Ch18 Amines(pdf) - KFUPM Open Courseware

ImidazoleWhich nitrogen is protonated in imidazole?ImidazoleProtonation in the direction shown gives astabilized ion.••N•• NH••N•• NHH +H +H+N • N HH+N+•• N HH N •• N HPhase-Transfer Catalysis18.6Ammonium Salts:Phase Transfer CatalystsPhase-transfer agents promote the solubility ofionic substances in nonpolar solvents. Theytransfer the ionic substance from an aqueousphase to a non-aqueous one.Phase-transfer agents increase the rates ofreactions involving anions. The anion is relativelyunsolvated and very reactive in nonpolar mediacompared to water or alcohols.