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PART III — COUNTRY PROFILeSKeNYASeveral students and teachers were killed by militants,tribesmen or troops in sporadic attacks on schools orattacks en route to or from school. 991ContextKenya experienced post-election inter-ethnic violencebetween December 2007 and February 2008 followinga dispute over presidential results. The conflict wasresolved by the establishment of a power-sharingarrangement between the Opposition candidate, RailaOdinga, and President Mwai Kibaki. 992During the violence, eight schools in the former RiftValley province were set on fire or looted. 993Although the formation of the coalition governmentrestored calm, inter-tribal disputes and banditryaffected education during the reporting period.There was also growing concern about the activities ofAl-Shabaab, the armed group based in neighbouringSomalia. Kenya accused Al-Shabaab militants oflaunching a series of attacks in Kenya in 2011,kidnapping and killing tourists and aid workers. 994 InOctober that year, Kenya’s military entered Somalia totry to counter the threat from the group, but theincursion led to retaliatory attacks by Al-Shabaab inKenya, sometimes affecting schools and teachers. 995Net primary enrolment was 83 per cent 996 and netsecondary enrolment was 50 per cent (2009). 997 Attertiary level, gross enrolment was 4 per cent(2009). 998 The adult literacy rate was 87 per cent(2010). 999Attacks on schoolsIn June 2010, a five-kilogramme bomb was discoveredon the compound of Mwangaza primary school inIsiolo. 1000 On 26 May 2012, unidentified assailantsthrew grenades at Horseed primary school in Dadaabrefugee camp, injuring five school constructionworkers. 1001Attacks on school students, teachers and othereducation personnelOn 27 October 2011, a secondary school head teacherand a government official were among at least fourkilled when gunmen ambushed their vehicle 70 milesfrom Mandera, near the Somali border. 1002 In January2011, a teacher from Gerille Primary School in Wajirdistrict was killed during an attack, causing teachersto flee and the school to close for two months. Theslain teacher, Julius Gitonga, had been at the post forless than a week. 1003Eight children were killed in a Kilelengwani villageclassroom on 10 September 2012 during a raidallegedly mounted by members of the Pokomocommunity, an incident within a long-running disputebetween the Pokomo and Orma over pasture. 1004In November 2012 in Garissa, Kenyan soldiersreportedly entered a school and shot at students whilethey were waiting to go into an examination, injuringtwo. The incident occurred as soldiers were searchingthe area for attackers in the wake of the killing of threesoldiers in the town. 1005In March 2009, it was claimed that four educationofficials from Wajir South district and a driver on theirway to a provincial primary school games tournamentin Mandera town were abducted, allegedly by Al-Shabaab militants. 1006Military use of schoolsIn September 2012, police sent to curb inter-tribalviolence reportedly created a camp inside a school inDide Waride. 1007Attacks on higher educationIn March 2009, one student was shot dead duringdemonstrations over the killing of two human rightsactivists on the University of Nairobi campus, whenpolice employed tear gas and live ammunition.Although Kenyan police said three officers were underinvestigation, 1008 no one had been prosecuted for thekilling as of 2013. 1009 Kenyan police, however, haveregularly fired at protesting students. 1010Attacks on education in 2013At least two attacks occurred along the Somali border.In one incident in February, an IED was set off at theGarissa primary school, where a campaign rally for apresidential contender was scheduled to be held thefollowing day. 1011 In another incident, a teacher wasamong six people killed during attacks in Damajaley154