Methodology for the Evaluation of Natural Ventilation in ... - Cham

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List of TablesTable 1. Energy End Use for Commercial Office Buildings, Percent of Total ............................ 17Table 2. Window Types by Opening Type ................................................................................... 33Table 3. Window Geometry and Characteristics .......................................................................... 33Table 4. Energy Consumption Guide 019 Building Characteristic Data for UK ......................... 40Table 5. ECG 019 Benchmark Data for UK by Building Type .................................................... 40Table 6. Prototype Building Construction Description................................................................. 45Table 7. Prototype Construction by Orientation and U-value ...................................................... 46Table 8. Prototype Building Window Characteristics .................................................................. 47Table 9. Window Bag Device Characteristics .............................................................................. 54Table 10. Window Bag Device Measurements and Resulting Flow Rates and EffectivenessCalculations................................................................................................................................... 55Table 11. Temperature Data at Two Locations per Floor: August Workday Occupied Hours .... 56Table 12. Internal and External Temperatures over 24-hours by Season ..................................... 58Table 13. Comparison of Airflow with and without Effective/Corrected Area ........................... 62Table 14. Sample Site Measurements of Airflow at Each Floor Level and Airflow Balance usingEffective Opening Area ................................................................................................................ 62Table 15. Comparison of Hourly Air Change Rates (ACH) by Season and Method ................... 63Table 16. Comparison Energy Usage and Number of Occupants ................................................ 66Table 17. Comparison of ECG 019 Benchmark, Mechanically Ventilated (MV) and NaturallyVentilated (NV) Buildings ............................................................................................................ 68Table 18. Flow Visualization Imaging Settings ............................................................................ 81Table 19. Summary of Values and Dimensionless Parameters for Full-Scale Building, Scaled Airand Scaled Water Models ............................................................................................................. 90Table 20. Model Surface Characteristics by Orientation .............................................................. 97Table 21. Summary of Equipment Used in Experiments ........................................................... 102Table 22. Test Chamber HVAC System Set Points .................................................................... 103Table 23. Matrix of Model Variables ......................................................................................... 106Table 24. Summary of Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation Experiments ........................................... 115Table 25. Wind-Assisted Ventilation Experiment Summary ..................................................... 116Table 26. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Ventilation Experiment Summary ................................. 116Table 27. Variables and Calculated Reference Temperature Difference for Model Case and Full-Scale Building ............................................................................................................................. 118Table 28. Data from the 7 Window, 3 Stack Single Heated Zone Model .................................. 122Table 29. Air Velocities and Flow rates for Several Cases ........................................................ 122Table 30. Percentage of Heat Loss through Advection for Various Window and StackConfigurations for Single Zone Model ....................................................................................... 123Table 31. Material Properties and Surface Areas for Heat Loss Calculation ............................. 123Table 32. Conduction Heat Loss for Single Heated Zone Model for Various Cases ................. 124Table 33. Two Heated Zone Velocity and Airflow Data Summary ........................................... 127Table 34. Measured Air Velocities for Full-Model Stacks Open and Stacks Closed Cases ...... 131Table 35. Average Inlet and Outlet Velocities for Wind-Driven Case: Stacks Closed .............. 140Table 36. Average Inlet and Outlet Velocities for Wind-Driven Case: Stacks Open................. 140Table 37. Air Measurements: Combined Wind-Buoyancy Stacks Open Case .......................... 14110
