Schizophrenia Research Trends

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130Joseph Polimeni and Jeffrey P. Reissones to spearhead spiritual rituals.To summarize our hypothesis; schizophrenia is viewed as a vestigial phenotype thatpossesses several adaptive features for hunting and gathering societies. The phenomenaknown to us, as schizophrenia, would have generated shamans for hunting and gatheringtribes through a group selection evolutionary process. Shamanism could perhaps be the mostcompelling example of cognitive-behavioral task specialization in human beings – analogousto task specialization in honeybees and ants. The primary function of shamanism would be tospearhead magicoreligious rituals. The adaptive function of spiritual rituals would be tohomogenize tribal opinion around enigmatic events and foster group cohesion.In this context, positive symptoms of schizophrenia become evolutionarily beneficial.Delusional or hallucinatory experiences frequently contain magicoreligious or paranoidthemes – abstractions of potential importance to hunting and gathering tribes. The dramaticand inscrutable quality of psychotic experiences would cast an indelible impression uponothers, thereby reinforcing the notion of unfathomable supernatural forces. The looseness ofassociations typically observed in psychosis could generate possible creative solutions attimes when the integrity of the tribe was critically challenged. Paranoid ideation has its owngroup-selected advantages. In the anthropological literature, there are examples of paranoidideation in specific individuals facilitating unprovoked warring raids upon neighboring tribes[97,111]. Although unjustified and horribly brutal, these surprise attacks may nonetheless bean adaptive survival strategy for attacking tribes.Negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as social withdrawal, avolition and alogiawould erode basic human qualities, thereby giving credence to the belief that the afflictedindividual was truly a vehicle of supernatural phenomena. Poverty of thought, a pervasivefeature of schizophrenia, could attenuate logical analyses of discrepant information andfacilitate delusional thinking.CONCLUSIONDarwin was prescient regarding the possible importance of evolutionary theory to mentalconditions [16]:“In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology willbe based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power andcapacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on origin of man and his history.”(Origin of theSpecies, 1859)Evolutionary principles could be relevant to schizophrenia due to its presumed geneticbasis and supposed long history. Although neglected prior to the 1960’s, a number ofevolutionary based hypotheses have since emerged speculating on the possible origins ofschizophrenia. Incorporating evolutionary perspectives can only enhance our understandingof schizophrenia.
Evolution and Schizophrenia 131REFERENCES[1] Ashley-Koch A, Yang Q, Olney RS. Sickle Homoglobin (Hb S) Allele and Sickle CellDisease: A HuGE Review. Am J Epidemiol. 2000; 151 (9): 839-845.[2] Flint J, Hill AVS, Bowden DK, et al. High frequencies of a-thalassaemia are the resultof natural selection by malaria. Nature. 1986; 321: 744-750.[3] Bertranpetit J, Calafell F. Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis:evolutionary considerations. In: Chadwick D, Cardew G, eds. Variation in the humangenome. Wiley: Chichester; 1996: 97-118.[4] Kendler KS, Diehl SR. Schizophrenia: Genetics. In: Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, eds.Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 6 th ed., Vol I. Baltimore, Md: Williams andWilliams; 1995: 942-957.[5] Kety SS, Wender PH, Jacobsen B, et al. Mental illness in the biological and adoptiverelatives of schizophrenic adoptees. Replication of the Copenhagen Study in the rest ofDenmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994; 51 (6): 442-455.[6] Tienari PJ, Wynne LC. Adoption studies of schizophrenia. Ann Med. 1994; 26 (4): 233-237.[7] Tienari P, Wynne LC, Moring J, et al. The Finnish adoptive family study ofschizophrenia. Implications for family research. Br J Psychiatry. 1994; 23 (Suppl.): 20-26.[8] Torrey EF, Bowler AE, Taylor EH, Gottesman II. Schizophrenia and Manic-DepressiveDisorder. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1994.[9] Evans K, McGrath J, Milns R. Searching for schizophrenia in ancient Greek andRoman literature: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003; 107 (5): 323-330.[10] Jeste DV, Del Carmen R, Lohr JB, Wyatt RJ. Did schizophrenia exist before theeighteenth century? Compr Psychiatry. 1985; 26 (6): 493-503.[11] Heinrichs RW. Historical origins of schizophrenia: Two early madmen and theirillness. J Hist Behav Sci. 2003; 39 (4): 349-363.[12] Kingdon. Self Made Man. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1993.[13] Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidenceand course in different cultures. A World Health Organization Ten-Country Study.Psychol Med Monogr Suppl. 1992; 20: 1-97.[14] Mowry BJ, Lennon DP, De Felice CN. Diagnosis of schizophrenia in a matched sampleof Australian aborigines. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994; 90 (5): 337-341.[15] Torrey EF. Prevalence studies in Schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1987; 150: 598-608.[16] Darwin C. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. 2 nd ed. London: JohnMurray; 1859.[17] Huxley J, Mayer E, Osmond H, Hoffer A. Schizophrenia as a genetic morphism.Nature. 1964; 204: 220-221.[18] Nimgaonkar VL. Reduced fertility in schizophrenia: here to stay? Acta PsychiatrScand. 1998; 98: 348-353.[19] Haverkamp F, Propping P, Hilger T. Is there an increase of reproductive rates inschizophrenics? Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1982; 232: 439-450.
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SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH TRENDS
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Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science P
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PREFACESchizophrenia is a chronic,
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Prefaceixdisorder with symptoms man
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In: Schizophrenia Research Trends I
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Body Image Deviation in Chronic Sch
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56Guy SandnerSubsets of the Disease
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60Guy Sandnerlinked to the ongoing
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62Guy Sandnercorrelated with its pr
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64Guy Sandner(general thought disor
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66Guy Sandneramnesic patients. Thes
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68Guy Sandneras soon as their early
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70Guy Sandnerrole games [106, 142].
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72Guy Sandnerand the cause of the d
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74Guy SandnerA third explanation pl
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76Guy Sandner2. Rats with neonatal
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78Guy SandnerBOX 1DiagnosisPositive
Page 92 and 93: 80Guy SandnerBOX 2Cognitive Science
Page 94 and 95: 82Guy SandnerREFERENCES[1] Alberts
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180M. Nieznański, A. Chojnowska, W
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182M. Nieznański, A. Chojnowska, W
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184Special Book Bibliography on Sch
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INDEXAabdomen, 38abnormal, 132abuse
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Index 251BMA, 216body, vii, viii, 1
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Index 253CRR, 90CTA, 139, 140, 143,
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Index 255eyes, 6, 24, 25, 50, 52, 6
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Index 257inhibition, ix, x, 60, 64,
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Index 259metabolism, 97, 103, 105,
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Index 261personal accounts, 123pers
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Index 263risk, 23, 26, 30, 39, 48,
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Index 265Ttactile stimuli, 85Taiwan
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