Advanced Ocean Modelling: Using Open-Source Software

Index 181Nonlinear terms, 2, 24, 36, 40, 102, 128, 130,167–168Normal wave modes, 45–46NumberCourant, 37, 169Ekman, 12–13flux-Rayleigh, 58–59Froude, 53, 56Rayleigh, 58–59, 64Richardson, 50, 52, 91–92Rossby, 11–12, 99temporal Rossby, 11–12, 99PPhase speedof interal waves, 53, 55, 162of surface gravity waves, 25Plane wave, 24Poisson equation, 28, 30, 34, 102, 129Positive estuaryhighly stratified, 87, 92–93salt-wedge, 86–87, 92slightly stratified, 87well-mixed, 65, 106, 109Prandtl’s mixing length, 15Pressure accuracy, 30, 32, 47, 51, 55, 62, 69,75, 81, 90, 103, 107, 114, 120, 130,132, 136, 140, 143, 149, 164Pycnocline, 54, 56, 70–71, 108–109, 112, 114,116, 118–120, 122–124, 164QQuasi-geostrophic flow, 99, 170RRayleigh damping, 167, 170Reduced gravity, 35–36, 41–42, 49, 56,79–80, 158Reduced-gravity concept, 111–112Residence time, 88Return flow, 70, 92, 140, 144, 146, 150Rossby radius of deformation, 100, 112, 116,132, 139, 144R/V ratio, 86–87, 92SSalt fingering, 72Scales of motion, 12Scaling, 11–13, 99Semi-implicit approach for Coriolis force, 10Shallow-water model, 4, 101Shallow-water waves, 25–26Slope convection, 67–71Sponge layer, 166, 170Stability criterionfor advection terms, 38, 130–131for diffusion terms, 14for long surface gravity waves, 27, 85, 90for vertical shear flow, 57–58Stability frequency, 4, 44–45, 47, 50, 54,58–59, 61, 69, 77, 114, 118–119Steady state, 2, 11–12, 15, 104, 120, 150Stommel-Arons model, 146–147, 150Strait, 105, 133–142Subcritical flow, 53Successive over-relaxation (S.O.R.), 29–31Supercritical flow, 53, 56Sverdrup balance, 99, 122TTaylor series, 4Thermal wind equations, 98Thermohaline circulation, 146–147Tidal-mixing front, 106–109Tides, 84–86, 90, 106, 167Time splitting, 145Topographic steering, 99Turbulence closure schemehorizontal (Smagorinsky), 164vertical (Kochergin), 114, 119, 132, 135,140, 143, 149, 157, 163vertical (Pacanowski and Philander), 90–91Turner angle, 73–75, 77–79TVD advection scheme, 37, 128UUpwelling front, 112, 144Upwelling index, 113VVortex stretching, 41–42, 144Vorticityplanetary, 100potential, 99–100relative, 100, 137WWalker circulation, 162Water age, 88, 90, 93Wave mode, 45–46, 161, 168–169Wind impulse, 112Wind stress, 3, 11, 15–16, 19, 112–114,116–117, 119–120, 122–123, 143,145, 163