Table 38. Air Measurements: Combined Wind-Buoyancy Stacks Closed Case ........................ 141Table 39. Variation of Outlet Wind Velocity by Floor Level: Combined Wind-Buoyancy Cases..................................................................................................................................................... 142Table 40. Measured Temperature Difference for Prototype Building ........................................ 151Table 41. Variables Used in Calculating Pressure Differences .................................................. 151Table 42. Calculated Wind and Buoyancy Pressure Differences and Resulting ArchimedesNumber Using Ambient Wind Conditions and Equation 7.8 ..................................................... 151Table 43. Calculated Wind and Buoyancy Pressure Differences and Resulting ArchimedesNumber Using Measured/Corrected Entering Window Velocities and Equation 7.8 ................ 152Table 44. Key Dimensionless Parameters and Variables: Buoyancy-Driven Case .................... 152Table 45. Variables Used in Calculating Pressure Differences .................................................. 153Table 46. Measured Temperature Difference for Reduced-Scale Air Model and CorrespondingFull-Scale Building for Combined Wind-Buoyancy Case .......................................................... 153Table 47. Calculated Wind and Buoyancy Pressure Differences and Resulting ArchimedesNumber Using Measured Entering Window Velocities and Equation 7.8 ................................. 153Table 48. Comparison of Archimedes Number for Cases Assessed .......................................... 154Table 49. Comparison of Average Temperature Difference (T-T ambient ) by Zone for CombinedWind-Buoyancy Case: Prototype Building and Reduced-Scale Air Model Measurements ....... 154Table 50. Ground Floor Detailed Temperature Difference (T-T ambient ) Comparison, 0.5 m/s InletVelocity ....................................................................................................................................... 154Table 51. First Floor Detailed Temperature Difference (T-T ambient ) Comparison, 0.5 m/s InletVelocity ....................................................................................................................................... 155Table 52. Second Floor Detailed Temperature Difference (T-T ambient ) Comparison, 0.5 m/s InletVelocity ....................................................................................................................................... 155Table 53. Scaled Temperature Distribution Comparison of Lower and Upper Windows for SevenWindow, Three Stack Model Case ............................................................................................. 195Table 54. Scaled Temperature Distribution Comparison of Lower and Upper Windows for SevenWindow, Three Stack Model Case ............................................................................................. 195Table 55. Scaled Temperature Distribution Comparison of Lower and Upper Windows for FiveWindow, Three Stack Model Case ............................................................................................. 196Table 56. Scaled Temperature Distribution Comparison of Lower and Upper Windows for FiveWindow, Two Stack Model Case ............................................................................................... 196Table 57. Scaled Temperature Distribution Comparison of Lower and Upper Windows for TwoWindow, Three Stack Model Case ............................................................................................. 197Table 58. Scaled Temperature Distribution Comparison of Lower and Upper Windows for TwoWindow, Two Stack Model Case ............................................................................................... 197Table 59. Scaled Temperature Distribution Comparison of Lower and Upper Windows for OneWindow, Three Stack Model Case ............................................................................................. 198Table 60. Scaled Temperature Distribution Comparison of Lower and Upper Windows for OneWindow, Two Stack Model Case ............................................................................................... 198Table 61. Comparison of Dimensionless Temperature Distribution for Model and HypotheticalBuilding: Seven Window Cases-Lower Window ....................................................................... 199Table 62. Comparison of Dimensionless Temperature Distribution for Model and HypotheticalBuilding: Five Window Cases-Lower Window .......................................................................... 199Table 63. Comparison of Dimensionless Temperature Distribution for Model and HypotheticalBuilding: Two Window Cases-Lower Window ......................................................................... 20011
Page 2 and 3: Thesis Committee:Leon R. Glicksman,
Page 4 and 5: Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Page 6 and 7: 7.1.3 Full Model Case .............
Page 8 and 9: Figure 41. Wind Direction Data for
Page 12 and 13: Table 64. Comparison of Dimensionle
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1.0IntroductionEnergy consu
Page 17 and 18: insulated building envelopes with t
Page 19 and 20: energy usage and efficient design.
