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Benítez-Silva, Hugo, Berna Demiralp, and Zhen Liu. 2009.Social Security knowledge and retirement well-being.Unpublished manuscript, SUNY at Stony Brook, SUNYat Buffalo, and Old Dominion University, respectively.Blau, David. 1997. Social Security and the labor supply ofolder married couples. Labour Economics 4(4): 373–418.———. 1998. Labor force dynamics of older marriedcouples. Journal of Labor Economics 16(3): 595–629.Blundell, Richard, Pierre A. Chiappori, Thierry Magnac,and Costas Meghir. 2001. Collective labor supply:Heterogeneity and nonparticipation. IFS Working PaperSeries 01/19.Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and SurvivorsInsurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds.2009. The 2009 Annual Report of the Board of Trusteesof the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance andFederal Disability Insurance Trust Funds Washington,DC: Government Printing Office.Breyer, Friedrich, and Stefan Hupfeld. 2007. On the fairnessof early retirement provisions. CESifo Working PaperNo. 2078. Munich, Germany: CESifo GmbH.Burkhauser, Richard V., Kenneth A. Couch, and John W.Phillips.1996. Who takes early Social Security benefits?The economic and health characteristics of early beneficiaries.The Gerontologist 36(6): 789–799.Burtless, Gary, and Robert A. Moffitt. 1985. The jointchoice of retirement age and post-retirement hours ofwork. Journal of Labor Economics 3(2): 209–236.Coile, Courtney, Peter Diamond, Jonathan Gruber, andAlain Jousten. 2002. Delays in claiming Social Securitybenefits. Journal of Public Economics 84(3): 357–385.Crawford, Vincent P., and David M. Lilien. 1981. SocialSecurity and the retirement decision. The QuarterlyJournal of Economics 96(3): 505–529.French, Eric. 2005. The effects of health, wealth, and wageson labour supply and retirement behaviour. Review ofEconomic Studies 72(2): 395–427.Friedberg, Leora. 1998. The Social Security earningstest and labor supply of older men. In Tax policy andthe economy, Vol. 12, James M. Poterba, ed., 121–150.Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press in NBER Book SeriesTax Policy and the Economy.———. 2000. The labor supply effects of the Social Securityearnings test. Review of Economics and Statistics82(1): 48–63.Gruber, Jonathan, and Peter Orszag. 2003. Does the SocialSecurity earnings test affect labor supply and benefitsreceipt? National Tax Journal 56(4): 755–773.Gustman, Alan L., and Thomas L. Steinmeier. 1985. SocialSecurity reform and labor supply. NBER Working PaperNo. 1212. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of EconomicResearch.———. 1991. Changing the Social Security rules for workafter 65. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 44(4):733–745.———. 2002. The Social Security early retirement age in astructural model of retirement and wealth. NBER WorkingPaper No. 9183. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau ofEconomic Research.———. 2004. The Social Security retirement earnings test,retirement and benefit claiming. Michigan RetirementResearch Center Working Paper No. 2004-090. AnnArbor, MI: MRRC.Haveman, Robert, Karen Holden, Barbara Wolfe, andShane Sherlund. 2006. Do newly retired workers in theUnited States have sufficient resources to maintain wellbeing?Economic Inquiry 44(2): 249–264.Honig, Marjorie, and Cordelia Reimers. 1989. Is it wortheliminating the retirement test? American EconomicReview 79(2): 103–107.Leonesio, Michael V. 1990. Effects of the Social Securityearnings test on the labor market activity of older Americans:A review of the evidence. Social Security Bulletin53(5): 2–21.Leonesio, Michael V., Denton R. Vaughan, and BernardWixon. 2000. Early retirees under Social Security:Health status and economic resources. ORES WorkingPaper Series No. 86. Social Security Administration,Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, andStatistics.Mitchell, Olivia S., and John W. R. Phillips. 2000. Retirementresponses to early Social Security benefit calculations.NBER Working Paper No. 7963. Cambridge, MA:National Bureau of Economic Research.Muldoon, Dan, and Richard W. Kopcke. 2008. Are peopleclaiming Social Security benefits later? Issue in BriefNo. ib2008-8-7. Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for RetirementResearch at Boston College.Myers, Robert J. 1993. Social Security (4 th Edition). Philadelphia,PA: Pension Research Council, University ofPennsylvania Press.Peracchi, Franco, and Finis Welch. 1994. Trends in laborforce transitions of older men and women. Journal ofLabor Economics 12(2): 210–242.Queisser, Monika, and Edward Whitehouse. 2006. Neutralor fair? Actuarial concepts and pension-system design.OECD Social, Employment and Migration WorkingPapers, No. 40. Paris, France: Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development.Quinn, Joseph F. 1987. The economic status of the elderly:Beware of the mean. Review of Income and Wealth 33(1):63–82.94 Social Security Bulletin • Vol. 69 • No. 3 • 2009
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Social SecuritySocial SecurityBulle
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Social SecurityBulletin Vol. 69, No
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Perspectives77 An Empirical Study o
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Selected Abbreviations—continuedM
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within the next few years (Aglira 2
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coverage varies significantly by ra
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non-Hispanic white, and college edu
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same groups (Table 6). For the last
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from DB to DC pensions is accelerat
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Table 8.Percent of individuals who
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not necessarily the largest gains a
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shoring-up DB plans before those pl
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Table B-1.Percent change in mean pe
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Table B-3.Percent of individuals wh
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ReferencesAaronson, Stephanie, and
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Social Security Administration’s
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Chart 1.Historical expansion of Soc
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self-employment information for the
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(Cronin 1985). The final earnings r
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prior to 1950, first year of earnin
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average indexed monthly earnings (A
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13For an explanation of how the sel
Page 50 and 51: Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Son
Page 53 and 54: Occupations of SSI Recipients Who W
Page 55 and 56: on the differences between the occu
Page 57 and 58: prediction models. Table A-1 lists
Page 59 and 60: Occupational Distributions of theEm
Page 61 and 62: similar, only 4 percent of the popu
Page 63 and 64: Table 5.Estimated occupational dist
Page 65 and 66: Table 7.Predicted Herfindahl-Hirsch
Page 67 and 68: Table 9.Estimated occupational dist
Page 69 and 70: Table 11.Average annual wages of wo
Page 71 and 72: Table A-2.Means and standard errors
Page 73 and 74: Table A-3.Coefficients and standard
Page 79 and 80: management, professional, and relat
Page 81: Stapleton, David C., Nanette Goodma
Page 84 and 85: Selected Abbreviations—continuedO
Page 86 and 87: The 1983 Amendments to the Social S
Page 88 and 89: Chart 1.Proportion of new claimants
Page 90 and 91: Table 4.The evolution of the ARF an
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Page 94 and 95: Table 8.Average monthly Social Secu
Page 96 and 97: in the chart, especially for men, t
Page 98 and 99: 6This is a very important character
Page 103 and 104: OASDI and SSI Snapshot andSSI Month
Page 105 and 106: Monthly Statistical Snapshot, Augus
Page 107 and 108: Table 2.Recipients, by eligibility
Page 109 and 110: SSI Federally Administered Payments
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.Average monthly payment, by
Page 113: Awards of SSI Federally Administere
Page 116 and 117: Copyright—Authors are responsible
Page 119 and 120: Program Highlights, 2009Old-Age, Su
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