Performance AnalysisUsing Very LargeMemory on the 64-bitAlphaServer SystemITareef S. IbwafD. John S11,akshoberDavid C. StanleyOptimization techniques have been used todeploy very large memory (VLM) database technologyon Digital's AlphaServer 8400 multi-processor system. VLM improves the use ofhardware and software caches, main memory,the I10 subsystems, and the Alpha 21164 microprocessoritself, which in turn causes fewerprocessor stalls and provides faster locking.Digital's 64-bit AlphaServer 8400 system runningdatabase software from a leading vendor hasachieved the highest TPC-C results to date, anincreased throughput due to increased databasecache size, and an improved scaling with sym-metric multiprocessing systems.Digital's AlpliaSer\.cr 8400 enterprise-class ser\,cr combinesa 2-gignb\rtc-per-scco~id (GB/s) rnultiproccssorLXIS \\,ith the latcst rllpha 2 1 16464-bit ~nicroproccssor.'Benvecn October and llcceni bcr 1995, an XlpliaScr\.cr8400 m~~ltiproccssor ~!~ste~ii running the 64-bit DigitalUNIX operating s!.stcm acliic\.cd iulprecedented resultson the Transaction Processing l'crformance Council'sTPC-C bc~iclimark, surp;lssing all otlier single-node~-esults by n filcto~. of ncnl-l!, 2. As oFSeptemhcr 1996,only one otlicr complltcr \vendor has COIII~ \\itlii~i 20percent of the Alpl~aScr\rcr 8400 s!lstem's TP(:-(:results.A mcmor!, size of 2 GI3 or more, kno\i-n as vcr!,large mcllior!r (\'1,k,l), \\-as essential to achieving thcscresults. most 32-bit UNlS s!,stcms can use 31 bitsfor virtual ndcircss space, Ic~\.i~ig. 1 bit to differcntintcben\.ccn s!,stcrn nntl uscr spacc, \\,liich crcatcs dimculries\\.lien attempting to address more tlian 2 GRof menlor!! (\\.licthcr virru.1I or pliysicnl).In contrast, 1>isital7s Alpha niicroprocessors and theDigital UNIS opcrating systcm have implenicntcda 64-bit \.irtual address spacc that is four billion timeslarger tlian 32-bit systems. Toclay's Alpha chips arccapaL>lc ofnddrcssi~ig 43 bits of physical memory. Tl~cNpIiaScl.vcr 8400 ~\~stc~ii supports as Inany as S physicalmodules, each of \\.liicl.i can contain 2 CPUs oras much ,IS 2 GR of~nc~nory.? Using these limits, databaseapplic;ltions tend to acliic\+e peak performanceusing 8 to 10 CI'Us and as mi~cli as 8 (;B of 11iemo1-y.The csnmplcs in this pnpcr ,~rc dra\\.n priniaril!. hornthe optimization of a state-of-the-;lrt datlihase applicationon AlphaScr\acr s\.stcms; siniilar technical consiileratio~lsappl!, to any datab,~se running in an Alpli,ien\.ironlncnt. As of Scptcmbcr 1996, three of theforemost datnbasc co~npanics have estendcd theirproducts to exploit Digital's 64- bit Alpha en\,iroument,nnlncly Oraclc
TPC-C Benchmark7 -.I. lie TPC-C bcncIi~-nark \\,as designed to mimic compleson-linc transaction proccssing (OLTP) as specifiedby the Tra~lsaction Processing PerformanceCouncil.' The TPC-(: ~rorkload depicts the activity ofa generic \vliolesale supplier conipany. Tlie companyconsists of n nurnbcr of distributed sales districts andassociated \\rarcho~~ses. Each \\~archo~~se has 10 districts.Each district ser\jiccs 3,000 customer rccluests. Each\\~arcliol~se maintains a stock of 100,000 items sold bytlie company. The database is scaled according tothro~~glipilt (that is, higher transaction rates Lue largerdatabases). Customers call thc company to placc ne\vorders or request the status of an esisting ordcr.MethodThe benchmark consists of five co~nples trans? - 'that access nine different tables.'Thc fivc transactionsarc \vcightcd as ti)llo\\s:' L~IOIIS1. Fortythree percent-A ne\v-order transactionplaces an order (an average of 10 lines) fi-om a \\,archousethrough a single databasc transactlon and~~pdatcs the corresponding stock level for each item.In 99 percent of the ne\\/-ordcr tr.ins'ictions, thesupplving \\larehouse is the locd ar arc house and only1 percent of tlic accesscs arc to a rernotc \\larehouse.2. For?-thrcc percent-A paylnent transactionprocesses a payrncnt for a customer, updates the customer'sbalance, and rctlccts the payment in thcdistrict and warehouse sales statistics. Tlie customerrcsident \\larehouse is thc honle \\larel~o~~se S5 percentof tlic tinie and is the rernotc \\,arehouse15 pcrccnt of tlie time.3. Four percent-An order-status tra~isaction returnsthe stat~~s ofa custo~iicr ordcr. The customer order isselectcd 60 pcrcent of the time by the last name and40 pcrccnt of the time by an identification number.4. Four percent-A deli\rcr!l transaction proccssesorders corresponding to 10 pcnding orders for eachdistrict \vitIi 10 items per order. The correspondingentry in the ne\v-order table is also deletcd. Thedelivery transaction is intcnded to bc executed inclefcrrcd niodc through a clueuing mcclianisni.Tlicre is no terminal rcsponse for completion.5. Four percent-A stocl
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