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THE NATURE OF GOD AND CHRISTDoctrinal Study Paperman so He could die for the sins of all humankind. He was resurrected from the dead as the Sonof God (Romans 1:4), thus paving the way for those who are led by the Spirit of God to becomeheirs of God and joint heirs with Jesus Christ (Romans 8:14-17).The Testimony of David Is Verified by Christ“The LORD Said to My Lord, Sit at My Right Hand”Even though it is difficult in some Old Testament passages to clearly identify thedistinctions between God the Father and the Logos, there are scriptures that make a cleardistinction between God the Father and the one who became Jesus Christ. One of the mostobvious passages is Psalm 110:1, “The LORD said to my Lord, ‘Sit at My right hand, till I makeYour enemies Your footstool.” Here the YHWH is affirming that the Lord (Hebrew Adon) ofDavid will sit on the right hand of the Father. Two entities are clearly in view. David speaks ofthe YHWH and the Adon in the present tense. David confirms that the Adon is his Lord. TheYHWH then states that the Adon is to sit on His right hand until He makes His enemies Hisfootstool. Jesus Christ is now seated at the right hand of the Father.Jesus affirmed that He is the Adon of Psalm 110:1 when He posed the question to thePharisees regarding whose Son the Messiah was. “While the Pharisees were gathered together,Jesus asked them, saying, ‘What do you think about the Christ? Whose Son is He?’ They said toHim, ‘The Son of David.’ He said to them, ‘How then does David in the Spirit call Him “Lord,”saying: “The LORD said to my Lord, ‘Sit at My right hand, till I make Your enemies Yourfootstool’”? If David then calls Him “Lord,” how is He his Son?’” (Matthew 22:41-45). In thelanguage of our day, Jesus is asking them how David could call Adon Lord, if the Christ (theMessiah) is just the son of David. The NIV Study Bible states that Jesus’ purpose in quotingPsalm 110:1 was to show that He was more than a descendant of David, He was David’s Lord. 36Moreover, Jesus affirms that He is the Christ, the Son of God. Jesus continues, “And no one wasable to answer Him a word, nor from that day on did anyone dare question Him anymore”(Matthew 22:46). The Pharisees got the point.So from the above we can see clearly that Psalm 110 identifies two beings called Lord.Futhermore, Psalm 110:5 is one of the 134 locations in the Old Testament where the Masoretesreplaced YHWH with Adonai. (A complete list of these occurrences can be found in Appendix 32of E.W. Bullinger’s Companion Bible.) 37 Psalm 110 describes a relationship between two beings.“The LORD [YHWH] said to my Lord [Adon], ‘Sit at My right hand, till I make Your enemiesYour footstool.’ The LORD [YHWH] shall send the rod of Your strength out of Zion. Rule in themidst of Your enemies! …The LORD [YHWH] has sworn and will not relent, ‘You are a priestforever according to the order of Melchizedek.’ The Lord [here Adonai is substituted for YHWH]is at Your right hand; He shall execute kings in the day of His wrath. He shall judge among thenations…” (Psalm 110:1-2, 4-6).David’s description of YHWH sitting at the right hand of YHWH is irrefutably what thetext states. The Masoretes in their zeal to preserve strict monthesism chose to resolve their36 NIV Study Bible, p. 1519.37 E.W. Bullinger (1837-1913), The Companion Bible, Grand Rapids: Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1974.Page 28September 2005© 2005 United Church of God, an International Association
THE NATURE OF GOD AND CHRISTDoctrinal Study Paperdilemma by changing YHWH in verse 5 to Adonai. This latter term could refer to a human lord inaddition to being a title for God. This would allow for an alternative explanation to the verse. Butin the New Testament, it is made clear that this is a reference to Jesus Christ and not to David orSaul as Adonai. Psalm 110 is the most often quoted Old Testament scripture in the NewTestament and in every instance it is applied to Christ. He is the Adonai of verse 1 and theYHWH of verse 5.The argument is made that the Hebrew in verse 1 is Adon and not Adonai. This assertionis somehow supposed to prove that the reference in verse 1 is to a human being—and thatreferences to Deity are always Adonai. This is a contrived argument. In ancient Hebrew therewere no vowel points, thus Adonai and Adon are exactly the same in ancient Hebrew. Whenvowel points were added much later by the same Masoretes, they arbitrarily chose which word touse in this verse. Since the Jews feel that this is only referring to a human being they chose Adonand not Adonai, but there is no basis in fact for this choice, outside of their own interpretation ofthe verse.But no matter how one views verse 1, the original text in verse 5 cannot be refuted sinceit is clear that YHWH is at the right hand of someone. In verse 1, YHWH is seated with someoneat His right hand. Hence the dilemma that the Masoretes tried to fix by changing YHWH toAdonai in verse 5. However every New Testament reference to Psalm 110 identifies Jesus Christas the second Lord of verse 1. If He is the “Lord” on the right hand of the Father, then He isclearly called YHWH in verse 5.In Acts 2:32-36 Peter interprets the Lord (Greek Kurios) on the right hand of the LORD tobe Christ. He clearly shows that David was not speaking of himself, which is the most commonJewish interpretation today. And Hebrews 1:1-13 also identifies this being on the right hand ofYHWH, who is called YHWH in Psalm 110:5, as Christ and not David.Preexistence of Christ Confirmed by the Priesthood of MelchizedekThe apostle Paul clearly states in Hebrews 5:4-6 that Christ was divinely appointed to theoffice of Melchizedek, just as Aaron was divinely appointed to the office of high priest (Exodus28:1). The divine appointment of Christ as a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek datesback to the Old Testament as recorded in Psalm 110:4, “You are a priest forever according to theorder of Melchizedek.”What is meant by “order of Melchizedek”? The word “order” does not occur often in theOld Testament. The usual meaning given is position or rank, although it is used also in the senseof “for the sake of” (“in regard of,” KJV) in Ecclesiastes 8:2 and “so that” (“to the end that,”KJV) in Ecclesiastes 7:14. In New Testament Greek it appears to be best reflected by “accordingto the nature of,” or “just like,” with reference not only to the higher rank, but also to the entirelydifferent nature of Melchizedek’s priesthood. 3838 Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich Greek-English Lexicon, p. 811.Page 29September 2005© 2005 United Church of God, an International Association
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