Advanced Ocean Modelling: Using Open-Source Software

180 IndexCorilios parameter, 2, 9, 11, 15, 97–101, 103,105, 107, 114, 119, 122, 126, 132, 135,140, 143, 149, 155–156, 164Coriolis force, 9–12, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 71,81, 85, 97, 99–102, 104–105, 126, 130,132, 139–140, 146, 150, 155, 157–158,167, 170Courant number, 37, 169DDeep-water waves, 25–26Deep Western Boundary Current, 142, 146,150–151Density, 35–43, 47, 55–56, 60–61, 64, 68–71,76–79, 81–82, 93–95, 104–106,108, 115–116, 121, 124, 127, 133,141–142, 157Density front, 100–101, 103–104, 106, 111,116, 140Diffusiondouble, 3, 21, 72–78molecular, 58, 72–73, 75turbulent, 11, 52Dilution basin, 138–139Dispersion relation, 24–26, 32–33, 44, 85,160–161Double-diffusive instability, 72–78Double-diffusive layering, 73, 77–78Dynamic pressure, 2–4, 24, 26–27, 29–30,32–34, 36, 39, 90, 101–102, 119–120,123, 125, 127, 166–168, 170EEkman-layer depth, 16Ekman layers, 9–19Ekman number, 12–13Ekman pumping, 118–123Ekman spiral, 16–18El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO),161–164Entrainment velocity, 65–66Equation of state, 1, 58, 61, 73–74, 94Equatorial waves, 158–161Errorround-off, 5, 38, 62, 128, 149truncation, 5, 21Estuariesnegative/inverse, 83–84, 87, 94–96positive, 83–84, 86, 89–93FFinite difference, 4–5forward, centred, backward, 4Flushing time, 88–89, 94Frictionbottom, 3, 18, 62–63, 68, 75, 80, 83, 90,103, 105, 107, 120, 132–133, 135, 137,140, 143, 149, 170lateral, 3, 102, 114Froude number, 53, 56GGeostrophicadjustment, 100–101, 103–106, 108–109,131–132, 139–140, 150balance, 97–99, 123flow, 18–19, 97–100, 102, 104, 108,111–112, 116–118, 120–124, 143–144,147, 166, 168, 170method, 98Gradient ratio, 73–75HHermite polynomial, 160Hydraulic jump, 53, 55–56Hydrostatic approximation, 3–4, 24IInertial oscillations, 9–10, 15, 17, 105, 119,132, 155–156, 158, 161Inertial period, 9, 12, 81, 99, 105, 109, 135,160, 162Inertial radius, 9, 156Instabilitybarotropic/baroclinic, 133–134, 144convective, 78double-diffusive, 72–78Kelvin-Helmholtz, 48–52, 82Internal Rossby radius of deformation, 100,112, 116, 132, 139, 144Internal waves, 21, 41, 44–47, 53, 55–57, 65,70, 83LLee waves, 53–56Local-rotation approach for Coriolis force, 130Long waves (shallow-water waves), 25, 33–34Low-pass grid filters, 170MMediterranean Sea, 138–139, 142Monte-Carlo method, 155NNavier-Stokes equation, 1–4, 11, 24, 44,101, 171Nonhydrostatic effects, 25, 27