMMAR 10-11Nouns function as subj
Page 21 and 22: GRAMMARExamples Present PastThe wou
Page 23 and 24: GRAMMAR11G VoiceA verb in a subordi
Page 25 and 26: COMPARATIVE:nicerSUPERLATIVE:nicest
Page 27 and 28: 12-13Another form of illogical comp
Page 29 and 30: GRAMMAR13E indefinite pronounsIndef
Page 31 and 32: GRAMMAR18 PRONOUN-ANTECEDENTAGREEME
Page 33 and 34: 20SENTENCE STRUCTURE20A Simple sent
Page 35 and 36: GERUND:Eating too much salt can cau
Page 37 and 38: GRAMMAR1. A series of coordinated e
Page 39 and 40: 23-24cle on major diseases that sti
Page 41 and 42: RHETORICAL SKILLSB. Dogs remain fai
Page 43 and 44: RHETORICAL SKILLS25 ORGANIZATION25A
Page 45 and 46: RHETORICAL SKILLSfor example, addre
Page 47: RHETORICAL SKILLS 27-28jprinciple:
Page 51 and 52: to expect and where this essay will
Page 53 and 54: RHETORICAL SKILLSa noun that gives
Page 55 and 56: RHETORICAL SKILLSPersonSingular1you
Page 57 and 58: RHETORICAL SKILLSPARALLEL:Modern cl
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Page 61 and 62: JiUMJNMlHMIIBTITLE CENTERED,ONE-THI
Page 63 and 64: RHETORICAL SKILLS•i34C APA docume
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Page 69 and 70: RHETORICAL SKILLS^34D CMS documenta
Page 71 and 72: RHETORICAL SKILLSIThe same basic in
Page 73 and 74: RHETORICAL SKILLS0 35 LITERARY CRIT
Page 75: Abbreviations,§8A, §8BNumbersAdje

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