VegetationBlack spruce, balsam fir, white birch <strong>and</strong> trembling aspen are commonly found on theglaciolacustrine flats. Balsam poplar <strong>and</strong> eastern white cedar occur on moist flats <strong>and</strong> riverbanks .White spruce <strong>and</strong> eastern white pine are found sporadically along rivers, lake shores <strong>and</strong> welldrainedslopes . One <strong>of</strong> the last st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> old-growth eastern white pine <strong>and</strong> red pine occur in thevicinity <strong>of</strong> Lake Temagami . Yellow birch, sugar maple, red oak <strong>and</strong> red maple are mainly foundnear the head <strong>of</strong> Lake Timiskaming . Hardwoods such as basswood, white elm <strong>and</strong> black ash aresometimes found along rivers .
SOIL CLASSIFICATIONThe soils described in this report have evolved over thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> years from the :interplay<strong>of</strong> the soil-forming processes <strong>of</strong> climate, vegetation, parent materials <strong>and</strong> time.Soil HorizonsUnder cool, humid climate, <strong>and</strong> forest vegetation, soils in this region tend to acidify . Theacidity is the result <strong>of</strong> the removal <strong>of</strong> bases, particularly calcium, from the surface layers <strong>of</strong> the soil,by acidic percolating water . The products <strong>of</strong> weathering include iron, aluminum <strong>and</strong> humic acids,<strong>and</strong> may be transported through the soil either in solution or suspension. These may be depositedin lower layers, leading to the development <strong>of</strong> soil horizons that may differ from one another inthickness, colour, structure, texture <strong>and</strong> composition .The vertical sequence <strong>of</strong> horizons in a soil is known as a soil'pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>and</strong> includes the, surfaceA horizon, the subsoil B horizon <strong>and</strong> the underlying C (parent material) horizon.These major horizons can be subdivided by the use <strong>of</strong> subscript letters into Ah, Ae, Bt, Ck,etc . These terms <strong>and</strong> symbols are used in the detailed soil descriptions in the Appendix <strong>of</strong> thisreport . Definitions <strong>of</strong> horizon terminology may be found in the Canadian System <strong>of</strong> SoilClassification (7) .The A horizon is the horizon <strong>of</strong> maximum weathering <strong>and</strong> in most cases is subdivided intosurficial Ah or Ap horizons <strong>and</strong> underlying Ae horizons. The Ah horizon is a dark colouredorganic-enriched surface horizon, <strong>of</strong>ten underlain by a light coloured eluvial Ae horizon . Some <strong>of</strong>the constituents such as clay, iron <strong>and</strong> organic matter that are leached from the A horizon,accumulate in the B horizon, causing the B horizons to become finer in texture than other horizonsin the pr<strong>of</strong>ile . They are then referred to as Bf, Bm or Bt horizons. The C horizon, generallyreferred to as the parent material, may be slightly altered, or unaltered, by the soil formingprocesses . These are typical horizons <strong>of</strong> well-drained soil pr<strong>of</strong>iles, as shown in the first threepr<strong>of</strong>iles in Figure 5 .Imperfectly drained soils have thesame type <strong>and</strong> sequence <strong>of</strong> horizons as well-drained soils,but because they are wetter for longer periods <strong>of</strong> time, `gley' conditions develop . These conditionsare mainly caused by the reduction <strong>of</strong> iron compounds, <strong>and</strong> are usually indicated by yellowishbrown mottling in the Ae <strong>and</strong> B horizons . These horizons are then designated as Aegj, Bmgj, Btgjor Bfgj horizons .Most poorly drained soils have horizon sequences similar to those shown in the Gleysols inFigure 5 . These soils are wet for long periods <strong>of</strong> time, providing conditions especially favourablefor `gley' formation . These `gley' horizons are usually grayish in colour, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten have yellowishbrown mottles. The B <strong>and</strong> C horizons <strong>of</strong> these poorly drained soils are usually designated as Bg<strong>and</strong> Ckg horizons .Soil TaxonomyFive distinct kinds <strong>of</strong> soil pr<strong>of</strong>iles occur in the map area, each representative <strong>of</strong> a soil orderin the Canadian Soil Classification System (7) . These are the Luvisols, Podzols, Brunisols, Gleysols<strong>and</strong> Organic soils .