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RHETORICAL SKILLSSome colloquialisms and short forms are appropriate ineveryday conversation and informal writing, but shouldnot be used in formal written English.Notadat about; at aroundcan't help butcenter aroundget goingguess so, reckon sohas got to gohe is iiabie to be therehold onkidskind of a, sort of amighty hardokaypacks quite a punchphoneshow upTVwait a bitButadvertisementabout; aroundcannot help butcenter on9°think, supposehas to gohe is likely to be therewaitchildrenkind of, sort ofvery hardall rightdelivers a strong blowtelephoneappear to be superiortelevisionwait27C Here is a list of frequently misused orconfused words; be sure you candistinguish their meaningsaccept: to receive; to agree to [I accept yourapology.}except: to exclude [Excepting conscientiousobjectors is the job of the draft board only.)except: a preposition meaning but, other than[Except for me, everyone caught a fish.)affect: to influence (I was much affected by myfather's musical preferences and talent.)effect: to bring about (The heavy rains effected theend of the drought in California.)effect: a noun meaning result (The effect o$ secondhandsmoke is often lethal.)allusion: indirect reference (Even an allusion to hisnose can enrage him.)illusion: false perception or image (The face hesaw in the window was only an illusion.)all ready: prepared (We were all ready for thehike to the top of Mt. Whitney.)already: by this time (The rising tide had alreadyflooded the homes on the beach.)alumna: a female graduate (She was an alumna ofSwarthmore.)alumnae: two or more female graduates (Judy andMary were alumnae of UCLA.)alumnus: a male graduate (George was analumnus of Columbia University.)alumni: two or more male graduates; (In fact,George and his brother were alumni.); a universalterm for college graduate (Most professionals inIthaca are Cornell alumni.)amount: used for non-countable bulk or weight (Hedrank only a small amount of milk.)number: used for things that can be counted asindividual units (Alta Dena Dairy produces anumber of dairy products.)compare: to deal with similaritiescontrast: to deal with differencescomplement: to complete or strengthen (The theatercomplements the mall by giving patrons a place togo either after shopping or after a movie.)compliment: to praise (I felt I complimented him bybuying four of his paintings.)continual: frequently repeated (There are continualrains in Mexico City.)continuous: without interruption; never ending (Thecontinuous roar from Niagara Falls madeconversation impossible.)emigrate: to move out of a country or region(Many will emigrate to avoid the new tax laws,}immigrate: to move into a country or region (ThePilgrims immigrated to the New World.)fiance: engaged man (plural: fiances) (Phi! is myfiance. I have had two other fiances.)fiancee: engaged woman (plural: fiancees) (Maryis Jim's fiancee.}former: first (If I had to choose between looks andmoney, I would choose the former.}latter: last (If I had to choose between intelligenceand talent I would choose the latter.)healthful: giving health (It is heaithfulio restrictyour fat intake to 10% of your calories.)healthy: having good health (My son is healthy; heis strong, energetic, and alert.)imply: to suggest or hint by word or manner (Heimplied, by the way he ignored me, that he didnot want to talk to me.)infer: to gain an opinion or understanding fromwhat one reads or hears (I inferred from themayor's announcement that he was going to run.)incredible: unbelievable (the story is incredible.)incredulous: unwilling or unable to believe (theperson is (ncrecWous.)less: used with non-countable items (We had lessinformation about the war than they did.)fewer: used with countable items (There werefewer students every yeor.)principal: main, most important; a sum of money;a school official (Exeter's principal is John Phipps.)44