Advanced Ocean Modelling: Using Open-Source Software

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Contentsxiii5.7 TheThermohalineCirculation...............................1465.7.1 TheAbyssalCirculation .............................1465.7.2 The Stommel-Arons Model . . . ........................1465.8 Exercise24:TheAbyssalCirculation.........................1485.8.1 Aim ..............................................1485.8.2 TaskDescription....................................1485.8.3 Results............................................1505.8.4 Additional Exercise for the Reader . ....................1525.8.5 Improved Float Tracking . . . . . ........................1525.9 The Equatorial Barrier . . ...................................1555.9.1 Inertial Oscillations About the Equator . . . . .............1555.9.2 VariationtoExercise24..............................1565.9.3 Results............................................1565.9.4 Additional Exercise for the Reader . ....................1575.10 Equatorial Waves . . . . . . . ...................................1585.10.1 Background . . . . . ...................................1585.10.2 Equatorial Kelvin Waves . . . . . ........................1585.10.3 Other Equatorially Trapped Waves . ....................1595.11 The El-Niño Southern Oscillation . . . . ........................1615.11.1 Background . . . . . ...................................1615.12 Exercise 25: Simulation of an El-NiñoEvent...................1625.12.1 Aim ..............................................1625.12.2 TaskDescription....................................1625.12.3 The Smagorinsky Turbulence Closure Scheme . . . . . ......1645.12.4 Warning...........................................1645.12.5 Results............................................1645.12.6 Additional Exercises for the Reader . . . . . . . .............1655.13 <strong>Advanced</strong> Lateral Boundary Conditions . . . ....................1665.13.1 Background . . . . . ...................................1665.13.2 Consistency........................................1665.13.3 InflowConditions...................................1665.13.4 OutflowConditions .................................1675.13.5 Zero-GradientConditions ............................1685.13.6 RadiationConditions ................................1695.13.7 Sponge Layers and Low-Pass Grid Filters . . .............1705.14 FinalRemark .............................................1715.15 Technical Information . . . ...................................171Bibliography .......................................................173List of Exercises ....................................................177Index .............................................................179
Page 6: Jochen KämpfAdvanced Ocean Modelli
Page 12: viPrefaceconvection model, a proble
Page 18: Contentsix3.7.3 Theory . . ........
Page 24: xiiContents4.6 Exercise19:EkmanPump
Page 30: 2 1 IntroductionFig. 1.1 The Cartes
Page 34: 4 1 Introduction0 =− ∂ P∂z−
Page 38: 6 1 Introduction1.3.2 Modular Sourc
Page 42: 8 1 Introduction1.5 Organisation of
Page 46: 10 2 1D Models of Ekman LayersFig.
Page 50: 12 2 1D Models of Ekman Layersthe o
Page 54: 14 2 1D Models of Ekman LayersUse o
Page 58: 16 2 1D Models of Ekman Layerswhere
Page 62: 18 2 1D Models of Ekman Layers2.4 T
Page 66: Chapter 3Basics of Nonhydrostatic M
Page 70: 3.2 2D Vertical-Slice Modelling 23F
Page 74: 3.3 Surface Gravity Waves 25where
Page 78:
3.4 Nonhydrostatic Solver 27imposed
Page 82:
3.4 Nonhydrostatic Solver 29Fig. 3.
Page 86:
3.4 Nonhydrostatic Solver 31Fig. 3.
Page 90:
3.5 Exercise 3: Short Surface Gravi
Page 94:
3.6 Inclusion of Variable Density 3
Page 98:
Page 102:
Page 106:
3.7 Exercise 4: Density-Driven Flow
Page 110:
3.7 Exercise 4: Density-Driven Flow
Page 114:
3.8 Internal Waves 45which implies
Page 118:
3.9 Exercise 5: Internal Waves 47Fi
Page 122:
3.10 Mechanical Turbulence 49Fig. 3
Page 126:
3.11 Exercise 6: Kelvin-Helmholtz I
Page 130:
3.12 Lee Waves and the Froude Numbe
Page 134:
3.13 Exercise 7: Lee Waves 55case s
Page 138:
3.14 Oceanic Convection 57Further e
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3.14 Oceanic Convection 59Considera
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3.15 Exercise 8: Free Convection 61
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3.15 Exercise 8: Free Convection 63
Page 154:
3.16 Exercise 9: Convective Entrain
Page 158:
3.17 Exercise 10: Slope Convection
Page 162:
Page 166:
Page 170:
3.18 Double Diffusion 733.18.3 Doub
Page 174:
3.19 Exercise 11: Double-Diffusive
Page 178:
3.20 Exercise 12: Double-Diffusive
Page 182:
3.21 Tilted Coordinate Systems 79Fi
Page 186:
3.22 Exercise 13: Stratified Flows
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3.23 Estuaries 83The dynamic instab
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3.23 Estuaries 85instance of maximu
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3.23 Estuaries 87found underneath t
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3.24 Exercise 14: Positive Estuarie
Page 206:
Page 210:
Page 214:
3.25 Exercise 15: Inverse Estuaries
Page 218:
Chapter 42.5D Vertical Slice Modell
Page 222:
4.1 The Basis 99to the centre of th
Page 226:
4.1 The Basis 101The speed of front
Page 230:
4.2 Exercise 16: Geostrophic Adjust
Page 234:
Page 238:
4.3 Exercise 17: Tidal-Mixing Front
Page 242:
4.3 Exercise 17: Tidal-Mixing Front
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4.4 Coastal Upwelling 1114.4.2 How
Page 250:
4.5 Exercise 18: Coastal Upwelling
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Page 258:
Page 262:
4.6 Exercise 19: Ekman Pumping 119i
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4.6 Exercise 19: Ekman Pumping 121w
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4.6 Exercise 19: Ekman Pumping 123F
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Chapter 53D Level ModellingAbstract
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5.2 Numerical Treatment 127Vertical
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5.2 Numerical Treatment 129Fig. 5.2
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Page 290:
5.4 Exercise 21: Eddy Formation in
Page 294:
5.4 Exercise 21: Eddy Formation in
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5.5 Exercise 22: Exchange Flow Thro
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Page 306:
Page 310:
Page 314:
Page 318:
5.7 The Thermohaline Circulation 14
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5.8 Exercise 24: The Abyssal Circul
Page 326:
Page 330:
Page 334:
5.9 The Equatorial Barrier 155first
Page 338:
5.9 The Equatorial Barrier 157Fig.
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5.10 Equatorial Waves 159The soluti
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5.11 The El-Niño Southern Oscillat
Page 350:
5.12 Exercise 25: Simulation of an
Page 354:
5.12 Exercise 25: Simulation of an
Page 358:
5.13 Advanced Lateral Boundary Cond
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5.13 Advanced Lateral Boundary Cond
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5.15 Technical Information 1715.14
Page 370:
174 BibliographyHelmholtz, H. L. F.
Page 376:
List of Exercises2.3 Exercise 1: Th
Page 382:
180 IndexCorilios parameter, 2, 9,
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Advanced Ocean Modelling: Using Open-Source Software

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