Page 21 and 22: Figure 3. European Patent Office Bu
Page 23: selecting boundary conditions) to e
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.1 Buoyancy-Driven VentilationVe
Page 28 and 29: Figure 7. Neutral Pressure Level fo
Page 30 and 31: Combined wind-buoyancy flow is more
Page 32 and 33: design. The depth of natural ventil
Page 34 and 35: of cooling required by 30 percent o
Page 36 and 37: considered when determining how the
Page 38 and 39: environmental conditions are examin
Page 40 and 41: As natural ventilation is prevalent
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3.0Evaluation of Prototype
Page 45 and 46: Figure 12. Interior Atrium ViewFigu
Page 47 and 48: Table 8. Prototype Building Window
Page 49 and 50: Figure 15. HOBO® H8 Series Tempera
Page 51 and 52: Finally, airflow visualization was
Page 53 and 54: only is the airflow almost never at
Page 55 and 56: Table 10. Window Bag Device Measure
Page 57 and 58: Mon 7-21Tue 7-22Wed 7-23Thu 7-24Fri
Page 59 and 60: 12:00 AM1:00 AM2:00 AM3:00 AM4:00 A
Page 61 and 62:
27-Jul27-Jul28-Jul28-Jul29-Jul30-Ju
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A range of air exchange rates was f
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the windows on the second floor, or
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Total Electric (kWh/m2)Total Gas (k
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movement, Houghton Hall has much le
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Chapter 4.0Modeling and Visualizati
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for future design of similar type b
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lower and upper openings and natura
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the acceptable diffusion rate, or
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applications involving full-scale b
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digital camera with both manually o
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Chapter 5.0Dimensional Analysis and
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u oHgHT2uocu Hpo1Re Ar1Re Pr(5.7)(5
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X HM X HP(5.16)5.3.2 Kinematic Sim
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Radiation was found to have an impa
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height is used for the full-scale b
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6.3 Model Descriptions6.3.1 Physica
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Figure 30. Floor Plan of the Protot
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Figure 31. North Facade of Model wi
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Monitoring data collected from the
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By default, there was no accounting
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40-location card inserted into the
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6.5 ExperimentsTo evaluate the mode
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modified to determine the impact of
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Figure 39. Two Heated Zone ModelWit
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minute interval, the model was assu
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Figure 42. Cross-Section of Wind-Ge
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Table 25. Wind-Assisted Ventilation
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Figure 44. Heaters and Zones for a)
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Where V is the outlet velocity, A o
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Table 32. Conduction Heat Loss for
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a) Air Modelb) Water ModelFigure 50
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Height from Floor (m)The temperatur
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Height from Floor (m)In the atrium
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First NorthUpper Window 0.17 m/s -0
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Height from Floor (m)the column at
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Height from Floor (m)3.53.02.52.01.
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was less than 12 percent. These val
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Table 39. Variation of Outlet Wind
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temperature of the air was the same
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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The average and exhaust internal bu
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Table 43. Calculated Wind and Buoya
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In the last two lines, for both the
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Figure 80. CFD Simulation of the Te
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uoyancy case the air from the groun
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160
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windows of naturally ventilated bui
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difficult to select the boundary co
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simulations are able to do would al
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Bordass, W.T., A.K.R. Bromley and A
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Linddament, M. 1996. Why CO2? Air I
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172
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MODEL: K20-8SERIAL: 10047RECORDER_I
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2 Boiler-3 50.00 C1 N1 1.0 ON ON OF
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|PW|DESCRIP |KW |KWH|KVA|KVH|------
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2:5 ;day_ofYr17:P30 ;EOT = 0.000075
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2:3136:P30 ;DUM2 = -0.040891:-4.089
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;7:21 ;input location;8:0 ;mulptipl
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;79:P22 ;EXC w/DELAY (only for dela
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1:45 ;port5 (homeSense)2:31 ;exit l
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13:P95 ;ENDIF14:P95 ;ENDIF15:P3 ;pu
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2:20 ;RH30:P70 ;sample1:12:20 ;RH31
Page 194 and 195:
194
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Five Windows Open: Upper versus Low
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One Window Open: Upper versus Lower
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25 cm / 3 m 24.33 26.62 22.68 22.93
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25 cm / 3 m 24.07 25.26 22.65 22.78
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Two Stacks Open Temperature Stratif
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Stacks Closed Temperature Stratific
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2.3 24.31 24.65 24.781.4 23.35 23.6
Page 210 and 211:
0.6 20.56 20.67 20.94 21.22 21.41 2
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