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PART I — GLOBAL OveRvIeWThis study reports on incidents in 30 countriesin which a significant pattern of attacks oneducation has been found. These areAfghanistan, Bahrain, Central African Republic(CAR), Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, DemocraticRepublic of the Congo (DRC), egypt, ethiopia,India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel/Palestine,Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mexico, Myanmar, Nigeria,Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia, Somalia,South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Turkey,Yemen and Zimbabwe.The 30 countries profiled all have five or moreincidents or victims including at least one directattack on a school or the killing of at least oneteacher, student or academic. There are othercountries in which evidence of isolated or sporadicattacks on education have been found. For instance,attacks on higher education have also been reportedin Angola, Bangladesh, Belarus, Brazil, Cambodia,China, 10 Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Ireland,Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, 11 Maldives, Malaysia, Rwanda,Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, 12 Swaziland, 13Tunisia, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates (UAE),Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela andVietnam by the Scholars at Risk Network, 14 and inDominican Republic, 15 Haiti, 16 Sri Lanka, 17 Sweden 18and Togo 19 by media sources. Countries whereisolated or sporadic attacks on primary andsecondary education were reported include Algeria, 20Chad, 21 Chile, 22 China, 23 France, 24 Georgia, 25Guatemala, 26 Kyrgyzstan, 27 Liberia, 28 Nepal, 29 PapuaNew Guinea, 30 Tunisia 31 and the United Kingdom(UK). 32The very heavily affected countries — where reportsdocumented 1,000 or more attacks on schools, universities,staff and students or 1,000 or more students,teachers or other education personnel attacked oreducation buildings attacked or used for militarypurposes in 2009-2012 — were Afghanistan,Colombia, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan and Syria.In Afghanistan, according to the UN, there were 1,110or more attacks on school-level education, includingA teacher looks out from the ruins of his school inCharsadda, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province,Pakistan, after it was attacked in June 2013.© 2013 Diego Ibarra Sánchezarson attacks, explosions and suicide bombings. Staffwere threatened, killed and kidnapped. 33In Pakistan, armed groups, particularly the PakistaniTaliban, attacked at least 838 schools, mostly byblowing up school buildings, according to primaryresearch by the independent Human RightsCommission of Pakistan. 34 In the vast majority ofcases, school buildings were blown up at night usingexplosives detonated remotely or by timers. Otherswere shelled or subjected to grenade or armedattacks. Few of the perpetrators were arrested or42