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RHE<strong>TO</strong>RICAL SKILLS5.Three to five authorsWhen you refer to a work that has three to five authors,cite all the names in your first reference to them. Insubsequent references, state only the name of the firstauthor followed by et at.Psychiatric researchers have felt that the use ofmood-altering drugs usually results in some reliefof symptoms, followed by a gradual return tothe original behavior (Bonepane, Annaheim,Mathevon, Blanc, & Stantzos-Liard, 1991, p. 302).However, the one exception to that rule appears tobe Prozac (Bonepane, etal., 1991, p. 314).Bonepane et al. (1993) have promised a possiblebreakthrough in the mapping of the brain.(Subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter.)Bonepane et al. have promised a possible breakthroughin the mapping of the brain. (Omit yearfrom subsequent citations after first citation withina paragraph.)6. Six or more authorsUse the first author's name and et al. every time youcite this source.Scientists have isolated a gene that appears to governpatience and general self-control (Miller et al.,1993).Miller et al. (1993) have promised a possible breakthroughin the mapping of the brain. (Subsequentfirst citation per paragraph thereafter.)Miller et al. have promised a possible breakthroughin the mapping of the brain. (Omit yearfrom subsequent citations after first citation withina paragraph.)7. Organization as authorWhen you cite a longer than practicable organizationfor the first time, use the full name, followed by anabbreviation in brackets. When you use it in subsequentcitations, use the abbreviation only.First citation: (Los Angeles Pacific BenevolentSociety [LABS]), 1992)Later citation: (LABS, 1992)8. Author not namedWhen you cite a work with author unknown, use ashortened version of the work's title (the full title willappear in your references page).Since the inception of Proposition 13 reforms,enrollment in most two-year schools has droppedconsiderably (Index to Community Colleges, 1994).9. Corporate authorWhen your source is a corporate or government publicationwritten by a group, use the name of the companyor organization. Do not use acronyms for first usage(aldiough acronyms may be used in a subsequent reference).In such a case, use the acronym in brackets whenyou refer to the organization for the first time.••••••IHFirst citation: The most authoritative work,Guidelines (Council for Resource Development[CRD], 1990), mainly outlines grant opportunitiesin all the governmental organizations.Later citation: The CRD holds year-crowning conferencesin Washington, D.C. at the end of eachyear.10. Two or more works in same parenthesesWhen you list two or more references in a parentheticalcitation, arrange them in alphabetical order, separatedby semicolons.Several participants in the research project(Bonilla, 1993; Frachette, 1993; Lowell, 1994)expressed misgivings about the general summaryof the project, written by the director after all membersof the team had left.REFERENCE LISTAPA guidelines for preparation of a Reference list areclear and direct, and must be followed scrupulously:• Begin the References list on a new page at the end ofyour paper.• Use references judiciously and include only thesources that were used in the research and preparationof the paper. (Use Bibliography if you are listingworks for background or for further reading.)• Double-space all lines of an entry and betweenentries. Do not indent the first line of an entry, butindent every line thereafter five spaces (1/2 inch); thisis what is known as a "hanging indent," used for studentpapers and actual journal articles. (If you arewriting an article to he submitted to a publisher, youuse traditional paragraph indents).• List all authors last name first, and use only initials forfirst and middle names. With two or more authors,continue the last-name first listing, separating authorswith a comma, and using an ampersand (&} before thelast author's name.• Immediately after the author or authors, place the dateof the publication in parentheses, followed by a period.For magazines, use the year, a comma, and themonth or day and month. Do not abbreviate.• List entries in alphabetical order according to the lastname of the authors or editors. When the author oreditor is not available, alphabetize by the first word ofthe title other than the articles (A, An, or The). If yourlist includes two works by the same author, list theselections by date, the earliest first. If you are includingtwo articles by the same author in the same year,arrange them alphabetically by title.• Underline or italicize the titles of books, plays, longpoems, pamphlets, periodicals, and films as long as theyare published as independent, separate works. Do notplace the titles of articles in quotation marks; capitalizeonly the first word of the article, as well as all propernouns. Capitalize all major words in a periodical title.
jRHE<strong>TO</strong>RICAL SKILLS* If the title of a book you are citing includes the title ofanother book, as in A Resource Book for JosephConrad's Lord Jim, underline the main title, but donot underline the included title.• For a book, list the city of publication (and the countryor postal abbreviation for the state if the city isunfamiliar), followed by a colon, and the publisher'sname, dropping Inc.. Co.. or Publishers, followed by aperiod.* If more than one place of publication is given, use thefirst city only.• Use the date a work was published, even if it has hadseveral printings. However, if the source is a new orrevised edition, give the date of that edition, not theoriginal date of publication.A Book by One AuthorREFERENCESWylie, P. (1942). Generation of vipers. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston,Two or More Books by One AuthorGrisham, J. (1989).Bantam Books.Grisham, J. (1991).Books.Grisham, J. (1992).Doubleday.A Book by Two or More AuthorsA time to kill. New York:The firm. New York: BantamThe pelican brief. New York:Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventinggovernment: How the entrepreneurial spirit istransforming the public sector. Reading, PA:Addison.A Book by an Anonymous AuthorThe dictionary of psychological expressions.(1968). New York: Macmillcm.A Book with EditorsBucker,W. E., & Follett, J.C. (Eds.). (1958).Clinical studies of the Victorian period.Boston: Houghton Mifflin.A Work in an AnthologyHuxley, T. H. (1958). Science and culture. In W. E.Buckler (Ed.), Prose of the Victorian period(pp. 320-367). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Several References to a Textbook, Casebook, orAnthologyFirst, make an Initial reference to the anthology:Jacobus, L. (Ed.). [1994). A world of ideas.Boston: Bedford Books.Then, make cross-references to the initial reference:Darwin, C. (1858). Natural selection. Injacobus,pp. 403-415.Bacon, F. (1620). The four idols. In Jacobus, pp.385-397.A Work in Several VolumesJohnson, E. (1952). Charles Dickens: his tragedyand triumph. [Vols. 1-2). New York: Simonand Schuster.A Second or Later EditionAzar, B. S. (1989). Understanding and usingEnglish grammar. (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs,Nl: Prentice-Hall.A Book in a SeriesProcter, H. D. (Ed.). (1970). Dysfunction in o multisiblingfamily: Children in conflict. In H. R,Obrian (Series Ed.) & P. Keller (Vol. Ed.),Handbook of social interaction: Vol. 3. Theactive and healthy family (2nd ed,, pp. 1-209). New York: Prentice-Hall.A TranslationHsueh
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